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The Turkish Labour Market and Migration

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Turkey and the European Community

Part of the book series: Schriften des Deutschen Orient-Instituts ((ORIENT))

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Abstract

With the establishment of the EC Common Labour Market, foreign labour was classified into two groups as far as European labour migration is concerned. Workers from member countries were accorded equal treatment to a great extent with the adoption of Regulation No. 1612/63 by the EC Council on 15 October 1968.

The author would like to thank the Hans Böckler Foundation of the Confederation of German Trade Unions, Düsseldorf, for supporting his dissertation on “Beschäftigung und Migration in der Türkei unter Berücksichtigung der Auswirkungen der Auswanderung auf die Volkswirtschaft der Bundesrepublik Deutschland”, from which this paper has been developed.

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Notes

  1. A. Önder, “Das türkische Strafrecht”, in E. Metger and A. Schönke, eds., Das ausländische Strafrecht der Gegenwart, vol. 4 (Berlin, 1962), p. 573.

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  2. Cf. A. Önder and G. Endruweit, “Neue Entwicklungen im türkischen Strafrecht”, in Zeitschnft ftir die gesamte Strafwissenschaft 78 (1966), p. 326;

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  3. N. Kilter, “Nüfus ye Hukuk’”, in Tüürkiye’nin Gelişmesinde Nüfus Olgusu (Ankara: Aile Planlamasi ve Ana Çocuk Sagligi Genel Müdürlüüğü, 1983), pp. 38ff.

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  4. H. Gümrükçü, “Die Auswirkungen der exponentiellen Bevölkerungsentwicklung in der Türkei zwischen 1980 und 1985: Eine Kritische Betrachtung der Bevölkerungszählung von 1985”, Forum 2 (1987).

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  5. Between 1813 and 1885 the population in western Europe showed a precipitous increase. The English population increased from 9 million to 36 million, and the German from 24 million to 46.8 million.

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  6. Defined as the number of births (approx. two children for each couple) at which the population of a country remains constant.

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  7. Cf. E. Alkin, “Sosyo-Ekonomik Kalkummma ve Nüfus”, in Türkiye’nin Gelişmesinde Nüüfus Olgusu, p. 73. According to Alkin, in Turkey 8 per cent of value added is spent on demographic investments; the share of total investments compared to value added amounts to 20 per cent.

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  8. The second phase of the population growth in Turkey was not due to any change in the reproduction rate but to exogenous factors such as better hygiene and medical care.

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  9. In Europe the process of industrialisation started at a low level. Technical development meant replacement of manual work by machines. Industrialisation in underdeveloped countries no longer simply means replacement of manual labour by highly developed and complicated machines, but rather that these machines are a precondition for certain products. Production costs respectively increase as technical know-how and ’specialists are required for expensive maintenance. Therefore simple parallels cannot be drawn between the process of industrialisation of European countries and that of the underdeveloped countries today.

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  10. See “Imperatives of Employment Creation and Economic Growth, Turkish Case, 1983 - 1988”, Official Report presented by the Council of Europe at the Second Conference ofEuropean Ministers ofLabour on Employment (Paris, 3 - 5 May, 1983), pp. 1 – 2.

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  11. Cf. Y. Hamurdan: “Tüürkiye’ de Beşeri Kaynak Kullanimii, 1923 - 2000 ve Teknoloji Seçiminin Istihdam Politikasindaki Yeri”, in Devlet Planlama Teşkilati, 2. Tüürkiye Ilktiisat KKongresi: III. Sosyal Gelişme ye Istihdam Komisyonu Tebligleri (Izmir, 2 - 7 November 1982), pp. 109 - 132.

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  12. H. Güümrükçü, Beschäftigung und Migration in der Türkei unter Berücksichtigung der Auswirkungen der Auswanderung auf die Voolkswirtschaft der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Hamburg (Nürnberg, 1986), pp. 31ff.

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  13. Hamurdan, pp. 116ff.

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  14. Ibid, p. 117.

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  15. “Imperatives of Employment Creation”, pp. 1 - 3.

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  16. The number of returning workers is stated to be around 70,000 - 80,000 persons annually. (1982: 87,000, 1984: 130,000).

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  17. Cf. Devlet Planlama Teşkilâti, 7üürkiye’nin Insangüüca ye Istihdam Raporu, 1982 (Ankara: February, 1982), Table 1, p. 34.

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  18. Milliyet, 20 September 1983.

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  19. Devlet Istatistik Enstitüüsüü, Statistical Yearbook of Turkey, Pub. no. 1040 (Ankara: December, 1983), calculated from Table 304, p. 355.

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  20. T C. Resmi Gazete, 31 January 1976, p. 30.

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  21. Statistical Yearbook of Turkey (1983), calculated from Tables 305 and 306.

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  22. With a 6.5 per cent annual growth rate unemployment would probably remain stable.

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  23. Devlet Istatistik Enstitüsü, Statistical Pocket Book of Turkey, Pub. no. 1210 (Ankara, 1986), p. 11.

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  24. TÜSIAD, 1987 Yilina Girerken Türk Ekonomisi (Istanbul 1987), p. 69.

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  25. TÜSIAD, 1986 Yilina Girerken Türk Ekonomisi (Istanbul 1986), p. 36

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  26. IIBK, Iş ye Işçi Bulma Hizmetleri, Pub. no. 148, (Ankara, 1982), p. 21. IIBK (Labour and Labour Placement Services) estimate that only a quarter of the 500,000 young people entering the job market annually will be able to find employment.

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  27. “Imperatives of Employment Creation”, p. 4.

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  28. Devlet Istatistik Enstitüsü, 1980 Census ofPopulation, Social and Economic Characteristics ofPopulation, 1 % Sample Results, Pub no. 962 (Ankara, September, 1981), Table 10, p. 14; Table 13, p. 19.

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  29. 1980 Census of Population, Table 3, p. 16.

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  30. External migration is effected either in two steps (from the rural areas to the urban-industrial sector and from there abroad), or as direct migration (from rural areas abroad).

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  31. According to the Federal Employment Office in 1971, a total of 260,300 foreign workers underwent medical examinations in the foreign missions of the Federal Republic of Germany. 37,900 (14.6 per cent) of the applicants were refused placement in the Federal Republic of Germany for health reasons. Bundesanstalt für Arbeit, Ausländische Arbeitnehmer Beschäftigung, Anwerbung, Veermittlung — Erfaahrungsbericht 1971 (Nürnberg, 1972), pp. 46ff.

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  32. The percentage of Turkish workers with professional qualification placed by the offices abroad of the Federal Employment Office in 1971 was 46.3; in 1972, 30.3, and in 1973, 29.7 per cent of the respective placement figures. Bundesanstalt für Arbeit, Ausländische Arbeitnehmer 1972/73: Beschäftigung, Anwerbung, Veermittlung, (Nürnberg, 1974), pp. 58ff, and Table 54.

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  33. According to statements by R. Ibrahimoğu, Secretary General of the Turkish Employers’ Association, Turkish economy fell short of approximately 500,000 specialists in 1981.

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  34. Progress Report by the General Directorate of the Turkish Labour and Labour Placement Office, regarding labour placement abroad, 1961 – 1978: IIBK Genel Müdürlüğü (Ankara, 9 February 1978).

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  35. Official Gazette of the European Community (ABI) 217 (24 December 1964); BGBI (1964) II, p. 509. The agreement came into force on 1 December 1964.

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  36. BGBI (1972) II, p. 385.

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  37. Resolution 2/76 of the EC-Turkey Association Council on Article 12 of the Ankara Agreement.

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  38. Resolution 1/80 of the EC-Turkey Association Council on the development of the Association.

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Authors
  1. Harun Gümrükçü
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Ahmet Evin Geoffrey Denton

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© 1990 Leske Verlag + Budrich GmbH, Opladen

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Gümrükçü, H. (1990). The Turkish Labour Market and Migration. In: Evin, A., Denton, G. (eds) Turkey and the European Community. Schriften des Deutschen Orient-Instituts. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-01422-5_11

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-01422-5_11

  • Publisher Name: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-8100-0646-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-663-01422-5

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