Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Geschlechtsunterschiede

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Psychologie der Persönlichkeit

Part of the book series: Springer-Lehrbuch ((SLB))

  • 65k Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Das Thema der psychologischen Geschlechtsunterschiede ist noch immer stark emotional und ideologisch besetzt. Hier geht es um eine nüchterne, wissenschaftliche Betrachtung dieser Geschlechtsunterschiede: Wie groß sind Geschlechtsunterschiede in welchen Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen in welchem Alter in welchen Kulturen, wie entwickeln sich diese Unterschiede und wie ist ihre Entwicklung zu erklären? Im Gegensatz zu den vorangegangenen Kapiteln wird also die interkulturelle Perspektive mit einbezogen. Es zeigt sich, dass lerntheoretische, kognitive, kulturpsychologische und evolutionspsychologische Erklärungen sich keineswegs ausschließen, sondern sich in ein Rahmenmodell der Entwicklung von Geschlechtsunterschieden integrieren lassen, das mit den vorliegenden empirischen Befunden zu Geschlechtsunterschieden gut vereinbar ist.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Literatur

  • Alanko, K., Santtila, P., Harlaar, N., Witting, K., Varjonen, M., Jern, P., … & Sandnabba, N.K. (2010). Common genetic effects of gender atypical behavior in childhood and sexual orientation in adulthood: A study of Finnish twins. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31, 81–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Archer, J. (2000). Sex differences in aggression between heterosexual partners: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 651–680.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Archer, J. (2004). Sex differences in aggression in real-world settings: A meta-analytic review. Review of General Psychology, 8, 291–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asendorpf, J.B. (1994). The malleability of behavioral inhibition: A study of individual developmental functions. Developmental Psychology, 30, 912–919.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asendorpf, J.B. (2011). Non-correspondence between genes and genetic effects. European Journal of Personality, 25, 267–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asendorpf, J.B., Banse, R. & Neyer, F.J. (2017). Psychologie der Beziehung. (2. Aufl.). Bern: Hogrefe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asendorpf, J.B. & Wilpers, S. (1998). Personality effects on social relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1531–1544.

