Zusammenfassung
Der Begriff Gender bezeichnet das soziale Geschlecht. Es geht dabei um soziokulturelle Normen, die Identitäten, Beziehungen, Verhalten und sozialen Status einer Person in der Gesellschaft bestimmen. Geschlechtszuschreibungen und die dementsprechenden sozialen Erwartungshaltungen sind sehr komplex, über die Zeit veränderlich und je nach lokalem Kontext variieren diese entsprechend vorherrschender Machtverhältnisse zwischen den Geschlechtern. Wenn es im Zusammenhang mit einer Epidemie oder Pandemie um das Thema Gender und Ethik geht, dann geht es primär um Fragen der Gleichstellung und Gerechtigkeit, um ungleiche Chancen und Verteilung von Ressourcen sowie Diskriminierung aufgrund von Geschlecht im Zusammenhang mit dem Ausbruch einer Infektionskrankheit. Generell gilt: Ungleichheiten und daraus resultierende geschlechtsspezifische Risikofaktoren spielen eine zentrale Rolle, wenn es um die Verbreitung von Infektionskrankheiten, sowie weitere soziale Folgen des Umgangs damit geht (vgl. z. B. Abramowitz et al. 2015; Harman 2016; Oertelt-Prigione 2020; United Nations Radio 2014). Die entstehenden oder verstärkten Ungleichheiten wirken sich im Sinne von Public Health auf vielfache Weise negativ auf den Gesundheitszustand und das Wohlbefinden von betroffenen Personen aus (vgl. Raj et al. 2020).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Literatur
Abramowitz SA, McLean KE, McKune SL, Bardosh KL, Fallah M, Monger J, Tehoungue K, Omidian PA (2015) Community-centered responses to Ebola in urban Liberia: the view from below. PLOS Negl Trop Dis 9(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003706
Assis MP, Larrea S (2020) Why self-managed abortion is so much more than a provisional solution for times of pandemic. Sex Reprod Health Matters 28(1):1779633. https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2020.1779633
Baqui P, Bica I, Marra V, Ercole A, van der Schaar M (2020) Ethnic and regional variations in hospital mortality from COVID-19 in Brazil: a cross-sectional observational study. Lancet Glob Health 8:e1018–e1026. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30285-0
BBC News Africa (2014) Dangerous job of grave digging in Ebola hit Sierra Leone. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/health-30273824. Zugegriffen am 04.11.2020
Blaskó Z, Papadimitriou E, Manca AR (2020) How will the COVID-19 crisis affect existing gender divides in Europe? Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg
Boniol M, McIsaac M, Xu L, Wuliji T, Diallo K, Campbell J (2019) Gender equity in the health workforce: analysis of 104 countries. WHO. https://www.who.int/hrh/resources/gender_equity-health_workforce_analysis/en/. Zugegriffen am 15.02.2021
CARE (2020) Gender implications of COVID-19 outbreaks in development and humanitarian settings. https://www.care-international.org/files/files/Gendered_Implications_of_COVID-19_Full_Paper.pdf. Zugegriffen am 11.02.2021
Caruana-Finkel L (2020) Abortion in the time of COVID-19: perspectives from Malta. Sex Reprod Health Matters 28(1):1780679. https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2020.1780679
Church K, Gassner J, Elliott M (2020) Reproductive health under COVID-19 – challenges of responding in a global crisis. Sex Reprod Health Matters 28(1):1773163. https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2020.1773163
Cielo C, Coba L (2018) Extractivism, gender, and disease: an intersectional approach to inequalities. Ethics Int Aff 32(2):169–178. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0892679418000291
Davies SE, Bennett B (2016) A gendered human rights analysis of Ebola and Zika: locating gender in global health emergencies. Int Aff 92(5):1041–1060. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12704
Davis MD, Stephenson N, Lohm D, Waller E, Flowers P (2015) Beyond resistance: social factors in the general public response to pandemic influenza. BMC Public Health 15:436. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1756-8
Davis-Floyd R, Gutschow K, Schwartz DA (2020) Pregnancy, birth and the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Med Anthropol 39(5):413–427. https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2020.1761804
De Zordo S, Mishtal J, Zanini G, Gerdts C (2020) Consequences of gestational age limits for people needing abortion care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sex Reprod Health Matters 28(1):1818377. https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2020.1818377
Dowler C (2020) Introduction: intersecting crises. In Intersecting Crisis edited by Dowler C. American Ethnologist Features. https://americanethnologist.org/panel/pages/features/pandemicdiaries. Zugegriffen am 04.06.2021
van Gelder N, Peterman A, Potts A, O’Donnell M, Thompson K, Shah N, Oertelt-Prigione S et al (2020) COVID-19: reducing the risk of infection might increase the risk of intimate partner violence. EClinicalMedicine 21:100348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100348
Gender in Humanitarian Action Asia and the Pacific (2020) The COVID-19 Outbreak and Gender: Key Advocacy Points from Asia and the Pacific. https://www2.unwomen.org/-/media/field%20office%20eseasia/docs/publications/2020/03/ap-giha-wg-advocacy.pdf?la=en&vs=2145. Zugegriffen am 11.02.2021
Gray DM 2nd, Anyane-Yeboa A, Balzora S, Issaka RB, May FP (2020) COVID-19 and the other pandemic: populations made vulnerable by systemic inequity. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 17(9):520–522. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-020-0330-8
Gulati G, Kelly BD (2020) Domestic violence against women and the COVID-19 pandemic: what is the role of psychiatry? Int J Law Psychiatry 71:101594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101594
Harman S (2016) Ebola, gender and conspicuously invisible women in global health governance. Third World Q 37(3):524–541. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1108827
Hennigan WJ (2020) ‚We do this for the living.‘ Inside New York’s citywide effort to bury its dead. Time Magazine, New York
Hussein J (2020) COVID-19: what implications for sexual and reproductive health and rights globally? Sex Reprod Health Matters 28(1):1746065. https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2020.1746065
ILO (2018) Care work and care jobs for the future of decent work. International Labour Office, Geneva. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/%2D%2D-dgreports/%2D%2D-dcomm/%2D%2D-publ/documents/publication/wcms_633135.pdf. Zugegriffen am 02.11.2020
International Rescue Commitee (2019) „Everything on her shoulders“. Rapid assessment on gender and violence against women and girls in the Ebola outbreak in Beni, DRC. https://www.rescue.org/sites/default/files/document/3593/genderandgbvfindingsduringevdresponseindrc-final8march2019.pdf. Zugegriffen am 11.02.2021
John N, Casey SE, Carino G, McGovern T (2020) Lessons never learned: crisis and gender-based violence. Dev World Bioeth 20(2):65–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12261
Kc A, Gurung R, Kinney MV, Sunny AK, Moinuddin M, Basnet O, Paudel P, Bhattarai P, Subedi K, Shrestha MP, Lawn JE, Målqvist M (2020) Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic response on intrapartum care, stillbirth, and neonatal mortality outcomes in Nepal: a prospective observational study. Lancet Glob Health 8(10):e1273–e1281. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30345-4
Klein M (2018) Informeller Sektor. In: Springer Gabler Wirtschaftslexikon. https://wirtschaftslexikon.gabler.de/definition/informeller-sektor-40129/version-263522
Kofman YB, Garfin DR (2020) Home is not always a haven: the domestic violence crisis amid the COVID-19 pandemic. J Psychol Trauma 12(S1):199–201. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000866
Kováts E (2020) Pandemic management on the backs of women in Hungary. https://eu.boell.org/en/2020/06/05/pandemic-management-backs-women-hungary. Zugegriffen am 02.11.2020
Kumari V, Mehta K, Choudhary R (2020) COVID-19 outbreak and decreased hospitalisation of pregnant women in labour. Lancet GlobHealth 8(9):e1116–e1117. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30319-3
Kutalek R, Wang S, Fallah M, Wesseh CS, Gilbert J (2015) Ebola interventions: listen to communities. Lancet Glob Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(15)70010-0
Leuze K, Strauß S (2016) Why do occupations dominated by women pay less? How ‚female-typical‘ work tasks and working-time arrangements affect the gender wage gap among higher education graduates. Work Employ Soc 30(5):802–820. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017015624402
Manrique De Lara A, De Jesus Medina Arellano M (2020) The COVID-19 pandemic and ethics in Mexico through a gender lens. J Bioeth Inquiry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-020-10029-4
Margolis H (2020) Hungary rejects opportunity to protect women from violence. Human Rights Watch, New York. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/08/hungary-rejects-opportunity-protect-women-violence. Zugegriffen am 02.11.2020
McKay G, Black B, Mbambu Kahamba S, Wheeler E, Mearns S, Janvrin A (2019) Not all that bleeds is Ebola. How has the DRC Ebola outbreak impacted sexual and reproductive health in North-Kivu? The International Rescue Committee, New York
Melber H (2020) Commentary. Africa needs tailored responses to coronavirus. The Nordic Africa Institute. https://nai.uu.se/news-and-events/news/2020-04-03-africa-needs-tailored-responses-to-coronavirus.html?utm_medium=email&utm_source=newsletter&utm_campaign=apr+20. Zugegriffen am 15.10.2020
Menéndez C, Lucas A, Munguambe K, Langer A (2015) Ebola crisis: the unequal impact on women and children’s health. Lancet Glob Health 3(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(15)70009-4
O’Donnell M, Rick S (2020) A gender lens on COVID-19: investing in nurses and other frontline health workers to improve health. Center for Global Development Blog. https://www.cgdev.org/blog/gender-lens-covid-19-investing-nurses-and-other-frontline-health-workers-improve-health-systems. Zugegriffen am 04.06.2021
Oertelt-Prigione S (2020) The impact of sex and gender in the COVID-19 pandemic. Case study. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg
Purdie A, Hawkes S, Buse K, Onarheim K, Aftab W, Low N, Tanaka S (2020) Sex, gender and COVID-19: disaggregated data and health disparities. BMJ Global Health blog. https://blogs.bmj.com/bmjgh/2020/03/24/sex-gender-and-covid-19-disaggregated-data-and-health-disparities/. Zugegriffen am 19.10.2020
Raj A, Johns NE, Barker KM, Silverman JG (2020) Time from COVID-19 shutdown, gender-based violence exposure, and mental health outcomes among a state representative sample of California residents. EClinicalMedicine 26:100520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100520
Roesch E, Amin A, Gupta J, Garcia-Moreno C (2020) Violence against women during covid-19 pandemic restrictions. The BMJ 369:m1712. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1712
Sanchez OR, Vale DB, Rodrigues L, Surita FG (2020) Violence against women during the COVID-19 pandemic: an integrative review. Int J Gynecol Obst 151(2):180–187. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.13365
Sutton E, Irvin M, Zeigler C, Lee G, Park A (2014) The ergonomics of women in surgery. Surg Endosc 28(4):1051–1055. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-013-3281-0
Thorne JG, Buitendyk M, Wawuda R, Lewis B, Bernard C, Spitzer RF (2020) The reproductive health fall-out of a global pandemic. Sex Reprod Health Matters 28(1):1763577. https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2020.1763577
UN Economic and Social Council (2016) Women’s economic empowerment in the changing world of work. Report of the Secretary-General. United Nations Economic and Social Council. https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=E/CN.6/2017/3. Zugegriffen am 03.11.2020
UNDP (2015a) Assessing sexual and gender based violence during the Ebola Crisis in Sierra Leone. https://www.sl.undp.org/content/sierraleone/en/home/library/crisis_prevention_and_recovery/publication_1/assessing-sexual-and-gender-based-violence-during-the-ebola-cris.html. Zugegriffen am 20.10.2020
UNDP (2015b) Recovering from the Ebola crisis: submitted by the United Nations, the World Bank, European Union and African Development Bank as a contribution to the formulation of national Ebola recovery strategies in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea. https://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/crisis%20prevention/Recovering%20from%20the%20Ebola%20Crisis-Full-Report-Final_Eng-web-version.pdf. Zugegriffen am 20.10.2020
UNDP (2017) A socio-economic impact assessment of the Zika Virus in Latin America and the Caribbean: with a focus on Brazil, Colombia and Suriname. http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/HIV-AIDS/UNDP-Zika-04-03-2017-English-WEB.pdf. Zugegriffen am 27.10.2020
UNICEF (2020) COVID-19 disrupting SDG 5.3: eliminating female genital mutilation. Technical note. https://www.unicef.org/media/68786/file/External-Tehnical-Note-on-COVID-19-and-FGM.pdf. Zugegriffen am 19.10.2020
United Nations Radio (2014) UNICEF: women most affected by Ebola outbreak in W. Africa. https://news.un.org/en/audio/2014/07/590822. Zugegriffen am 19.10.2020
Wenham C, Arevalo A, Coast E, Corrêa S, Cuellar K, Leone T, Valongueiro S (2019) Zika, abortion and health emergencies: a review of contemporary debates. Glob Health 15(49). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-019-0489-3
Wenham C, Smith J, Davies SE, Feng H, Grépin KA, Harman S, Herten-Crabb A, Morgan R (2020a) Women are most affected by pandemics – lessons from past outbreaks. Nature 583(S):194–198
Wenham C, Smith J, Morgan R (2020b) COVID-19: the gendered impacts of the outbreak. Lancet 395(10227):846–848. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30526-2
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Der/die Autor(en), exklusiv lizenziert durch Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE, ein Teil von Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jirovsky-Platter, E., Rieder, A. (2021). Pandemien und Gender – Die ungleichen Auswirkungen einer Pandemie auf die Geschlechtergerechtigkeit. In: Reis, A., Schmidhuber, M., Frewer, A. (eds) Pandemien und Ethik. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-63530-8_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-63530-8_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-63529-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-63530-8
eBook Packages: Social Science and Law (German Language)