Zusammenfassung
Die Phenylketonurie (PKU) bzw. die Hyperphenylalaninämie infolge einer Phenylalaninhydroxylasedefizienz ist die häufigste angeborene Stoffwechselerkrankung im Bereich des Aminosäurenstoffwechsels (Scriver et al. 1995). Das Phenylalaninhydroxylasegen konnte auf dem Chromosom XII Q22-Q24.1 bestimmt werden (Scriver et al. 1995). Bis heute sind mehr als 220 verschiedene Mutationen beschrieben worden (Okano et al. 1991). Eine unbehandelte PKU führt zur schweren mentalen und psychomotorischen Retardierung, Epilepsie und Mikrozephalie (Scriver et al. 1995). Die Behandlung besteht in der Regel aus einer eiweiß-respektive phenylalaninfreien Diät, die gleichzeitig mit einem Supplement von phenylalaninfreien Aminosäuren begleitet wird. Nach den deutschen Konsensusempfehlungen wird ein möglichst frühzeitiger Beginn der Diät sowie eine strenge und regelmäßige Kontrolle des Phenylalaninspiegels bei Patienten mit typischer PKU (Phenyallaninspiegel > 1200 µmol/1) und milder PKU (< 600 µcool/1) empfohlen (Weglage et al. 1997). Weiterhin in der Diskussion befindet sich die Frage nach der Behandlungsbedürftigkeit von nicht-PKU-Hyperphenylalaninämie mit einem Phenyalaninspiegel < 600 µmol/1 bei normaler Ernährung (Costello et al. 1994;Weglage,Ullrich et al.1996b;Weglage,Schmidt et al.1996a).Die Hyperphenylalaninämie kann mit der Entwicklung und der Funktion des ZNS auf verschiedene Weise interferieren.Eine klassische Theorie geht davon aus,daβ hohe Phenylalaninwerte im Hirn zu einer Störung im Sinne einer Dysmyelinisierung führen(Cleary et al.1994).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
Abadie V, Rey F, Plainguct F, Rey J (1992) Evolution intellectuelle après relâchement du régime à lége de 5 ans dans la phénylcétonurie typique. Arch Fr Pediatr 49: 773–778
Azen C, Koch R, Friedmann R, Wenz E, Fishier K (1996) Summary of findings from the United States collaborative study of children treated for phenylketonuria. Eur J Pediatr 115, Suppl 1: 29–32
Beasley MG, Costello PM, Smith I (1994) Outcome of treatment in young adults with phenylketonuria detected by routine neonatal screening between 1964 and 1971. Q J Med 87: 155–160
Bick U, Fahrendorf G, Ludolph AC, Vassallo P, Weglage J, Ullrich K (1991) Disturbed myelination in patients with treated hyperphenylalaninemia: evaluation with magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Pediatr 150: 185–189
Burgard P, Armbruster M, Schmidt E, Rupp A (1994) Psychopathology of patients treated early for phenylketonuria: results of the German collaborative study of phenylketonuria. Acta Pediatr 83, Suppl 407: 108–110
Burgard P, Bremer HJ, Bührdel P, Clemes PC, Mönch E, Przyrembel H, Trefz FK, Ullrich K (1999) Rationale for German recommendations for phenylalanine level control in phenylketonuria 1997. Euro J Pediatr 158: 46–54
Burgard P, Rey F, Rupp A, Abadie V, Rey J (1997) Neuropsychologie functions of early treated patients with phenylketonuria, on and off diet: results of a cross-national and cross-sectional study. Pediatric Research 41(3): 368–374
Burgard P, Schmidt E, Rupp A, Schneider W, Bremer HJ (1996) Intellectual development of the patients of the German collaborative study of children treated for phenylketonuria. Eur J Pediatr 155, Suppl 1: 33–38
Cerone R, Sehiaffrno MC, Stefano SD, Veneselli E (1999) Phenylketonuria: diet for life or not? Acta Pediatr 88: 664–666
Cleary MA, Walter JH, Jenkins JP, Alani SM, Tyler K, Whittle D (1994) Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in phenylketonuria. Lancet 344: 87–90
Cleary MA, Walter JH, Wraith JE, White F, Tyler K, Jenkins JPR (1995) Magnetic resonance imaging in phenylketonuria: reversal of cerebral white matter change. J Pediatr 127 (2): 251–255
Costello PM, Beasley MG, Tillotson SL, Smith I (1994) Intelligence in mild atypical phenylke-tonuria. Eur J Pediatr 153 (4): 260–263
