Introduction

Abstract

In recent decades, the patent system has become increasingly more complex. These developments have occurred partially due to the emergence of new technologies such as biotechnology. The convergence of various technology fields—for instance, through the increased use of information technology in formerly separate fields—has also become a factor. At the same time, policymakers and patent authorities have extended patent protection to new subject matter, such as software and business models. As a result, patents have been issued in new fields of business.