Abstract
With Europe aiming at becoming a leader in human spaceflight, the question of what impact astronauts might have on the development of space security and particularly, whether they might become involved in the weaponisation of outer space, becomes relevant. The international debate on “weaponisation” versus “peaceful uses” is the context for this analysis.83
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References
For an analysis on the history of the discussion on the peaceful uses of outer space, the legal context and the current state see Rathgeber, Wolfgang, and Nina-Louisa Remuss. “Space Security — A Formative Role and Principled Identity for Europe.” ESPI Report 16. Vienna: European Space Policy Institute, 2009.
“Walking in the Void.” NASA. 9 Mar. 2004. 19 Mar. 2009. www.nasa.gov/vision/space/workinginspace/eva_stats.html.
Mike Horn in Worms, Jean-Claude. “Preface — Humans and Space.” HIOS 1. vii.
This is a quote from title sequence of most episodes of the original Star Trek science fiction television series that was used in Worms, Jean-Claude, op. cit. vii.
Rathgeber, Wolfgang and Nina-Louisa Remuß. “Space Security: A Formative Role and Principled Identity for Europe.” ESPI Report 16. Vienna: ESPI, 2009.
Dunk, Frans von der, and Géradine Meishan Goh. “Article V” Cologne Commentary on Space Law: Volume 1 Outer Space Treaty. Eds. Hobe, Stephan, Benhard Schmidt-Tedd, and Kai-Uwe Schrogl. Cologne: Carl Heymanns Verlag, 2009: 94–102. 95.
United Nations General Assembly. Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space. UNGA Resolution 1962 of 13 Dec. 1963. New York: United Nations.
Grossman, Karl. “Master of Space.” Third World Traveler. Jan. 2000. 19 Mar. 2009. http://www. thirdworldtraveler.com/Pentagon_military/MasterofSpace.html.
Dunk, Frans von der, and Géradine Meishan Goh. Kai-Uwe Schrogl. Cologne: Carl Heymanns Verlag, 2009 op. cit. 97.
Kai-Uwe Schrogl. Cologne: Carl Heymanns Verlag, 2009 97 Ibid.
Schrogl, Kai-Uwe and Julia Neumann. “Article IV.” Cologne Commentary on Space Law: Volume 1 Outer Space Treaty. Eds. Hobe, Stephan, Benhard Schmidt-Tedd, and Kai-Uwe Schrogl. Cologne: Carl Heymanns Verlag, 2009: 70–88. 73.
Kai-Uwe Schrogl. Cologne: Carl Heymanns Verlag, 2009: 70–88 Ibid.
Kai-Uwe Schrogl. Cologne: Carl Heymanns Verlag, 2009 Ibid. 76.
Kai-Uwe Schrogl. Cologne: Carl Heymanns Verlag, 2009 Ibid. 79–80.
Kai-Uwe Schrogl. Cologne: Carl Heymanns Verlag, 2009 Ibid. 85.
Kai-Uwe Schrogl. Cologne: Carl Heymanns Verlag, 2009 Ibid.
Neufeld, Michael J. “’space Superiority’: Wenrher von Braun’s Campaign for a Nuclear-Armed Space Station, 1946–1956.” Space Policy 22 (2006): 52–62. 52–5.
Ibid.
Logsdon, John M. “Human Space Flight and National Power.” High Frontier 3.2 (2007): 10–13. 12 Oct. 2009. http://www.scribd.com/doc/1448693/US-Air-Force-AFD070322103.
Hertenberger, Gerhard. Aufbruch in den Weltraum — Geheime Raumfahrtprogramme, dramatische Pannen und faszinierende Erlebnisse russischer Kosmonauten. Vienna: Seifert Verlag, 2009: 107.
Logsdon, John M. “Human Space Flight and National Power.” High Frontier 3.2 (2007): 10–13. 12 Oct. 2009. http://www.scribd.com/doc/1448693/US-Air-Force-AFD070322103.
Ibid.
Grossman, Karl. “Master of Space.” Third World Traveler. Jan. 2000.19 Mar. 2009. http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Pentagon_military/MasterofSpace.html.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Schetsche, Michael T. “Encounters among the stars — exosociological considerations.” (in this volume).
Liebig, Volker. “Remote Sensing for Civil and Security Applications.” Presentation. An AFCEA International Symposium on AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGIES and APPLICATIONS for DUAL USE. Hotel Parco del Principe: Rome, Italy. 13 Sep. 2007. http://www.afcearoma.it/presentazioni/internazionali/AFCEA_VLiebig_Final.pdf.
cf. Hettling, Jana. “The Use of Remote Sensing Satellites for Verification in International Law.” Space Policy 19.1 (2003): 33–39; For information on technical capabilities and existing R&D projects at both European and national level cf. Remuss, Nina-Louisa. “Space and Internal Security — Developing a Concept for the Use of Space Assets to Assure a Secure Europe.” Report 20. Vienna: European Space Policy Institute, 2009. http://www.espi.or.at/images/stories/dokumente/studies/ espi%20report%2020_fmal.pdf.
Hertenberger, Gerhard. Aufbruch in den Weltraum — Geheime Raumfahrtprogramme, dramatische Pannen und faszinierende Erlebnisse russischer Kosmonauten. Vienna: Seifert Verlag, 2009: 107.
Ibid.
In Alien-2 moral considerations related to killing extra-terrestrials are touched upon as well. This has been the subject of analysis of Cockell, Charles. “Ethics and Extraterrestrial Life.” (in this volume).
Ibid. 98.
Ibid. 98.
cf. Ibid. 98.
Grossman, Karl. “Master of Space.” Third World Traveler. Jan. 2000.19 Mar. 2009. http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Pentagon_military/MasterofSpace.html.
cf. Cockell, Charles, op. cit.
Draft Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities, EU Council, document 17175/08, PESC 1697, CODUN 61, Brussels, 17 December 2008, Annex II, at http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/08/stl7/stl7175.en08.pdf.
A summary of the EU report to COPUOS can be found in Report of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, UN document A/6A/20, Vienna, 2009, paragraph 45.
Corinne Contant-Jorgensen, Petr Lála and Kai-Uwe Schrogl (eds), 2006, Cosmic Study on Space Traffic Management, Paris, International Academy of Astronautics, at http://iaaweb.org/iaa/Studies/spacetraffic.pdf.
Petr Lála and Kai-Uwe Schrogl (eds), 2006, Cosmic Study on Space Traffic Management, Paris, International Academy of Astronautics Ibid.
Schrogl, Kai-Uwe. “Space Traffic Management: The New Comprehensive Approach for Regulating the Use of Outer Space.” ESPI Flash Report No. 3. Vienna: European Space Policy Institute, 2007.
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Remuss, NL. (2011). Astronauts: from envoys of mankind to combatants. In: Landfester, U., Remuss, NL., Schrogl, KU., Worms, JC. (eds) Humans in Outer Space — Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Studies in Space Policy, vol 5. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0280-0_4
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