    Google Scholar 

  • Athenstaedt, U. & Alfermann, D. (2011). Geschlechterrollen und ihre Folgen. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Auyeung, B., Baron-Cohen, S., Ashwin, E., Knickmeyer, R., Taylor, K., Hackett, G. & Hines, M. (2009). Fetal testosterone predicts sexually differentiated childhood behavior in girls and in boys. Psychological Science, 20, 144–148.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, J.M., Kim, P.Y., Hills, A. & Linsenmeier, J.A.W. (1997). Butch, femme, or straight acting? Partner preferences of gay men and lesbians. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 960–973.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, J.M. & Pillard, R.C. (1991). A genetic study of male sexual orientation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 1089–1096.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, J.M., Pillard, R.C., Neale, M.C. & Agyei, Y. (1993). Heritable factors influence sexual orientation in women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 217–223.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, J.M., Vasey, P.L., Diamond, L.M., Breedlove, S.M., Vilain, E. & Epprecht, M. (2016). Sexual orientation, controversy, and science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 17, 45–101.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, J.M. & Zucker, K.J. (1995). Childhood sex-typed behavior and sexual orientation: A conceptual analysis and quantitative review. Developmental Psychology, 31, 43–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R.A., Ullman, D.G., Otto, L. & Brecht, J.M. (1977). The effects of sex typing and sex appropriateness of modeled behavior on children's imitation. Child Development, 48, 721–725.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barry, H. III., Bacon, M.K. & Child, I.L. (1957). A cross-cultural survey of some sex differences in socialization. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 327–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, A.P., Weinberg, M.S. & Hammersmith, S.K. (1981). Sexual preference: Its development in men and women. New York: Simon & Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bem, D.J. (1996). Exotic becomes erotic: A developmental theory of sexual orientation. Psychological Review, 103, 320–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bem, S.L. (1981). Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review, 88, 354–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, J.W. (1976). Human ecology and cognitive style: Comparative studies in cultural and psychological adaptation. New York: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, J.W., Poortinga, Y.H., Segall, M.H. & Dasen, P.R. (2002). Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Betzig, L. (1986). Depotism and differential reproduction: A Darwinian view of history. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bierhoff-Alfermann, D. (1989). Androgynie: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Geschlechterrollen. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bischof, N. (1980). Biologie als Schicksal? Zur Naturgeschichte der Geschlechterrollendifferenzierung. In N. Bischof & H. Preuschoft (Hrsg.), Geschlechtsunterschiede: Entstehung und Entwicklung (S. 25–42). München: Beck.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bischof, N. (1985). Das Rätsel Ödipus. München: Piper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bischof-Köhler, D. (2011). Von Natur aus anders: Die Psychologie der Geschlechtsunterschiede (4. Aufl.). Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bleske-Rechek, A. & Browne, K. (2014). Trends in GRE scores and graduate enrollment by gender and ethnicity. Intelligence, 46, 25–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breedlove, S.M. (1994). Sexual differentiation of the human nervous system. Annual Review of Psychology, 45, 389–418.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breedlove, S.M. (1997). Sex on the brain. Nature, 389, 801.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunner, M., Krauss, S. & Kunter, M. (2008). Gender differences in mathematics: Does the story need to be rewritten? Intelligence, 36, 403–421.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buss, D.M. (1989). Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12, 1–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buss, D.M. & Schmitt, D.P. (1993). Sexual strategies theory: An evolutionary perspective on human mating. Psychological Review, 100, 204–232.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casey, M.B., Nuttall, R.L. & Pezaris, E. (1997). Mediators of gender differences in mathematics college entrance test scores: A comparison of spatial skills with internalized beliefs and anxieties. Developmental Psychology, 33, 669–680.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chodorov, N. (1978). The reproduction of mothering. Berkeley: University of California Press (dt.: Das Erbe der Mütter. München: Frauenoffensive, 1985).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1977). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (rev. ed.). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collaer, M.L. & Hines, M. (1995). Human behavioral sex differences: A role for gonadal hormones during early development? Psychological Bulletin, 118, 55–107.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costa, P.,Jr., Terracciano, A. & McCrae, R.R. (2001). Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: Robust and surprising findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 322–331.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crick, N.R. & Gropeter, J.K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66, 710–722.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daly, M. & Wilson, M. (1979). Sex, evolution, and behavior. North Scituate, MA: Duxbury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durham, W.H. (1991). Coevolution: Genes, culture, and human diversity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eastwick, P.W., Luchies, L.B., Finkel, E.J. & Hunt, L.L. (2014). The predictive validity of ideal partner preferences: A review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 623–665.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, W.O. & Enns, L.R. (1986). Sex differences in human motor activity level. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 19–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, W.O. & von Bargen, D. (1981). Asynchronous development of gender understanding in preschool children. Child Development, 52, 1020–1027.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edelbrock, C. & Sugawara, A.I. (1978). Acquisition of sex-typed preferences in preschool-aged children. Developmental Psychology, 14, 614–623.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edelman, D.A. (1986). DES/diethylstilbestrol – New perspectives. Boston, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Else-Quest, N.M., Hyde, J.S. & Linn, M.C. (2010). Cross-national patterns of gender differences in mathematics: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 103–127.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fagot, B.I. (1985). Beyond the reinforcement principle: Another step toward understanding sex role development. Developmental Psychology, 21, 1097–1104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feingold, A. (1990). Gender differences in effects of physical attractiveness on romantic attraction: A comparison across five research paradigms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 981–993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feingold, A. (1992a). Good-looking people are not what we think. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 304–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feingold, A. (1994). Gender differences in personality: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 429–456.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freudenthaler, H.H., Spinath, B. & Neubauer, A.C. (2008). Predicting school achievement in boys and girls. European Journal of Personality, 22, 231–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gangestad, S.W. & Simpson, J.A. (2000). The evolution of human mating: Trade-offs and strategic pluralism. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23, 573–644.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodfellow, P.N. & Lovell-Badge,R. (1993). SRY and sex determination in mammals. Annual Review of Genetics, 27, 71–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halari, R., Hines, M., Kumari, V., Mehrotra, R., Wheeler, M., Ng, V. & Sharma, T. (2005). Sex differences and individual differences in cognitive performance and their relationship to endogenous gonadal hormones and gonadotropins. Behavioral Neuroscience, 119, 104–117.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halpern, D.F. (2012). Sex differences in cognitive abilities (4th ed.). New York: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamer, D.H. & Copeland, P. (1994). The science of desire: The search for the gay gene and the biology of behavior. New York: Simon & Schuster (deutsche Ausgabe: (1998). Das unausweichliche Erbe: Wie unser Verhalten von unseren Genen bestimmt ist. Bern: Scherz-Verlag).

