Abstract
The Kutta condition in all physical and mathematical flow models defined in Sect. 1.5 is generally understood as appearing at acute edges of aerodynamic surfaces. That can be the “zero thickness” trailing edge of a large aspect-ratio wing or the “sharp” leading edge of a delta wing. Usually it is assumed that the flow leaves the trailing edge in bisector direction.
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Notes
- 1.
The concept of boundary-layer decambering seems to have been developed by M. J. Lighthill [2].
- 2.
Flow-off separation, like ordinary separation, locally is characterized by strong interaction of the external inviscid and the boundary-layer flow, Sect. 2.2. Nevertheless we can speak here simply of the boundary layers at the trailing edge.
- 3.
All boundary-layer thicknesses depend on the inverse of some power of the Reynolds number, Appendix A.5.4.
- 4.
Although D. Küchemann with the term “aerodynamically sharp edge”, [10], to some degree circumvented the topic of geometrical properties of trailing edges, we believe that a closer look is justified.
- 5.
A large trailing-edge angle \(\theta \) may even lead to a negative \(dC_{L}/d\alpha \) at small angles of attack [14].
- 6.
The authors are grateful to the Deutsches Museum in München, where it was possible to investigate the wings of a large number of aircraft. Thanks go also to colleagues who made data available.
- 7.
The actual shapes of blunt trailing edges vary from sharply cut off to well rounded. Although the detailed shapes locally may play a role, we do not take them into account.
- 8.
In [3] a detailed discussion of the fluid mechanical aspects of this case can be found.
- 9.
The prime indicates that the coefficient is related to the original airfoil length of 20 cm.
- 10.
We gratefully acknowledge that the results shown in the following figures were provided by C. Weiland [23].
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Hirschel, E.H., Rizzi, A., Breitsamter, C., Staudacher, W. (2021). About the Kutta Condition. In: Separated and Vortical Flow in Aircraft Wing Aerodynamics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61328-3_6
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