Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Plant Ecology

  • 72k Accesses

Abstract

In this chapter, global change and its impacts on terrestrial ecosystems are discussed. First, land use and land-use change are introduced, focusing on agriculture and forestry, in terms of both their characteristics and their consequences for the biogeochemistry of terrestrial managed ecosystems. Then these changes in land use are linked to observed and predicted climate change, which is described in detail, that is, radiative forcing of greenhouse gases, global warming, global dimming and brightening. Moreover, both the responses of terrestrial ecosystems to climate change and the feedbacks of terrestrial ecosystems on climate are discussed. Changes in global biodiversity are illustrated as well. The last section contains a discussion of global political agreements that have been put in place to address these global ecological challenges of land degradation, climate change and biodiversity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Allen CD, Breshhears DD, McDowell NG (2015) On understanding of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die-off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene. Ecosphere 6:129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anthony RG, Waldin TR, Ray JA, Bright SW, Hussea BP (1998) Herbicide resistance caused by spontaneous mutation of the cytoskeletal protein tubulin. Nature 393:260–263

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asner GP, Levick SR, Kennedy-Bowdoin T, Knapp DE, Emerson R, Jacobson J, Colgan MS, Martin RE (2009) Large-scale impacts of herbivores on the structural diversity of African savannas. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106:4947–4952

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bala G, Caldeira K, Wickett M, Phillips TJ, Lobell DB, Delire C, Mirin A (2007) Combined climate and carbon-cycle effects of large-scale deforestation. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104:6550–6553

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Balter M, Gibbons A (2000) A glimpse of human’s first journey out of Africa. Science 288:948–950

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bellard C, Bertelsmeier C, Leadley P, Thuiller W, Courchamp F (2012) Impacts of climate change on the future of biodiversity. Ecol Lett 15:365–377

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bernhardt ES (2013) Cleaner lakes are dirtier lakes. Science 342:205–206

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonan GB (2008) Forests and climate change: forcing, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forests. Science 320:1444–1449

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonan GB, Pollard D, Thompson SL (1992) Effects of boreal forest vegetation on global climate. Nature 359:716–718

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butchart SHM, Walpole M, Collen B, van Strien A, Scharlemann JPW, Almond REA, Baillie JEM, Bomhard B, Brown C, Bruno J, Carpenter KE, Carr GM, Chanson J, Chenery AM, Csirke J, Davidson NC, Dentener F, Foster M, Galli A, Galloway JN, Genovesi P, Gregory RD, Hockings M, Kapos V, Lamarque JF, Leverington F, Loh J, McGeoch MA, McRae L, Minasyan A, Hernández Morcillo M, Oldfield TEE, Pauly D, Quader S, Revenga C, Sauer JR, Skolnik B, Spear D, Stanwell-Smith D, Stuart SN, Symes A, Tierney M, Tyrrell TD, Vié JC, Watson R (2010) Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines. Science 328:1164–1168

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Canadell JG, Schulze ED (2014) Global potential of biospheric carbon management for climate mitigation. Nat Commun 5:5282

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ciais P, Reichstein M, Viovy N, Granier A, Ogee J, Allard V, Aubinet M, Buchmann N, Bernhofer C, Carrara A, Chevallier F, Noblet N, Friend AD, Friedlingstein P, Grünwald T, Heinesch B, Keronen P, Knohl A, Krinner G, Loustau D, Manca G, Matteucci G, Miglietta F, Ourcival JM, Papale D, Pilegaard K, Rambal S, Seufert G, Soussana J-F, Sanz MJ, Schulze E-D, Vesala T, Valentini R (2005) Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003. Nature 437:529–533

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cincotta RP, Wisnewski J, Engelmann R (2000) Human populations in the biodiversity hotspots. Nature 404:990–992

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crutzen PJ (2002) Geology of mankind: the Anthropocene. Nature 415:23

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis EC, Kaplan JO, Fuller DQ, Vavrus S, Klein Goldewijk K, Verburg PH (2013) Used planet: a global history. Proc Natl Acad Sci 110:7978–7985

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • European Environmental Agency, EEA (2017) Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2016. EEA, Copenhagen

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization (2013) FAO Statistical Yearbook 2013: World food and agriculture. FAO, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization (2015) Global forest resources. Assessment 2015. FAO, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Finlay JC, Small GE, Sterner RW (2013) Human influences on nitrogen removal in lakes. Science 342:247–250

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frank DC, Esper J, Raible CC, Büntgen U, Trouet V, Stocker B, Joos F (2010) Ensemble reconstruction constraints on the global carbon cycle sensitivity to climate. Nature 463:527–532

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fu YH, Zhao H, Piao S, Peaucelle M, Peng S, Zhou G, Ciais P, Huang M, Menzel A, Penuelas J, Song Y, Vitasse Y, Zeng Z, Lanssens IA (2015) Declining global warming effects on the phenology of spring leaf unfolding. Nature 526:104–107

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbons A (2001) The riddle of coexistence. Science 291:1725–1172

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gigon A, Langenauer R, Meier C, Nievergelt B (1998) Blaue Listen der erfolgreich erhaltenen oder geförderten Tier- und Pflanzenarten der Roten Listen, Methodik und Anwendung in der nördlichen Schweiz, vol 129. Veröff. Geobot. Inst. ETH, Stiftung Rübel, Zürich

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonsamo A, D’Odorico P, Chen JM, Wu C, Buchmann N (2017) Changes in vegetation phenology are not reflected in atmospheric CO2 and 13C/12C seasonality. Glob Change Biol 23(10):4029–4044

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haberl H, Körner CH, Lauk CH, Schmid-Staiger U, Smetacek V, Schulze ED, Thauer R, Weiland P, Wilson K (2012) The availability and sustainability of biomass as an energy source. In: Leopoldina statement: bioenergy – chances and limits, pp 9–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen MC, Potapov PV, Moore R, Hancher M, Turubanova SA, Tyukavina A, Thau D, Stehman SV, Goetz SJ, Loveland TR, Kommareddy A, Egorov A, Chini L, Justice CO, Townshend JRG (2013) High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change. Science 342:850–853

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harcourt AH (2016) Human phylogeography and diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci 113:8072–8078

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Heimann H (1997) A review of the contemporary global carbon cycle and as seen a century ago by Arrhenius and Högbom. Ambio 26:17–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobbs RJ, Higgs E, Harris JA (2009) Novel ecosystems: implications for conservation and restoration. Trends Ecol Evol 24:599–605

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Houghton RA, Hackler JL, Lawrence KT (1999) The US carbon budget: contributions from land use change. Science 285:574–578

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • IPCC (1996) Climate change 1995. In: Second assessment report. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • IPCC (2013) Climate change 2013. In: The physical science basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Keeling RF, Piper SC, Heimann M (1996) Global and hemispheric CO2 sinks deduced from changes in atmospheric O2 concentration. Nature 381:218–221

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirschke S, Bousquet P, Ciais P, Saunois M, Canadell JG, Dlugokencky EJ, Bergamaschi P, Bergmann D, Blake DR, Bruhwiler L, Cameron-Smith P, Castaldi S, Chevallier F, Feng L, Fraser A, Heimann M, Hodson EL, Houweling S, Josse B, Fraser PJ, Krummel PB, Lamarque J-F, Langenfelds RL, Le Quéré C, Naik V, O’Doherty S, Palmer PI, Pison I, Plummer D, Poulter B, Prinn RG, Rigby M, Ringeval B, Santini M, Schmidt M, Shindell DT, Simpson IJ, Spahni R, Steele LP, Strode SA, Sudo K, Szopa S, van der Werf GR, Voulgarakis A, van Weele M, Weiss RF, Williams JE, Zeng G (2013) Three decades of global methane sources and sinks. Nat Geosci 6:813–823

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein AM, Vaissière BE, Cane JH, Steffan-Dewenter I, Cunningham SA, Kremen C, Tscharntke T (2007) Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 274:303–313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klein Goldewijk K, Beusen A, Janssen P (2010) Long-term dynamic modeling of global population and built-up area in a spatially explicit way: HYDE 3.1. The Holocene 20:565–573

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LaMarche VC, Graybill DA, Fritts HC, Rose MR (1984) Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide: tree ring evidence for growth enhancement in natural vegetation. Science 225:1019–1021

