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Immunotoxicology and Its Application in Risk Assessment

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Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology

Part of the book series: Experientia Supplementum ((EXS,volume 101))

Abstract

Immunotoxicology is the study of undesired modulation of the immune system by extrinsic factors. Toxicological assessments have demonstrated that the immune system is a target following exposure to a diverse group of xenobiotics including ultraviolet radiation, chemical pollutants, therapeutics, and recreational drugs. There is a well-established cause and effect relationship between suppression of the immune response and reduced resistance to infections and certain types of neoplasia. In humans, mild-to-moderate suppression of the immune response is linked to reduced resistance to common community-acquired infections, whereas opportunistic infections, which are very rare in the general population, are common in individuals with severe suppression. Xenobiotic exposure may also result in unintended stimulation of immune function. Although a cause and effect relationship between unintended stimulation of the immune response and adverse consequences has yet to be established, evidence does suggest that hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, and pathological inflammation may be exacerbated in susceptible populations exposed to certain xenobiotics. Xenobiotics can act as allergens and elicit hypersensitivity responses, or they can modulate hypersensitivity responses to other allergens such as pollen or dust mite by acting as adjuvants, enhancing the development or expression of hypersensitivity. Allergic contact dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and asthma are the most commonly encountered types of hypersensitivity reactions resulting from chemical exposure. The immunologic effectors and mechanisms involved in autoimmune reactions are the same as those associated with responses to foreign antigens; however, the reactions are directed against the host’s own cells. Thus, chemicals that induce immune suppression, nonspecific immunostimulation, or hypersensitivity may also impact autoimmunity. Risk assessment for immunotoxicity should be performed using the same approaches and principles for other noncancer effects. However, since xenobiotics may have effects on more than one aspect of immune function, immunotoxicity data should be evaluated separately for evidence of suppression, stimulation, hypersensitivity, and autoimmunity.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Intramural Research program of the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. The findings and conclusions in this report represent the opinions of the authors and do not represent, and should not be construed to represent, statements, opinions, or conclusions of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, NIH, the Environmental Protection Agency, or the United States Government. This chapter has been reviewed by the Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Research and Development and approved for publication. We thank Dr. Andrew Hotchkiss and Dr. David Lehmann for their thoughtful review of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Toxicology Program, Office of Health Assessment and Translation, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

    Andrew A. Rooney

  2. National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

    Robert W. Luebke

  3. Environmental Risk and Toxicology, ICF International, Durham, NC, 27713, USA

    MaryJane K. Selgrade

  4. National Toxicology Program, Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

    Dori R. Germolec

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  1. Andrew A. Rooney
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  2. Robert W. Luebke
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  4. Dori R. Germolec
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Correspondence to Andrew A. Rooney .

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  1. Risk Assessment, German Federal Institute for, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, Berlin, 10589, Berlin, Germany

    Andreas Luch

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Rooney, A.A., Luebke, R.W., Selgrade, M.K., Germolec, D.R. (2012). Immunotoxicology and Its Application in Risk Assessment. In: Luch, A. (eds) Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology. Experientia Supplementum, vol 101. Springer, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_9

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