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The Ultrastructure of Giardia During Growth and Differentiation

  • Chapter
Giardia

Abstract

The life cycle of Giardia lamblia is comprised of two developmental stages: trophozoite and cyst. In this chapter, we review the structural organisation of the protozoan during development. The trophozoite displays a pear-shaped appearance, which contains two nuclei, a highly elaborated cytoskeleton made of microtubules and microtubule-associated proteins that assemble in structures, such as the adhesive disc, the median body, the funis and four pairs of flagella. The cytoplasm contains ribosomes, glycogen particles and a network of tubular structures, which are part of the endoplasmic reticulum. This network reaches the more peripheral regions, establishing continuity with peripheral vesicles. The trophozoite cell surface not only contains a coating mainly made of variant surface proteins but also contains some glycoproteins. Two nuclei, containing a central nucleolus, are observed in each trophozoite. Ultrastructural changes take place during protozoan division where an extranuclear spindle is formed, and the adhesive disc participates in the process of karyokinesis. Under certain stimuli, the trophozoites start a process known as encystation, which leads to their transformation into cysts. Significant structural changes take place during this process, involving the appearance of clefts in the endoplasmic reticulum and formation of large encystation vesicles, which migrate towards the cell periphery, fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents to form the cyst wall. The cyst forms contain two to four nuclei, whilst the disc fragments and the flagella are internalised. During excystation, the parasite leaves the husk and undergoes cytokinesis, forming two new trophozoites.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular, Universidade Santa Ursula, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Marlene Benchimol

  2. Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil

    Wanderley De Souza

  3. Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial, Inmetro

    Wanderley De Souza

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  1. Marlene Benchimol
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  1. Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

    Hugo D. Luján PhD

  2. Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

    Staffan Svärd PhD

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Benchimol, M., De Souza, W. (2011). The Ultrastructure of Giardia During Growth and Differentiation. In: Luján, H.D., Svärd, S. (eds) Giardia. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0198-8_9

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