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laurance WF, Laurance SG, Ferreira LV, Rankin-de Merona JM, Gascon C, Lovejoy TE (1997) Biomass collapse in Amazonian forest fragments. Science 278:1117–1118

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehn H, Steiner M, Mohr H (1996) Wasser – die elementare Ressource. In: Leitlinien einer nachhaltigen Nutzung. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Quéré C, Andrew RM, Canadell JG, Sitch S, Korsbakken JI, Peters GP, Manning AC, Boden TA, Tans PP, Houghton RA, Keeling RF, Alin S, Andrews OD, Anthoni P, Barbero L, Bopp L, Chevallier F, Chini LP, Ciais P, Currie K, Delire C, Doney SC, Friedlingstein P, Gkritzalis T, Harris I, Hauck J, Haverd V, Hoppema M, Klein Goldewijk K, Jain AK, Kato E, Körtzinger A, Landschützer P, Lefèvre N, Lenton A, Lienert S, Lombardozzi D, Melton JR, Metzl N, Millero F, Monteiro PMS, Munro DR, Nabel JEMS, Nakaoka S, O’Brien K, Olsen A, Omar AM, Ono T, Pierrot D, Poulter B, Rödenbeck C, Salisbury J, Schuster U, Schwinger J, Séférian R, Skjelvan I, Stocker BD, Sutton AJ, Takahashi T, Tian H, Tilbrook B, van der Laan-Luijkx IT, van der Werf GR, Viovy N, Walker AP, Wiltshire AJ, Zaehle S (2016) Global carbon budget 2016. Earth Syst Sci Data 8:605–649

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levitus S, Antonov JI, Boyer TP, Stephens C (2000) Warming of the world’s oceans. Science 287:225–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis SL, Maslin MA (2015) Defining the Anthropocene. Nature 519:171–180

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liang J, Crowther TW, Picard N, Wiser S, Zhou M, Alberti G, Schulze ED, McGuire AD, Bozzato F, Pretzsch H, de-Miguel S, Paquette A, Hérault B, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Barrett CB, Glick HB, Hengeveld GM, Nabuurs G-J, Pfautsch S, Viana H, Vibrans AC, Ammer C, Schall P, Verbyla D, Tchebakova N, Fischer M, Watson JV, Chen HYH, Lei X, Schelhaas M-J, Lu H, Gianelle D, Parfenova EI, Sala C, Lee E, Lee B, Seok Kim H, Bruelheide H, Coomes DA, Piotto D, Sunderland T, Schmid B, Gourlet-Fleury S, Sonké B, Tavani R, Zhu J, Brandl S, Vayreda J, Kitahara F, Searle EB, Neldner VJ, Ngugi MR, Baraloto C, Frizzera L, Bałazy R, Oleksyn J, Zawiła-Niedźwiecki T, Bouriaud O, Bussotti F, Finér L, Jaroszewicz B, Jucker T, Valladares F, Jagodzinski AM, Peri PL, Gonmadje C, Marthy W, O’Brien T, Martin EH, Marshall AR, Rovero F, Bitariho R, Niklaus PA, Alvarez-Loayza P, Chamuya N, Valencia R, Mortier F, Wortel V, Engone-Obiang NL, Ferreira LV, Odeke DE, Vasquez RM, Lewis SL, Reich PB (2016) Positive biodiversity-productivity relationship predominant in global forests. Science 354:aaf8957

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lüthi D, Le Floch M, Bereiter B, Blunier T, Barnola JM, Siegenthaler U, Raynaud D, Jouzel J, Fischer H, Kawamura K, Stocker TF (2008) High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000–800,000 years before present. Nature 453:379–382

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matson PA, Parton WJ, Power WJ, Swift MJ (1997) Agricultural intensification and ecosystem properties. Science 277:504–508

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell S, Fuller RA, Brooks TM, Watson JEM (2016) The ravages of guns, nets and bulldozers. Nature 536:143–145

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCrackin ML, Elsener JJ (2010) Atmospheric nitrogen deposition influences denitrification and nitrous oxide production in lakes. Ecology 91:528–539

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mooney HA, Hobbs RJ (2000) Invasive species in a changing world. Island Press, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GAB, Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853–858