Griffiths P, Paterson L, Harvie A (1995) Neuropsychological effects of subsequent exposure to phenylalanine in adolescents and young adults with early-treated phenylketonuria. J Intellect Disabil Res 39 (5): 365–372
Hommes FA (1994) Loss of neurotransmitter receptors by hyperphenylalaninemia in the MPH-5 mouse brain. Acta Pediatr 407, Suppl: 120–121
Knudsen GM, Hasselbalch S, Toft PB, Christensen E, Paulson OB, Lou H (1995) Bloodbrain barrier transport of amino acids in healthy controls and in patients with phenylketonuria. J Inherit Metab Dis 18: 653–664
Koch R, Azen CG, Hurst N, Friedman EG, Fishier K (1987) The effects of diet discontinuation in children with phenylketonuria. Eur J Pediatr 146, Suppl 1: Al2–A16
Lou HC, Guttler F, Lykkelund C, Bruhn P, Niederwieser A (1985) Decreased vigilance and neurotransmitter synthesis after discontinuation of dietary treatment for phenylketonuria in adolescents. Eur J Pediatr 144(1): 17–20
Ludolph AD, Ullrich K, Nedjat S, Masur H, Bick U (1992) Neurological outcome in 22 related adolescents with hyperphenylalaninemia. Acta Neurol Scand 85: 243–248
Möller HE, Vermathen P, Ullrich K, Weglage J, Koch H-G, Peters PE (1995) In-vivo NMR spectroscopy in patients with phenylketonuria: changes of cerebral phenylalanine levels under dietary treatment. Neuropediatrics 26: 199–202
Okano Y, Eisensmith RC, Güttler F, Lichter Koencki U, Lou H, Woo SCL (1991) Molecular basis of phenotypic heterogeneity in phenylketonuria. N Engl J Med 324: 1232–1238
Paas AMJ, Pruim J, Smit GPA, Visser G, Willemsen ATM, Ullrich K (1996) Neurotransmitter PET-studies in adults with phenylketonuria a pilot study. Eur J Pediatr 155, Suppl 1: 78–81
Pederson HE, Birket-Smith E (1974) Neurological abnormalities in phenylketonuria. Acta Neu-rol Scand 50: 589–598
Pietz J, Benninger C, Schmidt H, Scheffner D, Bickel H (1988) Long-term development of intelligence (IQ) and EEG in 34 children with phenylketonuria treated early. Eur J Pediatr 147(4): 361–367
Pietz J, Dunckelmann R, Rupp A, Rating D, Meinck H-M, Schmidt H, Bremer HJ (1998) Neurological outcome in adult patients with early-treated phenylketonuria. European Journal of Pediatrics 157: 824–830
Pietz J, Fatkenheuer B, Burgard P, Armbruster M, Esser G, Schmidt H (1997) Psychiatric disorders in adult patients with early-treated phenylketonuria. Pediatrics 99(3): 345–350
Pietz J, Kreis R, Boesch C, Penzien J, Rating D, Herschkowitz N (1995) The dynamics of brain concentrations of phenylalanine and its clinical significance in patients with phenylketonuria determined by in vivo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Pediatr Res 38(5): 657–663
Pietz J, Kreis R, Schmidt H, Meyding-Lamade U, Rupp A, Boesch C (1996a) Phenylketonuria: findings at MR imaging and localized in vivo H-1 MR spectroscopy of the brain in patients with early treatment. Radiology 201(2): 413–420
Pietz J, Kreis R, Schmidt H, Meyding-Lamadé UK, Rupp A, Boesch C (1996b) Magnetic resonance imaging and localized in vivo 1 H MR spectroscopy of the brain in patients with early-treated phenylketonuria. Radiology 201: 413–420
Rey F, Abadie V, Plainguet F, Rey J (1996) Long-term follow up of patients with classical phenylketonuria after diet relaxation of 5 years of age. The Paris study. European Journal of Pediatrics 155, Suppl 1:39–44
Schmidt E, Rupp A, Burgard P, Pietz J, Weglage J, Sonneville ED (1994) Sustained attention in adult phenylketonuria: the influence of the concurrent phenylalanine-blood-level. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 16(5): 681–688
Schwarz HP, Pluss C, Triaca H, Schutz B, Kaufmann R, Scherz R, Bachmann C, Zuppinger K (1988) Verlauf bei 20 Patienten mit frühentdeckter Phenylketonurie and Hyperphcnylalaninamie. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 118(3): 94–99
