Abstract
While in the previous sections we learned about very concrete interventions in the genetic material of organisms, things are now getting a little more utopian—but only a little. The latest methods of genetic engineering involve not only the precise modification of the genetic material without leaving traces, but also the completely chemical synthesis of genetic information. The DNA molecule can thus be synthesized in a test tube. This is nothing new: Old DNA synthesis devices can be obtained on eBay for relatively little money (Fig. 6.1). However, the technology is becoming more sophisticated. The currently available phosphoramidite-based chemical synthesis can generate fragments around 250 nucleotides long. With the development of newer methods, fragment lengths are becoming much larger [1].
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Palluk S, Arlow DH, de Rond T, et al (2018) De novo DNA synthesis using polymerase-nucleotide conjugates. Nat Biotechnol 36: 645–650. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.4173
Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR (1977) DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74: 5463–5467. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463
Smith HO, Hutchison CA, Pfannkoch C, Venter JC (2003) Generating a synthetic genome by whole genome assembly: ϕX174 bacteriophage from synthetic oligonucleotides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 15440–15445. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2237126100
Gibson DG, Glass JI, Lartigue C, et al (2010) Creation of a bacterial cell controlled by a chemically synthesized genome. Science 329: 52–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1190719
Drux R (2017) “Eine höchst vollkommene Maschine”: Von der poetischen Faszination einer mechanischen Ente im späten achtzehnten Jahrhundert. In: Zwischen Literatur und Naturwissenschaft. Walter de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin. S. 105–118. doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110528114-005
Kunert G (1989) Tagträume in Berlin und andernorts. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt
Romagné F, Santesmasses D, White L, et al (2014) SelenoDB 2.0: Annotation of selenoprotein genes in animals and their genetic diversity in humans. Nucleic Acids Res 42: D437–D443. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt1045
Reeves MA, Hoffmann PR (2009) The human selenoproteome: Recent insights into functions and regulation. Cell Mol Life Sci 66: 2457–2478. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-009-0032-4
Xie J, Schultz PG (2006) A chemical toolkit for proteins—an expanded genetic code. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 7: 775–782. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm2005
Neumann H, Wang K, Davis L, et al (2010) Encoding multiple unnatural amino acids via evolution of a quadruplet- decoding ribosome. Nature 464: 441–444. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08817
Hoshika S, Leal NA, Kim M-J, et al (2019) Hachimoji DNA and RNA: A genetic system with eight building blocks. Science 363: 884–887. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat0971
Loeb J (1912) The Mechanistic Conception of Life. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois/USA
Smith CJ, Castanon O, Said K, et al (2019) Enabling large-scale genome editing by reducing DNA nicking. bioRxiv 5: 574020. doi:https://doi.org/10.1101/574020
Niu D, Wei H-J, Lin L, et al (2017) Inactivation of porcine endogenous retrovirus in pigs using CRISPR-Cas9. Science 357: 1303–1307. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan4187
Łopata K, Wojdas E, Nowak R, et al (2018) Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus (PERV)—Molecular Structure and Replication Strategy in the Context of Retroviral Infection Risk of Human Cells. Front Microbiol 9: 432. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00730
Wright DWM (2018) Cloning animals for tourism in the year 2070. Futures 95: 58–75. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2017.10.002
Folch J, Cocero MJ, Chesné P, et al (2009) First birth of an animal from an extinct subspecies (Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica) by cloning. Theriogenology 71: 1026–1034. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.11.005
Crichton M (1991) Dinopark. Droemer Knaur Verlag, München
Griffn DK, Larkin DM, O’Connor RE (2019) Time lapse: A glimpse into prehistoric genomics. Eur J Med Genet. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.03.004
Ro D, Paradise E, Ouellet M, et al (2006) Production of the antimalarial drug precursor artemisinic acid in engineered yeast. Nature 440: 940–943. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04640
Hommel M (2008) The future of artemisinins: natural, synthetic or recombinant? J Biol 7: 38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/jbiol101
Peplow M (2016) Synthetic biology’s first malaria drug meets market resistance. Nature 530: 389–390. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/530390a
Westfall PJ, Pitera DJ, Lenihan JR, et al (2012) Production of amorphadiene in yeast, and its conversion to dihydroartemisinic acid, precursor to the antimalarial agent artemisinin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109: E111–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1110740109
Paddon CJ, Westfall PJ, Pitera DJ, et al (2013) High-level semi-synthetic production of the potent antimalarial artemisinin. Nature 496: 528–532. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12051
Hutchison CA, Chuang R-Y, Noskov VN, et al (2016) Design and synthesis of a minimal bacterial genome. Science 351: aad6253. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad6253
Elowitz MB, Leibler S (2000) A synthetic oscillatory network of transcriptional regulators. Nature 403: 335–338. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/35002125
Pedersen M, Phillips A (2009) Towards programming languages for genetic engineering of living cells. J R Soc, Interface 6: S437–S450. doi:https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2008.0516.focus
Sturtevant AH (1923) Inheritence of direction of coiling in Limnaea. Science 58: 269–270. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.58.1501.269
Tumpey TM (2005) Characterization of the Reconstructed 1918 Spanish Influenza Pandemic Virus. 310: 77–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1119392
Further Reading
Buddingh BC, van Hest JCM (2017) Artificial Cells: Synthetic Compartments with Life-like Functionality and Adaptivity. Acc Chem Res 50: 769–777. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00512
Church GM (2012) Regenesis. Basic Books, New York/USA.
Kuldell N (2015) Biobuilder. O’Reilly Media, Sebastopol, California/USA.
Sleator RD (2016) Synthetic biology: From mainstream to counterculture. Arch Microbiol 198: 711–713. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-016-1257-x
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wünschiers, R. (2022). Writing Genetic Material. In: Genes, Genomes and Society. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64081-4_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64081-4_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-64080-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-64081-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)