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakicenovic N, Swart R (2000) IPCC special report on emission scenarios. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Nepstad DC, Verissimo A, Alencar A, Nobre C, Lima E, Lefebvre P, Schlesinger P, Potter C, Moutinho P, Mendoza E, Cochrane M, Brooks V (1999) Large-scale impoverishment of Amazonian forests by logging and fire. Nature 398:505–508

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norby RJ, Zak DR (2011) Ecological lessons from free-air CO2 enrichment FACE experiments. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 42:181–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paillet Y, Bergès L, Hjältèn J et al (2009) Biodiversity differences between managed and unmanaged forests: meta-analysis of species richness in Europe. Conserv Biol 24:101–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parmesan C, Yohe G (2003) A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature 421:37–42

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce F (2015) The new wild: why invasive species will be Nature’s salvation. Beacon Press, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Peñuelas J, Rutishauser T, Filella I (2009) Phenology feedbacks on climate change. Science 324:887–888

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piao S, Ciais P, Friedlingstein P, Peylin P, Reichstein M, Luyssaert S, Margolis H, Fang J, Barr A, Chen A, Grelle A, Hollinger DY, Laurila T, Lindroth A, Richardson AD, Vesala T (2008) Net carbon dioxide losses of northern ecosystems in response to autumn warming. Nature 451:49–53

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Potts SG, Biesmeijer JC, Kremen C, Neumann P, Schweiger O, Kunin WE (2010) Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers. Trends Ecol Evol 25:345–353

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prentice IC, Farquhar GD, Fasham MJR, Goulden ML, Heimann M, Jaramillo VJ, Kheshi HS, Le Quéré C, Scholes RJ, Wallace DWR (2001) The carbon cycle and atmospheric CO2. In: IPCC-WG I third assessment report. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Reay DS, Davidson EA, Smith KA, Smith P, Melillo JM, Dentener R, Crutzen PJ (2012) Global agriculture and nitrous oxide emissions. Nat Clim Chang 2:410–416

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid WV, Miller KR (1989) Keeping options alife: the scientific basis for conserving biodiversity. World Resource Institute, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson AD, Keenan TF, Migliavacca M, Ryu Y, Sonnentag O, Toomey M (2013) Climate change, phenology, and phenological control of vegetation feedbacks to the climate system. Agric For Meteorol 169:156–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sala OE, Chapin FS III, Armesto JJ, Berlow E, Bloomfield J, Dirzo R, Huber-Sanwald E, Huenneke LF, Jackson RB, Kinzig A, Leemans R, Lodge DM, Mooney HA, Oesterheld M, LeRoy PN, Sykes MT, Walker BH, Walker M, Wall DH (2010) Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science 287:1770–1774

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schulze ED, Luyssaert S, Ciais P, Freibauer A, Janssens IA, Soussana JF, Smith P, Grace J, Levin I, Thiruchittampalam B, Heimann M, Dolman AJ, Valentini R, Bousquet P, Peylin P, Peters W, Rödenbeck C, Etiope G, Vuichard N, Wattenbach M, Nabuurs GJ, Poussi Z, Nieschulze J, Gash JH, CarboEurope Team (2009) Importance of methane and nitrous oxide for Europe’s terrestrial greenhouse gas balance. Nat Geosci 2:842–850

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulze ED, Bouriaud O, Wäldchen J, Eisenhauer N, Walentowski H, Seele C, Heinze E, Pruschitzki U, Dănilă G, Marin G, Hessenmöller D, Bouriaud L, Teodosiu M (2014) Ungulate browsing causes species loss in deciduous forests independent of community dynamics and silvicultural management in Central and Southeastern Europe. Ann For Res 57:267–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schulze ED, Körner CI, Law BE, Haberl H, Luyssaert S (2012) Large-scale bioenergy from additional harvest of forest biomass is neither sustainable nor greenhouse gas neutral. Glob Change Biol Bioenergy 4:611–616

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwalm C, Williams C, Schaefer K, Arneth A, Bonal D, Buchmann N, Chen J, Law B, Lindroth A, Luyssaert S, Reichstein M, Richardson A (2010) Assimilation exceeds respiration sensitivity to drought: a FLUXNET synthesis. Glob Change Biol 16:657–670

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwietzke S, Sherwood OA, Bruhwiler LM, Miller JB, Etiope G, Dlugokencky EJ, Michel SE, Arling VA, Vaughn BH, White JW, Tans PP (2016) Upward revision of global fossil fuel methane emissions based on isotope database. Nature 538:88–91

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2010) Global Biodiversity Outlook 3. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montréal

    Google Scholar 

  • Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2014) Global Biodiversity Outlook 4. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montréal

    Google Scholar 

  • Seppälä R (2007) Global forest sector: trends, threats and opportunities. In: Freer-Smith PH, Broadmeadow MSJ, Lynch JM (eds) Forestry and climate change. CAB International, Wallingford. pp 25–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith P, House JI, Bustamante M, Sobocka J, Harper R, Pan G, West PC, Calk JM, Adhya T, Rumpel C, Paustian K, Kuikman P, Cotrufo MF, Elliott JA, McDowell R, Griffiths RI, Asakawa S, Bondeau A, Jain AK, Meersmans J, Pugh TAM (2016) Global change pressures on soils from land use and management. Glob Change Biol 22:1008–1028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sochor M, Vašut RJ, Sharbel TF, Trávníček B (2015) How just a few makes a lot: Speciation via reticulation and apomixis on example of European brambles (Rubus subgen. rubus, Rosaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 89:13–27

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sommer JH, Kreft H, Kier G, Jetz W, Mutke J, Barthlott W (2010) Projected impacts of climate change on regional capacities for global plant species richness. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 277:2271–2280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SRREN (2011) Renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation. Special report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Teuling AJ, Seneviratne SI, Stöckli R, Reichstein M, Moors E, Ciais P, Luyssaert S, van den Hurk B, Ammann C, Bernhofer C, Dellwik E, Gianelle D, Gielen B, Grünwald T, Klumpp K, Montagnani L, Moureaux C, Sottocornola M, Wohlfahrt G (2010) Contrasting response of European forest and grassland energy exchange to heatwaves. Nat Geosci 3:722–727

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • UNEP (2006) Africa’s lakes: atlas of our changing environment. Nairobi, Kenya

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations (1992) Convention on biological diversity. United Nations

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations (1998) Kyoto protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. UN Doc FCCC/CP/1997/7/Add.1, Dec. 10, 1997; 37 ILM 22

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations (2015) Paris agreement. United Nations

    Google Scholar 

  • Vicca S, Luyssaert S, Penuelas J, Campioli M, Chapin FS III, Ciais P, Heinemeyer A, Högberg P, Kutsch WL, Law BE, Malhi Y, Papale D, Piao SL, Reichstein M, Schulze ED, Janssens IA (2012) Fertile forests produce biomass more efficiently. Ecol Lett 15:520–526

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vitousek PM, Mooney HA, Lubchenco J, Melillo JM (1997) Human domination of Earth ecosystems. Science 277:494–499

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watson RT, Noble IR, Bolin B, Ravindranath NH, Verardo DJ, Dokken DJ (eds) (2000) Land-use, land use change and forestry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • West PC, Gibbs HK, Monfreda C, Wagner J, Barford CC, Carpender SR, Foley JA (2010) Trading carbon for food: global comparison of carbon stocks vs crop yields on agricultural land. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107:19645–19648

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wild M, Ohmura A, Makowski K (2007) Impact of global dimming and brightening on global warming. Geophys Res Lett 34:L04702

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany

    Ernst-Detlef Schulze

  2. Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany

    Erwin Beck & Stephan Clemens

  3. Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    Nina Buchmann

  4. Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany

    Klaus Müller-Hohenstein

  5. Chair of Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

    Michael Scherer-Lorenzen

Authors
  1. Ernst-Detlef Schulze
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Erwin Beck
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nina Buchmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Stephan Clemens
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Klaus Müller-Hohenstein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Michael Scherer-Lorenzen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Schulze, ED., Beck, E., Buchmann, N., Clemens, S., Müller-Hohenstein, K., Scherer-Lorenzen, M. (2019). Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems. In: Plant Ecology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56233-8_23

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation