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Cobaltgruppe: Elemente der neunten Nebengruppe

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Zusammenfassung

Dieses Kapitel beschreibt die Eigenschaften, Vorkommen, Herstellverfahren und Anwendungen der Elemente der neunten Nebengruppe des Periodensystems (Cobalt, Rhodium, Iridium, Meitnerium) mit ihren wichtigsten Verbindungen. Cobalt wurde 1735 entdeckt, Rhodium und Iridium Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts. 1982 konnten die ersten Atome des Meitneriums erzeugt werden.

Auch bei Rhodium und Iridium ist noch die Auswirkung der Lanthanoidenkontraktion zu beobachten. Die jeweiligen physikalischen Eigenschaften dieser zwei Elemente unterscheiden sich deutlich, kaum aber die chemischen. Die Eigenschaften des Cobalts dagegen weichen von denen der zwei „edlen“ Platinmetalle Rhodium und Iridium deutlich ab, so zeigt Cobalt ein negatives Normalpotenzial sowie niedrigere Dichten, Schmelz- und Siedepunkte. Bei Cobalt ist die Oxidationsstufe +2 die stabilste, bei Rhodium +3 und bei Iridium +4. Kürzlich gelang die Erzeugung von Iridium-VIII- und IX-Verbindungen.

Cobaltverbindungen finden schon lange Verwendung in hitzebeständigen Pigmenten sowie zur Bemalung von Porzellan und Keramik. Cobalt erhöht als Bestandteil von Stählen deren Verschleiß- und Hitzefestigkeit. Seine magnetischen Eigenschaften bedingen die Anwendung in Datenträgern.

Rhodium findet sich hauptsächlich in Katalysatoren und Schmuckgegenständen. Am Edelmetall Iridium stieg der weltweite Bedarf in den letzten Jahren deutlich, unter anderem bewirkt durch neue Produktionsverfahren der Elektronikindustrie. Es geht in Zündkerzen für in der Luft- und Raumfahrt verwendete Antriebsmotoren, außerdem in einige Katalysatoren für chemische Synthesen.

Meitnerium kommt nicht in der Natur vor und ist nur auf künstlichem Wege durch Kernfusion zugänglich.

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Sicius, H. (2023). Cobaltgruppe: Elemente der neunten Nebengruppe. In: Handbuch der chemischen Elemente. Springer Spektrum, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65664-8_14

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