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Developments in Space Policies, Programmes and Technologies Throughout the World and in Europe

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Yearbook on Space Policy 2011/2012

Part of the book series: Yearbook on Space Policy ((YEARSPACE))

Abstract

All major space policy developments worldwide were presented in the previous section of Chap. 1, in an attempt to clarify the principal space faring nations’ strategies in 2011 and 2012. In the section below, there will be a brief discussion on developments in technology related areas, including policies and access to space technologies. The aim of this section is to clarify how the above presented strategies interact with and influence specific space programmes, and related research and development projects.

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Notes

  1. 1.

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  2. 2.

    De Selding, Peter B. “French Strategy Paper Says ESA Should Fall Under EU Authority.” Space News 2 Apr. 2012: 4.

  3. 3.

    De Selding, Peter B.“Arianespace Needs aid to avoid loss in 2010.” Space News 4 Jan. 2010 http://www.spacenews.com/civil/110104-arianespace-needs-aid.html.

  4. 4.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Arianespace Expects to Post 2011 Profit After 2 Years of Losses.” Space News 9 Jan. 2012: 10.

  5. 5.

    Leone, Dan. “Senators Call for Competitive Heavy-Lift Propulsion Procurement.” 2 June 2011. Space News 25 Jan. 2012 http://www.spacenews.com/civil/110602-senators-competitive-heavy-lift-procurement.html.

  6. 6.

    Leone, Dan. “Committee Cuts NASA Budget, Adds Cash for SLS, Crew Capsule.” 11 July 2011. Space News 25 Jan. 2012 http://www.spacenews.com/policy/110711-committee-cuts-nasa-budget.html; Leone, Dan. “Support for Commercial Crew Transports Also Singled Out for Less Funding in 2012.” 18 July 2011. Space News 25 Jan. 2012 http://www.spacenews.com/policy/110718-commercial-crew-transports-less-funding.html.

  7. 7.

    Leone, Dan. “Obama Administration Accused of Sabotaging Space Launch System.” 9 Sept. 2011. Space News 25 Jan. 2012 http://www.spacenews.com/policy/110909-obama-admin-accused-sabotaging-sls.html.

  8. 8.

    Leone, Dan. “NASA Commits To Building Mandated Heavy-lift Rocket.” 19 Sept. 2011. Space News 25 Jan. 2012 http://www.spacenews.com/civil/110919-nasa-commits-heavy-lift.html.

  9. 9.

    Leone, Dan. “NASA’s SLS Procurement Plans Prompt Call for GAO Investigation.” 3 Oct. 2011. Space News 6 Feb. 2012 http://www.spacenews.com/civil/111003-sls-procurement-gao-investigation.html.

  10. 10.

    Werner, Debra. “NASA Presses on with Pu-238 Restart Despite Congressional Resistance.” 26 Sept. 2011. Space News 25 Jan. 2012 http://www.spacenews.com/civil/110926-nasa-presses-pu238-restart.html.

  11. 11.

    Morring, Jr., Frank. “Exploration, Earth Spinoffs Planned For NASA At ISS.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 20 June 2011: 130.

  12. 12.

    Wall, Robert. “Russian Industry Eyes New Space Concepts.”Aviation Week & Space Technology 22 Aug. 2011: 31.

  13. 13.

    Pyadushkin, Maxim. “Russia To Increase Research On ISS.”Aviation Week & Space Technology 20 June 2011: 135.

  14. 14.

    Perrett, Bradley. “Japan Charts Path for Manned Space Missions.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 8 Aug 2011: 48; see also “Japan’s H2A Rocket Lofts Quasi-Zenith Sat”. Space News 20 Sept. 2011: 8.

  15. 15.

    “2nd Chinese Data-Relay Satellite Reaches Orbit.” Space News 18 July 2011: 9.

  16. 16.

    “China Launches Two Satellites in Two Days.” Space News 1 Aug. 2011: 8.

  17. 17.

    “Long March Failure Mars China’s Launch Tempo.” Space News 22 Aug. 2011: 8.

