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Fortgeschrittene Marginalität. Anmerkungen zu Wesen und Bedeutung eines neuen Phänomens

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Die Theorie sozialer Schließung

Zusammenfassung

Die Ballung extremer Armut und Not, ethnischer und rassischer Spaltungen (deren Ursprünge oft in der jeweiligen kolonialen Vergangenheit liegen) und Gewalt im öffentlichen Raum in bestimmten verelendeten urbanen Gebieten legen nahe, dass die Metropole Ort und Quelle neuer Erscheinungsformen exkludierender sozialer Schließung in fortgeschrittenen Gesellschaften ist. Der vorliegende Aufsatz unternimmt den Versuch einer idealtypischen Charakterisierung dieses neu entstehenden Regimes urbaner Marginalität, indem er es mit ausgewählten Merkmalen urbaner Armut aus der fordistischen Wachstumsperiode der Nachkriegszeit vergleicht. Es lassen sich sechs entscheidende Kennzeichen fortgeschrittener Marginalität identifizieren: die wachsende interne Heterogenität und schwindende Vergesellschaftung der Arbeit; die funktionale Abkopplung städtischer Lebensverhältnisse von makroökonomischen Trends; räumliche Fixierung und Stigmatisierung; räumliche Entfremdung und die Auflösung des Raumes; der Verlust eines lebensfähigen Umlandes; und die symbolische Fragmentierung marginalisierter Bevölkerungsgruppen. Der Aufsatz diskutiert am Schluss die Bedeutung fortgeschrittener Marginalität für die Analyse des Sozialen und der Sozialpolitik. Dabei wird deutlich, dass es notwendig ist, aus dem Paradigma von Markt-und-Staat auszubrechen und den Zusammenhang von Arbeit und Lebensunterhalt durch die Institution eines Bürgergeldes aufzulösen.

Übersetzung des Aufsatzes „The Rise of Advanced Marginality: Notes on Its Nature and Implications“, in: Acta Sociologica 1996, 39, 121-140 mit freundlicher Genehmigung von Taylor & Francis.

Eine frühere Fassung dieses Aufsatzes wurde für das Expertentreffen zu Notstandsgebieten in Städten und Vororten, OECD, Paris (1994) vorbereitet und als Vortrag im Seminar über komparative Makrosoziologie am Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles (Januar 1995) gehalten. Ich danke den Teilnehmern beider Veranstaltungen für kritische Kommentare. Die Anregungen von Janet Abu-Lughod, Peter Marcuse, Moishe Postone, George Steinmetz, Thomas Sugrue, Ronald van Kempen, Eric Wanner und Bill Wilson waren hilfreich, auch wenn ich mich entschieden habe, ihnen nicht zu folgen.

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Wacquant, L.J.D. (2004). Fortgeschrittene Marginalität. Anmerkungen zu Wesen und Bedeutung eines neuen Phänomens. In: Mackert, J. (eds) Die Theorie sozialer Schließung. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-07912-5_8

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