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Psychotherapy Research pp 39–65Cite as

Historical Paths in Psychotherapy Research

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Abstract

The history of psychotherapy research can be viewed on the basis of four phases that differ in general streamings, aims, achievements, and protagonists, respectively. In the first phase (1920–1954), phenomena of private practices became objects of scientific investigation and basic outcome research was “invented.” The first systematic sound recordings by Carl Rogers and his team represented the roots of process and process-outcome research. In the second phase (1955–1969), pre-post-follow-up designs were developed. Process research was intensively advanced and questions were posed in a more complex way. The refinement of research questions and further development of methods—especially meta-analytic strategies that allowed summarizing a large body of information across outcome studies—were major achievements of phase III (1970–1983). The fourth phase (1984 to now) is characterized by an intensive deepening of process and process-outcome research and by the emergence of mixed-method approaches, the investigation of unsuccessful cases, intercultural issues, as well as client and therapist factors and their interaction. Commensurate with the enormously quick increase of the importance of the Internet in everyday life, settings of online psychotherapy became a matter of interest. With respect to the enormous influence the idea of common therapy factors that can be observed across all therapeutic school settings has won in psychotherapy research, a second chapter is dedicated to a detailed view on the “birth” and further research developments in this field. The concluding paragraph offers a short glance on possible future perspectives.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Obviously, the reason is that the development of psychotherapy research in the beginning happened in accordance with the imperatives of logical positivism that considers single-case research as marginal and consequently excludes it.

  2. 2.

    This interest mainly implies an adherence to a medical model of psychotherapy, which has to be differentiated from a contextual model (Wampold 2010) (see Sect. 2.1.1), which presumes that a “surgical” subdivision of a treatment approach into its single elements is not possible because of the interaction and transaction of involved variables.

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  1. Department of Psychotherapy Science, Sigmund Freud University, Freudplatz 1, 1020, Vienna, Austria

    Diana Braakmann

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  1. University of Salento, Lecce, Italy, and Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria

    Omar C.G. Gelo

  2. Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria

    Alfred Pritz

  3. Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria

    Bernd Rieken

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Braakmann, D. (2015). Historical Paths in Psychotherapy Research. In: Gelo, O., Pritz, A., Rieken, B. (eds) Psychotherapy Research. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1382-0_3

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