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Evolutionary Diversification of Visual Opsin Genes in Fish and Primates

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From Genes to Animal Behavior

Part of the book series: Primatology Monographs ((PrimMono))

Abstract

Among vertebrates, fish and primates are highly polymorphic in their color vision. This diversity likely reflects the variability in light environments inhabited by these species. Gene duplications and allelic differentiation of opsin genes play an important role in the evolution of color vision in fish and primates. Studies have shown that gene duplications of opsins have occurred repeatedly during fish evolution, often accompanied by differentiation of spectral sensitivity and ­spatiotemporal expression patterns in the retina, which possibly enabled different color sensitivities between upward and downward vision. Interestingly, a similar regulatory mechanism for the expression of duplicated opsin genes, in which a single regulatory region controls the array of duplicated opsin genes, has evolved independently in fish and primates. However, this regulatory mechanism has resulted in different consequences for fish and primates: different sights by visual angles in fish and trichromatic color vision in primates. New World monkeys have the single-copy but multiallelic M/LWS opsin gene and hence exhibit an extensive intraspecific polymorphism of color vision. Behavioral observations of New World monkeys in the wild have revealed surprising findings, including that dichromatic monkeys perform better catching camouflaged insects than their trichromatic group mates and that these dichromats can be as good as trichromats when foraging for fruits. Interdisciplinary studies that emphasize a study of genes and behaviors will continue to uncover surprising variations of color vision and promote our understanding of the adaptive significance of color vision in evolution.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Cis regulatory element (or region): A region of DNA that regulates the transcription of genes which are physically linked to the region. It is often a binding site of transcription factors and is often located in the upstream region to the gene it controls.

  2. 2.

    New World monkeys: a group of primates, platyrrhines, that inhabit Central and South America. The group contains three families – Atelidae, Pitheciidae, Cebidae – that separated from the ancestor of catarrhines (Old World monkeys, apes, and humans) about 40 million years ago.

  3. 3.

    Color space: a conceptual space – such as red-green-blue (RGB), CIE, and MacLeod-Boynton – in which a color is defined numerically as a point.

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Acknowledgments

I thank the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research A 19207018 and 22247036) and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas “Comparative Genomics” 20017008 and “Cellular Sensor” 21026007) for funding.

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  1. Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Seimeitou 502, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan

    Shoji Kawamura

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  1. Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, 2-24 Tanakasekiden-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8203, Japan

    Miho Inoue-Murayama Ph.D. (Professor) (Professor)

  2. Department of Integrated Biosciences Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Seimeitou 502, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan

    Shoji Kawamura Ph.D. (Professor) (Professor)

  3. Psychology School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK

    Alexander Weiss Ph.D. (Senior Lecturer) (Senior Lecturer)

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Kawamura, S. (2011). Evolutionary Diversification of Visual Opsin Genes in Fish and Primates. In: Inoue-Murayama, M., Kawamura, S., Weiss, A. (eds) From Genes to Animal Behavior. Primatology Monographs. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-53892-9_16

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