Scriver CR, Kaufman S, Eisensmith RC, Woo SLC (1995) The hyperphenylalaninemias. In: Seri-ver HC, Baudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D (eds.). The metabolic and molecular basis of inherited disease, vol 1, pp 1015–1075. New York, McCraw-Hill
Smith I, Beasley MG, Ades AE (1990) Intelligence and quality of dietary treatment in phenylketonuria. Arch Dis Child 65: 472–478
Smith I, Beasley M (1989) Intelligence and behaviour in children with early treated phenylketonuria. A report from the MRC/DHSS phenylketonuria register. Eur J Clin Nutr 43, Suppl 1: 1–5
Smith I, Beasley M, WolffOH, Ades AE (1988) Behaviour disturbance in 8-year-old children with early treated phenylketonuria. Report from the MRC/DHSS phenylketonuria register. J Pediatr 112(3): 403–408
Smith I, Beasley MG, Ades AE (1991) Effects on intelligence of relaxing the low pheylalanine diet in phenylketonuria. Arch Dis Child 65: 311–316
Thompson AJ, Smith I, Brenton D, Youl BD, Rylance G, Davidson DC, Kendall B, Lees AJ (1990) Neurological deterioration in young adults with phenylketonuria. Lancet 336 (8715): 602–605
Thompson AJ, Tillotson S, Smith I, Kendall B, Moore SG, Brenton DP (1993) Brain MRI changes in phenylketonuria. Associations with dietary status. Brain 116(4): 811–821
Ullrich K, Möller H, Weglage J, Schuierer G, Bick U, Ludolph A, Hahn-Ullrich H, Flinders B, Koch HG (1994) White matter abnormalities in phenylketonuria: results of magnetic resonance measurements. Acta Pediatr 83, Suppl 407: 78–82
Villasana D, Butler IJ, Williams JC, Roongta SM (1989) Neurological deterioration in adult phenylketonuria. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease 12(4), 451–557
Weglage J, Funders B, Wilken B, Schubert D, Ullrich K (1993) School performance and intellec-tual outcome in adolescents with phenylketonuria. Acta Pediatr 82(6–7): 582–586
Weglage J, Pietsch M, Flinders B, Koch HG, Ullrich K (1995) Neurological findings of early-trea-ted phenylketonuria. Acta Pediatr 84: 411–415
Weglage J, Rupp A, Schmidt E (1994) Personality characteristics in patients with phenylketonuria treated early. Pediatr Res 35(5): 611–613
Weglage J, Schmidt E, Flinders B, Pietsch M, Ullrich K (1996a) Sustained attention in untreated non-PKU-hyperphenylalaninemia. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 18(3): 343–348
Weglage J, Ullrich K, Pietsch M, Flinders B, Zass R, Koch HG (1996b) Untreated non-phenylketonuric-hyperphenylalaninemia: intellectual and neurological outcome. Eur J Pediatr 155, Suppl 1: 26–28
Weglage J, Ullrich K, Pietsch M, Flinders B, Güttler F, Harms F (1997) Intellectual neurologic and ncuropsychologic outcome in untreated subjects with nonphenylketonuria hyperphenylalaninemia. Pediatric Research 42(3): 378–384
Weglage J, Pietsch M, Denecke J, Sprinz A, Feldmann R, Grenzebach M, Ullrich K (1999) Regression of neuropsychological deficits in early-treated phenylketonurics during adolescence. J Inherit Metab Dis 22(6): 693–705
Welsh MC (1996) A prefrontal dysfunction model of early-treated phenylketonuria. Eur J Pediatr 155, Suppl 1: 87–89
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer-Verlag Wien
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Haverkamp, F. (2001). Risiken für die intellektuelle und neuromotorische Entwicklung bei Kindern mit PKU. In: Screening auf angeborene endokrine und metabole Störungen. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6252-1_24
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6252-1_24
Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna
Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-7260-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-6252-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive