Current issues in drug regulation
2
The role of drug regulatory agencies is to protect and promote public health. In everyday practice, this broad mandate translates into two distinct objectives: first, into an obligation to protect patients against ineffective or harmful drugs, and second, to protect patients against the consequences of untreated disease. The first objective results in a gatekeeper function and obliges regulators to apply stringent standards of assessment and to deny marketing authorization where deemed necessary. By contrast, the second objective requires regulators to support and enable drug development - with a view to ensuring that patients have access as early as possible to safe and effective drugs.
Keywords
European Union market authorization human medicinal products regulatory affairs centralized procedure Mutual Recognition Procedure Decentralized Procedure risk-benefit assessment relative effectiveness pharmacovigilance signal detectionPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- 1.Schneider CK, Schäffner-Dallmann G (2008) Typical pitfalls in applications for marketing authorisation of biotechnological products in Europe. Nat Rev Drug Discov 7: 893–899PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 2.EMEA/CHMP-think-tank group on innovative drug development (2007) Innovative drug development approaches, www.ema.europa.eu/pdfs/human/itf/12731807en.pdf (accessed 13.01.2010)Google Scholar
- 3.Eichler HG, Pignatti F, Flamion B, Leufkens H, Breckenridge A (2008) Balancing early market access to new drugs with the need for benefit/risk data: a mounting dilemma. Nat Rev Drug Discov 7: 818–826PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 4.Tschabitscher D, Platzer P, Baumgärtel C, Müllner M (2008) Generic drugs: quality, efficacy, safety and interchangeability. Wien Klin Wochenschr 120: 63–69PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 5.Regulation (EC) No. 726/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 laying down Community procedures for the authorisation and supervision of medicinal products for human and veterinary use and establishing a European Medicines Agency, ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/pharmaceuticals/files/eudralex/vol-l/reg_2004_726_cons/reg_2004_726_con-s_en.pdf (accessed 13.01.2010)Google Scholar
- 6.Committee for Advanced Therapies (CAT); CAT Scientific Secretariat; Schneider CK, Salmikangas P, Jilma B, Flamion B, Todorova LR, Paphitou A, Haunerova I, Maimets T, Trouvin JH, Flory E, Tsiftsoglou A, Sarkadi B, Gudmundsson K, O’Donovan M, Migliaccio G, Ancāns J, Maciulaitis R, Robert JL, Samuel A, Ovelgönne JH, Hystad M, Fal AM, Lima BS, Moraru AS, Turcáni P, Zorec R, Ruiz S, Akerblom L, Narayanan G, Kent A, Bignami F, Dickson JG, Niederwieser D, Figuerola-Santos MA, Reischl IG, Beuneu C, Georgiev R, Vassiliou M, Pychova A, Clausen M, Methuen T, Lucas S, Schüssler-Lenz M, Kokkas V, Buzás Z, MacAleenan N, Galli MC, Linē A, Gulbinovic J, Berchem G, Fraczek M, Menezes-Ferreira M, Vilceanu N, Hrubisko M, Marinko P, Timón M, Cheng W, Crosbie GA, Meade N, di Paola ML, VandenDriessche T, Ljungman P, D’Apote L, Oliver-Diaz O, Büttel I, Celis P(2010) Challenges with advanced therapy medicinal products and how to meet them. Nat Rev Drug Discov 9: 195–201CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 7.Annual Report of the European Medicines Agency (2008) www.ema.europa.eu/pdfs/general/direct/emeaar/AnnualReport2008.pdf (accessed 08.02.2010)Google Scholar
- 8.Directive 2001/83/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 November 2001 on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use (Consolidated version: 30/12/ 2008). ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/pharmaceuticals/files/eudralex/vol-l/dir_2001_83_cons/dir2001_83_cons_20081230_en.pdf (accessed 13.01.2010)Google Scholar
- 9.CMD Statistics (2008) www.hma.eu/fileadmin/dateien/Human.Medicines/CMD h/Statistics/ 2008_MR_DC_Art29_Stats.pdf (accessed 28.08.2009)Google Scholar
- 10.Austrian Federal Office for Safety in Healthcare. National figures for Austria, www.basg.at/news-center/statistiken/ages-pharmmed (accessed 28.08.2009)Google Scholar
- 11.EMA. The European Public Assessment Report. http://www.ema.europa.eu/htms/human/epar/a. htm (accessed 08.02.2010)Google Scholar
- 12.High Level Pharmaceutical Forum. Core principles on relative effectiveness, http://ec.europa.eu/ pharmaforum/docs/rea_principles_en.pdf (accessed 18.09.2009)Google Scholar
- 13.Institute of Medicine. To err is human: Building a safer health system. www.iom.edu/Object.File/ Master/4/117/ToErr-8pager.pdf (accessed 18.09.2009)Google Scholar
- 14.Anderson GM, Juurlink D, Detsky AS (2008) Newly approved does not always mean new and improved. JAMA 299: 1598–1600PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 15.Eichler HG, Bloechl-Daum B, Abadie E, Barnett D, König F, Pearson S (2010) Relative efficacy of drugs: an emerging issue between regulatory agencies and third-party payers. Nat Rev Drug Discov 9(4): 277–291 (Epub 2010 Feb. 26)PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 16.Volpp KG, Das A (2009) Comparative effectiveness-thinking beyond medication A versus medication B. N Engl J Med 361(4): 331–333PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 17.Giezen TJ, Mantel-Teeuwisse AK, Straus SM, Schellekens H, Leufkens HG, Egberts AC (2008) Safety-related regulatory actions for biologicals approved in the United States and the European Union. JAMA 300: 1887–1896PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 18.International Conference on Harmonisation of technical requirements for registration of phar-maceuticals for human use (1994) The extend of population exposure to assess clinical safety for drugs intended for long-term treatment of non-life-threatening conditions. El www.ich.org/ LOB/media/MEDIA435.pdf (accessed 19.03.2010)Google Scholar
- 19.Müllner M, Vamvakas S, Rietschel M, van Zwieten-Boot BJ (2007) Are women appropriately represented and assessed in clinical trials submitted for marketing authorisation? A review of the database of the European Medicines Agency. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 45: 477–484PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 20.Pirmohamed M, Breckenridge AM, Kitteringham NR, Park BK (1998) Adverse drug reactions. BMJ 316: 1295–1298PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 21.Bate A, Evans SJ (2009) Quantitative signal detection using spontaneous ADR reporting. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 8: 427–436CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 22.Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) (2005) Guideline on Risk Management Systems for Medicinal Products for Human Use. www.ema.europa.eu/pdfs/human/euleg/ 9626805en.pdf (accessed 05.02.2010)Google Scholar
- 23.Wise L, Parkinson J, Raine J, Breckenridge A (2009) New approaches to drug safety: a pharmacovigilance tool kit. Nat Rev Drug Discov 8: 779–782PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 24.EMA. EPAR Raptiva. www.emea.europa.eu/humandocs/Humans/EPAR/raptiva/raptiva.htm (accessed 08.02.2010)Google Scholar
- 25.EMA. EPAR Tysabri. www.emea.europa.eu/humandocs/Humans/EPAR/tysabri/tysabri.htm (accessed 08.02.2010)Google Scholar
- 26.EMA. EPAR Mabthera. www.emea.europa.eu/humandocs/Humans/EPAR/mabthera/mabthera. htm (accessed 08.02.2010)Google Scholar