  18. 18.

    Federal Aviation Administration. Commercial Space transportation: 2011 Year in Review. Washington DC: FAA, Jan. 2012: 15.

  19. 19.

    Id. at 14.

  20. 20.

    Federal Aviation Administration. Commercial Space transportation: 2012 Year in Review. Washington DC: FAA, Jan. 2013: 18.

  21. 21.

    “GSLV.” ISRO 19 Apr. 2013 http://www.isro.org/launchvehicles/GSLV/gslv.aspx.

  22. 22.

    “GSLV MARK III.” ISRO 19 Apr. 2013 http://www.isro.org/Launchvehicles/GSLVMARKIII/mark3.aspx.

  23. 23.

    Federal Aviation Administration. Commercial Space transportation: 2010 Year in Review. Washington DC: FAA, Jan. 2011: 15.

  24. 24.

    Commercial Space transportation: 2012 Year in Review, 18.

  25. 25.

    Commercial Space transportation: 2011 Year in Review, 14.

  26. 26.

    Commercial Space transportation: 2012 Year in Review, 19.

  27. 27.

    “ESA – Human Spaceflight and Exploration – Astronauts – Graduation of Europe’s new astronauts.” European Space Agency 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.esa.int/esaHS/SEMRFLIRPGG_astronauts_0.html.

  28. 28.

    “ESA Astronaut Alexander Gerst To Fly To Space Station in 2014.” 18 Sept. 2011. ESA 18 Apr. 2013 http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/ESA_astronaut_Alexander_Gerst_to_fly_to_Space_Station_in_2014.

  29. 29.

    “Mission Accomplished: Cave Crew Returns to Earth.” 19 Oct. 2011. ESA 18 Apr. 2013 http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Mission_accomplished_cave_crew_returns_to_Earth.

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  31. 31.

    “ESA Astronaut André Kuipers Arrives at the Space Station.” 23 Dec. 2011. ESA 18 Apr. 2013 http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/PromISSe/ESA_astronaut_Andre_Kuipers_arrives_at_the_Space_Station.

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  33. 33.

    Morring, Jr., Frank. “Spacefaring Nations Regroup For Push Beyond LEO.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 10 Oct. 2011: 46.

  34. 34.

    Botta, Oliver. “Factsheet – ATV-3 Edoardo Amaldi begins its journey to the ISS.” 19 Mar. 2012. Swiss Space Office 6 May 2012 http://www.sbf.admin.ch/htm/dokumentation/publikationen/raumfahrt/FactSheet_ATV3-e.pdf.

  35. 35.

    “Ariane 5 ES.” ESA Launch Vehicles. 24 Apr. 2012 http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Launchers_Access_to_Space/SEM20W67ESD_0.html.

  36. 36.

    “Annual Report 2011 of the International Space Exploration Coordination Group.” 16 Nov. 2012. International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) 20 Apr. 2013 http://www.globalspaceexploration.org/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=757abb46-0e23-4bfc-8c1c-dde1320faadc&groupId=10812.

  37. 37.

    Id.

  38. 38.

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  39. 39.

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  40. 40.

    “NASA – STS-135.” NASA 20 Apr. 2013 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts135/main/index.html.

  41. 41.

    “Soyuz TMA-02M Crew.” Russian Space Web 20 Apr. 2013 http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_soyuz_tma02m.html.

  42. 42.

    “Soyuz TMA-22.” Russian Space Web 20 Apr. 2013 http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_soyuz_tma22.html.

  43. 43.

    “Soyuz TMA-03M.” Russian Space Web 20 Apr. 2013 http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_soyuz_tma03m.html.

  44. 44.

    “Soyuz TMA-04M.” Russian Space Web 20 Apr. 2013 http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_soyuz_tma04m.html.

  45. 45.

    “Spaceflight Now: Tracking Station: Launch Log.” 20 Apr. 2013 http://spaceflightnow.com/tracking/launchlog.html.

  46. 46.

    Federal Aviation Administration. Commercial Space transportation: 2011 Year in Review. Washington DC: FAA, Jan. 2012: 26.

  47. 47.

    “ESA – Mars500” European Space Agency 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Mars500/.

  48. 48.

    “Welcome Back and Thank You, Mars500.” 4 Nov. 2011. ESA 21 Apr. 2013 http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Mars500/Welcome_back_and_thank_you_Mars500.

  49. 49.

    “Annual Report 2011 of the International Space Exploration Coordination Group.” 16 Nov. 2012. International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) 20 Apr. 2013 http://www.globalspaceexploration.org/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=757abb46-0e23-4bfc-8c1c-dde1320faadc&groupId=10812.

  50. 50.

    “European Lunar Lander – Call for Declarations of Interest.” 17 Jan. 2012. ESA 20 Apr. 2013 http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Human_Spaceflight_Research/European_Lunar_Lander_-_Call_for_Declarations_of_Interest.

  51. 51.

    “ESA Portal – Next step for ESA’s first Moon lander.” 16 Sep. 2010. European Space Agency 19 Aug. 2011 http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMUV2KOXDG_index_0.html.

  52. 52.

    Clark, Stephen. “ESA lunar lander shelved ahead of budget conference.” 20 Nov. 2012. Spaceflight Now 21 Apr. 2013 http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1211/20moonlander/.

  53. 53.

    “NASA – Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO).” NASA 21 Apr. 2013 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/main/index.html.

  54. 54.

    “Two NASA Probes Tackle New Mission: Studying the Moon.” 19 Jul. 2011. NASA 21 Apr. 2013 http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/releases/2011/11-042.html.

  55. 55.

    “Missions – GRAIL – NASA Science NASA 26 Mar. 2013 http://science.nasa.gov/missions/grail/.

  56. 56.

    “Missions – LADEE – NASA Science.” NASA 26 Mar. 2013 http://science.nasa.gov/missions/ladee/.

  57. 57.

    “Missions – ILN – NASA Science” NASA 26 Mar. 2013 http://science.nasa.gov/missions/iln/.

  58. 58.

    Sato, Naoki. “JAXA Status of Exploration and Human Space Program.” 14 Nov. 2011. JAXA 21 Apr. 2013: 9 http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/605307main_JAXA-Status-(Final)-A-Sato.pdf.

  59. 59.

    “China announces success of Chang’e-2 lunar probe mission.” 8 Nov. 2010. Xinhua News 21 Apr. 2013 http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-11/08/c_13596211.htm.

  60. 60.

    Laxman, Srinivas. “China’s Unmanned Moon Mission To Bring Back Lunar Soil To Earth.” 21 Mar. 2012. Asian Scientist 21 Apr. 2013 http://www.asianscientist.com/topnews/china-unmanned-moon-mission-to-bring-back-lunar-soil-2012/.

  61. 61.

    “China considering manned lunar landing in 2025–2030.” 24 May 2009. China View 21 Apr. 2013 http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-05/24/content_11425131.htm.

  62. 62.

    Ramachanran, R. “Chandrayaan-2: India to go it alone.” 22 Jan. 2013. The Hindu 21 Apr. 2013 http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chandrayaan2-india-to-go-it-alone/article4329844.ece.

  63. 63.

    Pavlishev, Boris. “Lunar probe to search for water on Moon.” 18 Oct. 2011. radio – The Voice of Russia 21 Apr. 2013 http://english.ruvr.ru/2011/10/18/58931510/.

  64. 64.

    Ramachanran, R. “Chandrayaan-2: India to go it alone.”

  65. 65.

    “Google Lunar X PRIZE.” Google Lunar XPRIZE 26 Mar. 2013 http://www.googlelunarxprize.org/.

  66. 66.