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, C.R. (2003). A review of sex differences in sexual jealousy, including self-report data, psychophysiological responses, interpersonal violence, and morbid jealousy. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7, 102–128.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haslam, N. (1997). Evidence that male sexual orientation is a matter of degree. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 862–870.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Helfrich, H. (2013). Kulturvergleichende Psychologie. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hines, M. (2011). Prenatal endocrine influences on sexual orientation and on sexually differentiated childhood behavior. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 32, 170–182.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hines, M., Golombok, S., Rust, J., Johnston, K.J., Golding, J. & Parents and Children Study Team (2002). Testosterone during pregnancy and gender role behavior of preschool children: A longitudinal, population study. Child Development, 73, 1678–1687.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holland, J.L. (1973). Making vocational choices. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huston, A.C. (1983). Sex-typing. In P.H. Mussen & E.M. Hetherington (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (4th ed.; Vol. 4, pp. 387–467). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyde, J.S. (1984). How large are gender differences in aggression? A developmental meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 20, 722–736.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyde, J.S., Fennema, E. & Lamon, S.J. (1990). Gender differences in mathematics performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 139–155.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hyde, J.S. & Linn, M.C. (1988). Gender differences in verbal ability: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 104, 53–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyde, J.S. & Mertz, J.E. (2009). Gender, culture, and mathematics performance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 8801–8807.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joiner, R., Stewart, C., Beaney, C., Moon, A., Maras, P., Guiller, J., … & Brosnan, M. (2014). Publically different, privately the same: Gender differences and similarities in response to Facebook status updates. Computers in Human Behavior, 39, 165–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kane, J.M. & Mertz, J.E. (2012). Debunking myths about gender and mathematics performance. Notices of the AMS, 59, 10–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, M.M. & Konner, M.J. (1981). The role of the father: An anthropological perspective. In M.E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (2nd ed., pp.158–186). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimball, M.M. (1989). A new perspective on women's math achievement. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 196–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinsey, A.C., Pomeroy, W.B. & Martin, C.E. (1948). Sexual behavior in the human male. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinsey, A.C., Pomeroy, W.B., Martin, C.E. & Gebhard, P.H. (1953). Sexual behavior in the human female. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knight, G.P., Fabes, R.A. & Higgins, D.A. (1996). Concerns about drawing causal inferences from meta-analyses: An example in the study of gender differences in aggression. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 410–421.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kohlberg, L.A. (1966). A cognitive-developmental analysis of children's sex-role concepts and attitudes. In E.E. Maccoby (Ed.), The development of sex differences (pp. 82–173). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, W.W. & Tan, A.L. (1979). Expressive styles and strategies in the aggressive actions of children of six cultures. Ethos, 7, 19–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leaper, C. & Ayres, M.M. (2007). A meta-analytic review of gender variations in adults' language use: Talkativeness, affiliative speech, and assertive speech. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 328–363.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LeVay, S. (1991). A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men. Science, 253, 1034–1037.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, S.C., Huttenlocher, J., Taylor, A. & Langrock, A. (1999). Early sex differences in spatial skill. Developmental Psychology, 35, 940–949.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindberg, S.M., Hyde, J.S., Petersen, J.L. & Linn, M.C. (2010). New trends in gender and mathematics performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 1123–1135.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Linn, M.C. & Petersen, A.C. (1985). Emergence and characterization of sex differences in spatial ability: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 56, 1479–1498.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loehlin, J.C. (1992). Genes and environment in personality development. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lubinski, D. & Benbow, C.P. (2006). Study of mathematically precocious youth after 35 years: Uncovering antecedents for the development of math-science expertise. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1, 316–345.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luders, E., Toga, A.W. & Thompson, P.M. (2014). Why size matters: Differences in brain volume account for apparent sex differences in callosal anatomy: The sexual dimorphism of the corpus callosum. Neuroimage, 84, 820–824.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lytton, H. & Romney, D.M. (1991). Parents’ differential socialization of boys and girls: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 267–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maccoby, E.E. & Jacklin, C.N. (1987). Gender segregation in childhood. In H.W. Reese (Ed.), Advances in Child Development and Behavior (Vol. 20, pp. 239–287). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manning, J.T. (2002). Digit ratio. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCrae, R.R., Löckenhoff, C.E. & Costa, P.T.,Jr. (2005). A step toward DSM-V: Cataloguing personality-related problems in living. European Journal of Personality, 19, 269–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickel, H. & Schmidt-Denter, U. (1980). Sozialverhalten von Vorschulkindern. München: Reinhardt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, M.B. & Hyde, J.S. (1993). Gender differences in sexuality: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 29–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park, G., Yaden, D.B., Schwartz, H.A., Kern, M.L., Eichstaedt, J.C., Kosinski, M., … & Seligman, M. E. (2016). Women are warmer but no less assertive than men: Gender and language on Facebook. PLoS ONE, 11, e0155885.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, C.J. (2006). Children of lesbian and gay parents. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 241–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Penke, L. & Asendorpf, J. B. (2008a). Beyond global sociosexual orientations: A more differentiated look at sociosexuality and its effects on courtship and romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1113–1135.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, J.L. & Hyde, J.S. (2010). A meta-analytic review of research on gender differences in sexuality, 1993–2007. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 21–38.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Putz, D.A., Gaulin, S.J.C., Sporter, R.J. & McBurney, D.H. (2004). Sex hormones and finger length: What does 2D:4D indicate? Evolution and Human Behavior, 25, 182–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, J.G. & Simpson, C.H. (1982). Children, gender, and social structure: An analysis of the contents of letters to Santa Claus. Child Development, 53, 429–436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rieger,G., Linsenmeier, J.A.W., Gyax, L. & Bailey, J.M. (2008). Sexual orientation and childhood gender nonconformity: Evidence from home videos. Developmental Psychology, 44, 46–58.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, S.S., Dierker, L.J., Sorokin, Y. & Rosen, M.G. (1982). Human fetal movement: Spontaneous oscillations near one cycle per minute. Science, 218, 1327–1330.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, J.Z., Provenzano, F.J. & Luria, Z. (1974). The eye of the beholder: Parents’ views on sex of newborns. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 44, 512–519.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Runkel, G. (1990). Sexualverhalten und Meinungen zu AIDS in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. AIDS-Forschung, 5, 359–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, A.R., Martin, E.R., Beecham, G.W., Guo, S., Dawood, K., Rieger, G., … & Bailey, J.M. (2015). Genome-wide scan demonstrates significant linkage for male sexual orientation. Psychological Medicine, 45, 1379–1388.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schlegel, A. & Barry, H., III. (1986). The cultural consequences of female contribution to subsistance. American Anthropologist, 88, 142–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, D. et. al. (2003). Universal sex differences in the desire for sexual variety: Tests from 52 nations, 6 continents, and 13 islands. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 85–104.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, D.P. (2005). Sociosexuality from Argentina to Zimbabwe: A 48-nation study of sex, culture, and strategies of human mating. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28, 247–311.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, D.P., Realo, A., Voracek, M. & Allik, J. (2008). Why can't a man be more like a woman? Sex differences in Big Five personality traits across 55 cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 168–182.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S.H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M.P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 1–65). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S.H. & Rubel, T. (2005). Sex differences in value priorities: Cross-cultural and multimethod studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 1010–1028.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Signorella, M.L., Bigler, R.S. & Liben, L.S. (1993). Developmental differences in children's gender schemata about others: A meta-analytic review. Developmental Review, 13, 147–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, I. & Eals, M. (1992). Sex differences in spacial abilities: Evolutionary theory and data. In J.H. Barkow, L. Cosmides & J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture (pp. 533–549). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snow, M.E., Jacklin, C.N. & Maccoby, E.E. (1983). Sex-of-child differences in father-child interaction at one year of age. Child Development, 54, 227–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spinath, F.M., Spinath, B. & Plomin, R. (2008). The nature and nurture of intelligence and motivation in the origin of sex differences in elementary school achievement. European Journal of Personality, 22, 211–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, J. (1990). We need to know why women falter in math. The Chronicle of Higher Education, January 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, J. & Benbow, C.P (1982). Huge sex ratios at upper end. American Psychologist, 37, 972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinmayr, R. & Spinath, B. (2008). Sex differences in school achievement: What are the roles of personality and achievement motivation? European Journal of Personality, 22, 185–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Su, R., Rounds, J. & Armstrong, PI. (2009). Men and things, women and people: A meta-analysis of sex differences in interests. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 859–884.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swaab, D.F., Chung, W.C., Kruijver, F.P., Hofman, M.A. & Ishunina, T.A. (2001). Structural and functional sex differences in the human hypothalamus. Hormones and Behavior, 40, 93–98.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, S.K. & Bentler, PM. (1971). The priority of cues in sex discrimination by children and adults. Developmental Psychology, 5, 181–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tooby, J. & DeVore, I. (1987). The reconstruction of hominid behavioral evolution through strategic modeling. In W. G. Kinzey (Ed.), The evolution of human behavior (pp. 183–237). New York: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trautner, H.M. (1979). Psychologische Theorien der Geschlechtsrollenentwicklung. In A. Degenhardt & H.M. Trautner (Hrsg.), Geschlechtstypisches Verhalten (S. 50–84). München: Beck.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trautner, H.M. (1991). Lehrbuch der Entwicklungspsychologie (Bd. 2). Göttingen: Hogrefe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trautner, H.M., Helbing, N., Sahm, W.B. & Lohaus, A. (1988). Unkenntnis – Rigidität – Flexibilität: Ein Entwicklungsmodell der Geschlechtsrollen-Stereotypisierung. Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie, 20, 105–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trautner, H.M., Ruble, D.N., Cyphers, L., Kirsten, B., Behrendt, R. & Hartmann, P. (2005). Rigidity and flexibility of gender stereotypes in childhood: Developmental or differential? Infant and Child Development, 14, 365–381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trivers, R. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In B. Campbell (Ed.), Sexual selection and the descent of man (pp. 136–179). Chicago, IL: Aldine-Atherton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vandenberg, S.G. & Kuse, A.R. (1978). Mental rotations: A group test of three-dimensional spacial visualization. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 47, 599–604.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vining, D.R. (1986). Social versus reproductive success: The central theoretical problem of human sociobiology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 9, 167–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voyer, D. & Voyer, S.D. (2014). Gender differences in scholastic achievement: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 1174–1204.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Voyer, D., Postma, A., Brake, B. & Imperato-McGinley, J. (2007). Gender differences in object location memory: A meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14, 23–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wai, J., Lubinski, D. & Benbow, C.P. (2009). Spatial ability for STEM domains: Aligning over 50 years of cumulative psychological knowledge solidifies its importance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101, 817–835.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinert, F.E. & Schneider, W. (Eds.) (1999). Individual development from 3 to 12: Findings from a longitudinal study. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westermarck, E. (1891). The history of human marriage. London, UK: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whiting, B.B. & Edwards, C.P. (1988). Children of different worlds: The formation of social behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whiting, B.B. & Whiting, J.W.M. (1975). Children of six cultures: A psychocultural analysis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.E. & Best, D.L. (1982). Measuring sex stereotypes: A thirty nation study. London, UK: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, W. & Eagly, A.H. (2002). A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of women and men: Implications for the origin of sex differences. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 699–727.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weatherhead, P. J. (1986). How unusual are unusual events? The American Naturalist, 128, 150–154.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Psychologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Deutschland

    Franz J. Neyer

  2. Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland

    Jens B. Asendorpf

Authors
  1. Franz J. Neyer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jens B. Asendorpf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Neyer, F.J., Asendorpf, J.B. (2018). Geschlechtsunterschiede. In: Psychologie der Persönlichkeit. Springer-Lehrbuch. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54942-1_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54942-1_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-54941-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-54942-1

  • eBook Packages: Psychology (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation