Abstract
Shixue, or the Practical Learning, was a good Chinese tradition. It witnessed a new growth in the specific circumstances of Ming-Qing transition.
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Notes
- 1.
Hou Wailu 侯外庐, “Lun Ming Qing zhiji de shehui jieji guanxi yu qimeng sichao de tedian 论明清之际的社会阶级关系与启蒙思潮的特点” (The characteristics of socio-class relationship and enlightenment thoughts during the Ming-Qing transition), in Hou Wailu shixue lunwen xuanji 侯外庐史学论文选集 [Selected historical papers penned by Hou Wailu] (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1987), vol. 2, p. 65.
- 2.
Ibid.
- 3.
Huang Rucheng 黄汝成, Rizhi lu jishi 日知录集释 [Collected annotations on Gu Yanwu’s Rizhi lu (Record of Daily Knowledge)] (Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 2006), vol. 2, pp. 937, 944. This edition was fully collated by messieurs Luan Baoqun 栾保群 and Lü Zongli 吕宗力.
- 4.
Ibid., p. 946.
- 5.
Gu Yanwu 顾炎武, Record of Daily Knowledge and Collected Poems and Essays: Selections, trans. Ian Johnston (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2017), pp. 66–67.
- 6.
Huang Rucheng, Rizhi lu jishi, vol. 2, p. 1043.
- 7.
Gu Yanwu, Record of Daily Knowledge and Collected Poems and Essays: Selections, pp. 136–137.
- 8.
Ibid, p. 66.
- 9.
Gu Yanwu 顾炎武, Gu Tinglin shiwen ji 顾亭林诗文集 [Collected poems and essays of Gu Tinglin (Yanwu)] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1983), p. 98.
- 10.
Ibid.
- 11.
Huang Rucheng, Rizhi lu jishi, vol. 1, “Pan Lei’s Original Preface,” p. 1.
- 12.
Gu Yanwu, Gu Tinglin shiwen ji, p. 93.
- 13.
Huang Rucheng, Rizhi lu jishi, vol. 1, “Pan Lei’s Original Preface,” p. 1.
- 14.
Huang Rucheng, Rizhi lu jishi, vol. 2, p. 958.
- 15.
Gu Yanwu, Gu Tinglin shiwen ji, p. 138.
- 16.
Huang Rucheng, Rizhi lu jishi, vol. 1, “Huang Rucheng’s Preface,” p. 1.
- 17.
Gu Yanwu, Record of Daily Knowledge and Collected Poems and Essays: Selections, p. 61.
- 18.
Huang Rucheng, Rizhi lu jishi, vol. 2, p. 1079.
- 19.
Gu Zuyu 顾祖禹, Dushi fangyu jiyao 读史方舆纪要 [Elaborations of the essence of geographical treatises through all ages] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2005), vol. 1, “Yuanxu er 原序二” (The second original preface), p. 10.
- 20.
Wang Fuzhi 王夫之, Zhang zi Zhengmeng zhu 张子正蒙注 [Annotations on Zhang Zai’s Zheng Meng (Rectification of naivety and ignorance)] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1975), “Xulun 序论” (Preface), p. 3.
- 21.
Ibid., pp. 240–241, 243–244.
- 22.
Wang Fuzhi, Du Tongjian lun 读通鉴论 [Reading notes on Zizhi tongjian] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1975), vol. 8, pp. 1971–1972.
- 23.
Ibid., vol. 1, p. 1.
- 24.
Wang Fuzhi, Du Sishu daquan shuo 读四书大全说 [Reading notes on the Comprehensive Elaborations of Four Books] (Beijing: Zhonghau shuju, 1975), vol. 2, p. 601.
- 25.
Wang Fuzhi, Du Tongjian lun, vol. 7, p. 1778.
- 26.
Huang Rucheng, Rizhi lu jishi, vol. 1, p. 28.
- 27.
Wang Fuzhi, Du Tongjian lun, vol. 7, p. 1578; Wang Fuzhi, Siwen lu 思问录 [Contemplation & questions] (Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 2000), p. 96.
- 28.
Wang Fuzhi, Du Tongjian lun, vol. 7, p. 1581.
- 29.
Ibid., vol. 7, p. 1505; vol. 3, p. 474.
- 30.
Ibid., vol. 4, p. 915.
- 31.
Wang Fuzhi, Chuanshan quanshu 船山全书 [Complete works of Wang Chuanshan (Anshi)] (Changsha: Yuelu shushe, 1988), vol. 1, p. 695.
- 32.
Wang Fuzhi, Du Tongjian lun, vol. 1, p. 100.
- 33.
Ibid., vol. 10, pp. 2548–2549.
- 34.
Ibid., vol. 7, p. 1740.
- 35.
Ibid., vol. 8, pp. 1947–1948.
- 36.
Ibid., vol. 10, pp. 2330–2331.
- 37.
Ibid., vol. 9, pp. 2101–2102.
- 38.
Ibid., vol. 10, p. 2552.
- 39.
Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 350–351.
- 40.
Ibid., vol. 10, pp. 2552–2553.
- 41.
Ibid.
- 42.
Ibid., vol. 2, p. 368.
- 43.
Theodore de Bary et al. eds., Sources of Chinese Tradition; Vol. 2: From 1600 Through the Twentieth Century (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1999), 2nd edition, pp. 6–7.
- 44.
Ibid., p. 8.
- 45.
Huang Zongxi 黄宗羲, Huang Lizhou wenji 黄梨洲文集 [Collected works of Huang Lizhou (Zongxi)] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1959), p. 380.
- 46.
Ibid., p. 160.
- 47.
Huang Zongxi, “Mingru xue’an fafan 明儒学案发凡” (Overall description of Mingru xue’an), in Huang Zongxi quanji 黄宗羲全集 [Complete works of Huang Zongxi] (Hangzhou: Zhejiang guji chubanshe, 1985), vol. 7, p. 5.
- 48.
Ibid., p. 6.
- 49.
Ibid., p. 5.
- 50.
Huang Zongxi, Huang Lizhou wenji, p. 452.
- 51.
Ibid., p. 451.
- 52.
Huang Zongxi, Mingru xue’an, in Huang Zongxi quanji, vol. 7, p. 1.
- 53.
Ibid., p. 414.
- 54.
Ibid., p. 821.
- 55.
Ibid., p. 822.
- 56.
Huang Zongxi, “Mingru xue’an fafan,” in Huang Zongxi quanji, vol. 7, p. 6.
- 57.
Huang Zongxi, Mingru xue’an, ibid., p. 377.
- 58.
Ibid., p. 821.
- 59.
Ibid., p. 201.
- 60.
Ibid.
- 61.
Ibid., pp. 482, 822.
- 62.
Ibid., pp. 100–101.
- 63.
Huang Zongxi, Huang Zongxi quanji, vol. 8, p. 138.
- 64.
Huang Zongxi, “Mingru xue’an fafan,” in Huang Zongxi quanji, vol. 7, p. 6.
- 65.
Huang Zongxi, Huang Zongxi quanji, vol. 8, p. 331.
- 66.
Ibid.
- 67.
Huang Zongxi, Huang Lizhou wenji, p. 477.
- 68.
Liang Qichao 梁启超, Zhongguo jin sanbainian xueshu shi 中国近三百年学术史 [The history of Chinese scholarship in the very recent three hundred years] (Beijing: Dongfang chubanshe, 1996), p. 297.
- 69.
Wang Mingsheng 王鸣盛, Shiqi shi shangque 十七史商榷 [Critically reexamining the seventeen official history books] (Shanghai: Shanghai shudian, 2005), “Xu 序” (Author’s preface), p. 2.
- 70.
Ibid, pp. 1–3.
- 71.
Zhao Yi 赵翼, Nian’er shi zhaji 廿二史箚记 [Notes on the twenty-two official history books] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1984), “Xiaoyin 小引” (Short forewords), p. 1. The edition is amended and rectified by Wang Shumin 王树民.
- 72.
Wang Mingsheng, Shiqi shi shangque, p. 275.
- 73.
Ibid., p. 290.
- 74.
Jiang Fan, Guochao Hanxue shicheng ji, p. 18.
- 75.
Wang Mingsheng, Shiqi shi shangque, p. 926.
- 76.
Ibid., p. 927.
- 77.
Bai Shouyi 白寿彝, Lishi jiaoyu he shixue yichan 历史教育和史学遗产 [The education of history and historiographical heritages] (Zhengzhou: Henan renmin chubanshe, 1983), p. 170. p. 112.
- 78.
Yan Yuan 颜元, Yan Yuan ji 颜元集 [Collected works of Yan Yuan] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1987), pp. 75, 76.
- 79.
Zhang Xuecheng 章学诚, Wenshi tongyi 文史通义 [All-embracing delineations of literature and history] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1985), vol. 1, p. 523.
- 80.
Ibid.
- 81.
Zhang Xuecheng 章学诚, Zhang Xuecheng yishu 章学诚遗书 [The posthumous collection of writings of Zhang Xuecheng] (Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe, 1985), p. 224.
- 82.
Zhang Xuecheng, Wenshi tongyi, “Zhang Huafu’s preface,” p. 9.
- 83.
Ibid.
- 84.
Zhang Xuecheng, Zhang Xuecheng yishu, pp. 116–117.
- 85.
Ibid., p. 224.
- 86.
Ibid., p. 332.
- 87.
Ibid., p. 82.
- 88.
Zhang Xuecheng, Wenshi tongyi, vol. 1, p. 1.
- 89.
Ibid., p. 102.
- 90.
Zhang Xuecheng, On Ethics and History: Essays and Letters of Zhang Xuecheng, trans. Philip J. Ivanhoe (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009), pp. 36, 37, 38.
- 91.
Zhang Xuecheng, Wenshi tongyi, vol. 1, p. 3.
- 92.
Ibid., p. 20.
- 93.
Ibid., p. 231.
- 94.
Ibid.
- 95.
Ibid., p. 523.
- 96.
Zhang Xuecheng, On Ethics and History: Essays and Letters of Zhang Xuecheng, p. 37.
- 97.
Zhang Xuecheng, Wenshi tongyi, vol. 1, p. 172.
- 98.
Zhang Xuecheng, Zhang Xuecheng yishu, p. 612.
- 99.
Ibid.
- 100.
Zhang Xuecheng, Wenshi tongyi, vol. 1, p. 30.
- 101.
Ibid., pp. 50–51.
- 102.
Ibid., p. 471.
- 103.
Zhouyi 周易, or Book of Changes, trans. James Legge, http://ctext.org/book-of-changes/xi-ci-shang/ens.
- 104.
Zhang Xuecheng, Wenshi tongyi, vol. 1, p. 49.
- 105.
Ibid.
- 106.
Ibid., p. 50.
- 107.
Ibid., p. 52. See also: Ibid., p. 30.
- 108.
Ibid., pp. 52–53.
- 109.
Ibid., p. 52.
- 110.
Ibid., pp. 470–471.
- 111.
Ibid., p. 463.
- 112.
Ibid., p. 374.
- 113.
Ibid., p. 463.
- 114.
Ibid., p. 464.
- 115.
Ibid., p. 470.
- 116.
Ibid., p. 477.
- 117.
Ibid.
- 118.
Ibid., p. 482.
- 119.
Zhang Xuecheng, Zhang Xuecheng yishu, p. 612.
- 120.
Ibid.
- 121.
Zhang Xuecheng, On Ethics and History: Essays and Letters of Zhang Xuecheng, pp. 76–77.
- 122.
Ibid., p. 78.
- 123.
Ibid., pp. 78–79.
- 124.
Ibid., p. 81.
- 125.
Ibid., pp. 84–85.
- 126.
Zhang Xuecheng, Wenshi tongyi, vol. 1, p. 239.
- 127.
Zhang Xuecheng, Wenshi tongyi, vol. 2, p. 642.
- 128.
Ibid., p. 588.
- 129.
Hou Wailu, Zhongguo sixiang tongshi, vol. 5, p. 490.
- 130.
Ibid.
- 131.
Zhang Xuecheng, Wenshi tongyi, vol. 1, p. 161.
- 132.
Qian Daxin 钱大昕, Shijia Zhai yangxin lu 十驾斋养心录 [Accounts devoted to the effort nourishing the fresh elements in the Assiduous-Inferior-Horse Study] (Shanghai: Shanghai shudian, 1983), “Ruan Yuan’s Preface,” p. 7.
- 133.
Zhao Yi, Nian’er shi zhaji, pp. 36–37.
- 134.
Ibid., p. 93.
- 135.
Ibid.
- 136.
Ibid., p. 620.
- 137.
Ibid., pp. 324, 325.
- 138.
Ibid., p. 39.
- 139.
Ibid., pp. 538–539.
- 140.
Ibid., p. 541.
- 141.
Ibid., pp. 443–445.
- 142.
Ibid., p. 566.
- 143.
Ibid., pp. 740–741.
- 144.
Ibid., p. 121.
- 145.
Ibid., pp. 1–2.
- 146.
Ibid., p. 30.
- 147.
Ibid., p. 31.
- 148.
Ibid., p. 227.
- 149.
Ibid., p. 264.
- 150.
Ibid., p. 457.
- 151.
Ibid., pp. 458, 463–464.
- 152.
Ibid., p. 460.
- 153.
Ibid., p. 196.
- 154.
Ibid., pp. 586–587.
- 155.
Ibid., pp. 885–886.
- 156.
Wang Mingsheng, Shiqi shi shangque, p. 191.
- 157.
Ibid., p. 162.
- 158.
Ibid., p. 522.
- 159.
Ibid., “Author’s Preface,” p. 2.
- 160.
Ibid.
- 161.
Ibid., p. 1.
- 162.
Ibid., p. 45.
- 163.
Ibid., p. 162.
- 164.
Ibid., “Author’s Preface,” pp. 1–2.
- 165.
Ibid., p. 1.
- 166.
Ibid., p. 860.
- 167.
Ibid., p. 460.
- 168.
Ibid., p. 38.
- 169.
Ibid., “Author’s Preface,” p. 2.
- 170.
Ibid., pp. 925–926.
- 171.
Ibid., p. 927.
- 172.
Cui Shu 崔述, Cui Dongbi yishu 崔东壁遗书 [The posthumous collection of works of Cui Dongbi [i.e. Cui Shu]] (Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 1983), p. 395.
- 173.
Ibid., p. 6.
- 174.
Ibid., p. 478.
- 175.
Ibid.
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Zhouyi 周易, or The Book of Changes, trans. James Legge, http://ctext.org/book-of-changes/ens
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Wu, H. (2018). Ideas of History in Ming and Qing Dynasties: Historical Criticism and Aspirations to Change. In: An Historical Sketch of Chinese Historiography. China Academic Library. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56253-6_8
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