    Braukus, Michael, Lynnette Madison, and Josh Byerly. “NASA Awards Contracts For Innovative Lunar Demonstrations Data.” 15 Oct. 2010. NASA Press Releases 26 Mar. 2013 http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/oct/HQ_10-259_ILDD_Award.html; see also Harrington, J.D., and Josh Byerl. “NASA Selects Companies for Further Lunar Demonstrations Data.” 20 Dec. 2010. NASA Press Releases 26 Mar. 2013 http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/dec/HQ_10-344_ILDD_Selections.html.

  67. 67.

    “ESA – Mars Express.” European Space Agency. 26 Mar. 2013 http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Mars_Express/index.html.

  68. 68.

    “Annual Report 2011 of the International Space Exploration Coordination Group” International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) 26 Mar. 2013 http://www.globalspaceexploration.org/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=757abb46-0e23-4bfc-8c1c-dde1320faadc&groupId=10812.

  69. 69.

    “NASA – NASA and ESA’s First Joint Mission To Mars Selects Instruments.” 2 Aug. 2010. NASA 11 Aug. 2011 html://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/aug/HQ_10-181_Joint_Mars_Mission.html.

  70. 70.

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  71. 71.

    “ESA Expects by July To Restart Work on 2016 Mars Mission.” Space News 30 May 2011: 6.

  72. 72.

    De Selding, Peter. “ExoMars Wins One-month Reprieve.” SpaceNews 21 May 2012: 8.

  73. 73.

    “Mars Odyssey.” NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology” 26 Mar. 2013 http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/.

  74. 74.

    “Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Home.” NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 26 Mar. 2013 http://marsrover.nasa.gov/home/index.html.

  75. 75.

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  76. 76.

    Mars Science Laboratory (MSL). 14 May. 2012. NASA NSSDC 14 Jan. 2013 http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2011-070A.

  77. 77.

    “MAVEN.” University of Colorado at Boulder, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics 14 Jan. 2013. http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/maven/.

  78. 78.

    Phobos-Grunt. 14 May. 2012. NASA NSSDC 14 Jan. 2013 http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2011-065A.

  79. 79.

    Amos, Jonathan. “Phobos-Grunt: Failed probe ‘falls over Pacific’.” 15 Jan. 2012. BBC News 14 Jan. 2013 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16491457.

  80. 80.

    Mason, Betsy. “Cassini Gets Life Extension to Explore Saturn Until 2017.” 3 Feb. 2010. WIRED 18 Dec. 2012 http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/02/cassini-life-extension-2017/.

  81. 81.

    SpaceNews Staff. “NASA’s Cassini Spacecraft Witnesses Big Saturn Storm.” 11 Jul. 2011. SpaceNews 18 Dec. 2012 http://www.spacenews.com/article/nasas-cassini-spacecraft-witnesses-big-saturn-storm.

  82. 82.

    “Enceladus plume is a new kind of Plasma Laboratory.” 31 May 2012. NASA Cassini 18 Dec. 2012 http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20120531/

  83. 83.

    Id.

  84. 84.

    Id.

  85. 85.

    Venus Express. “ESA finds that Venus has an ozone layer too.” 6 Oct. 2011. ESA 9 Jan. 2012 http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Venus_Express/ESA_finds_that_Venus_has_an_ozone_layer_too.

  86. 86.

    Venus Express. “Could Venus be shifting gear?” 10 Feb. 2012. ESA 9 Jan. 2012 http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Venus_Express/Could_Venus_be_shifting_gear.

  87. 87.

    Williams, David R. “Chronology of Venus Exploration.” 29 Jun. 2011. NASA 10 Jan. 2013 http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/chronology_venus.html.

  88. 88.

    “VENERA-D: ВЕНЕРА: Изучение продолжается.” 10 Mar. 2011. Roscosmos 25 Aug. 2011 http://venera-d.cosmos.ru/index.php?id=692&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=1288&cHash=f9bfd2c6e7616171412b316d206d73a4.

  89. 89.

    BepiColombo. ESA Science & Technology 13 Jan. 2013 http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=30.

  90. 90.

    MESSENGER Completes Primary Mission at Mercury, Settles in for Another Year. 19 Mar. 2012. MESSENGER 13 Jan. 2013 http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/news_room/details.php?id=197.

  91. 91.

    “MESSENGER: Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry, and Ranging: Mercury Orbit Insertion.” Press kit. NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/525164main_MercuryMOI_PK.pdf.

  92. 92.

    Mission Summary. ESMJ-Laplace. 16 Mar. 2012. ESA Science & Technology 14 Jan. 2013 http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=107.

  93. 93.

    “NASA – Juno.” NASA 4 Mar. 2013 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html.

  94. 94.

    “Small Sun-Watcher Proba-2 Offers Detailed View of Massive Solar Eruption.” 9 June 2011. ESA 17 Apr. 2013 http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Technology/Small_Sun-watcher_Proba-2_offers_detailed_view_of_massive_solar_eruption.

  95. 95.

    “Proba-2 Tracks Comet Lovejoy Through Sun’s Fiery Corona.” 22 Dec. 2011. ESA 17 Apr. 2013 http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Technology/Proba-2_tracks_Comet_Lovejoy_through_Sun_s_fiery_corona.

  96. 96.

    “ESA’s Space Weather Station Proba-2 Tracks Stormy Sun.” 2 Dec. 2011. ESA 17 Apr. 2013 http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Technology/ESA_s_space_weather_station_Proba-2_tracks_stormy_Sun.

  97. 97.

    “PICARD NEWS.” CNES 17 Apr. 2013 http://smsc.cnes.fr/PICARD/GP_actualites.htm.

  98. 98.

    “SDO | Solar Dynamics Observatory.” NASA Goddard Space Flight Center 4 Mar. 2013 http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/.

  99. 99.

    SpaceNews Staff. “NASA Boasts Big Results from 5-minute Spaceflight.” 28 Jan. 2013 SpaceNews 4 Mar. 2013 http://www.spacenews.com/article/nasa-boasts-big-results-from-5-minute-spaceflight.

  100. 100.

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    SOHO. The Project Main Steps. 29 Nov. 2012. CNES 5 Mar. 2013 http://smsc.cnes.fr/SOHO/.

  104. 104.

    “First Ever STEREO Images of the Entire Sun.” 6 Feb. 2011. NASA 5 Mar. 2013 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/stereo/news/entire-sun.html.

  105. 105.

    “NASA – STEREO.” NASA 5 Mar. 2013 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/stereo/main/index.html.

  106. 106.

    Clark, Stephen. “Spaceflight Now | Breaking News | NOAA taps DSCOVR satellite for space weather mission.” 2 Feb. 2011. Spaceflight Now 25 Aug. 2011 http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1102/21dscovr/.

  107. 107.

    Leone, Dan. “SpaceX To Launch Two Military Satellites.” 5 Dec. 2012. SpaceNews 5 Mar. 2013 http://www.spacenews.com/article/spacex-to-launch-two-military-satellites.

  108. 108.

    “Hinode – News Archive.” 16 Jan. 2012. NASA 17 Apr. 2013 http://solarb.msfc.nasa.gov/news_resources_2012.html.

  109. 109.

    “Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) Mission Overview.” California Institute of Technology 17 Apr. 2013 http://www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/ace_mission.html.

  110. 110.

    “RHESSI STATUS.” 22 Feb. 2012. NASA 17 Apr. 2013 http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/rhessi2/home/news-ressources/status/.

  111. 111.

    “ESA – Rosetta.” European Space Agency 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Rosetta/.

  112. 112.

    “Enceladus rains water onto Saturn.” 26 July 2011. ESA 17 Apr. 2013 http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Herschel/Enceladus_rains_water_onto_Saturn.

  113. 113.

    “Astronomers Searching for Oxygen Can Breathe More Easily.” 1 Aug. 2011. ESA 17 Apr. 2013 http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Herschel/Astronomers_searching_for_oxygen_can_breathe_more_easily.

  114. 114.

    “Did Earth’s Oceans Come From Comets?” 5 Oct. 2011. ESA 17 Apr. 2013 http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Herschel/Did_Earth_s_oceans_come_from_comets.

  115. 115.

    “Herschel Detects Abundant Water in Planet-Forming Disc.” 20 Oct. 2011. ESA 17 Apr. 2013 http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Herschel/Herschel_detects_abundant_water_in_planet-forming_disc.

  116. 116.

    “Planck Steps Closer to the Cosmic Blueprint.” 13 Feb. 2012 ESA 17 Apr. 2013 http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Planck/Planck_steps_closer_to_the_cosmic_blueprint.

  117. 117.

    “CaRoT discovers 10 new extra-solar planets.” 14 June 2011. CNES 17 Apr. 2013 http://smsc.cnes.fr/COROT/GP_actualite.htm.

  118. 118.

    “SOHO Watches a Comet Fading Away.” 28 Jul. 2011. NASA 17 Apr. 2013 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/epoxi/index.html.

  119. 119.

    “NASA Approves Kepler Mission Extension.” 4 Apr. 2012. NASA 16 Apr. 2013 http://kepler.nasa.gov/news/nasakeplernews/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=199.

  120. 120.

    “Kepler-14b.” 25 Oct 2011. NASA 16 Apr. 2013 http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/kepler14b/.

  121. 121.

    “Alien World is Blacker than Coal.” 11 Aug. 2011. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics 16 Apr. 2013 http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/2011/pr201121.html.

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    “Kepler-22b, our first planet in the habitable zone of a Sun-like Star.” 5 Dec. 2011. NASA 16 Apr. 2013 http://kepler.nasa.gov/news/nasakeplernews/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=165.

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    “Kepler Discovery Establishes New Class of Planetary System.” 11 Jan. 2012. NASA 16 Apr. 2013 http://kepler.nasa.gov/news/nasakeplernews/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=180.

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    “NASA’s WISE Mission Finds First Trojan Asteroid Sharing Earth’s Orbit.” 27 Jul. 2011. NASA 16 Apr. 2013 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/WISE/news/wise20110727.html.

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    “NASA’s WISE Mission Discovers Coolest Class of Stars.” 23 Aug. 2011. NASA 16 Apr. 2013 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/WISE/news/wise20110823.html.

  126. 126.

    “NASA Survey Counts Potentially Hazardous Asteroids.” 16 May 2012. NASA 16 Apr. 2013 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/WISE/news/wise20120516.html.

  127. 127.

    “The Coolest Stars Come Out of the Dark.” 24 June 2010. NASA 15 Apr. 2013 http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/news/1137-feature10-08-The-Coolest-Stars-Come-Out-of-the-Dark.

  128. 128.

    “Catch a Planet by the tail.” 9 July 2010. NASA 15 Apr. 2013 http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/news/1150-feature10-10-Catch-a-Planet-By-the-Tail.

  129. 129.

    “NASA’s Spitzer Sees The Light of Alien ‘Super Earth’.” 8 May 2012 NASA 16 Apr. 2013 http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/news/1419-ssc2012-07-NASA-s-Spitzer-Sees-The-Light-of-Alien-Super-Earth-.

  130. 130.

    “NASA’s Spitzer Finds Galaxy with Split Personality.” 24 Apr. 2012. NASA 16 Apr. 2013 http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/news/1412-ssc2012-06-NASA-S-Spitzer-Finds-Galaxy-with-Split-Personality.

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    “The James Webb Space Telescope.” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/.

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  1. ESPI (European Space Policy Institute), Vienna, Austria

    Cenan Al-Ekabi

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  1. European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria

    Cenan Al-Ekabi

  2. European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria

    Blandina Baranes

  3. European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria

    Peter Hulsroj

  4. European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria

    Arne Lahcen

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Al-Ekabi, C. (2014). Developments in Space Policies, Programmes and Technologies Throughout the World and in Europe. In: Al-Ekabi, C., Baranes, B., Hulsroj, P., Lahcen, A. (eds) Yearbook on Space Policy 2011/2012. Yearbook on Space Policy. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1649-4_2

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