Skip to main content

Die Neurobiologie und ihre Implikationen für die Sexualtherapie

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Sexualtherapie
  • 11k Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Die letzten beiden Dekaden neurowissenschaftlicher und hier vor allem bildgebender Forschung haben eindrücklich belegen können, dass psychotherapeutische Interventionen zu funktionellen und strukturellen Veränderungen des Gehirns und damit zu Korrekturen im Erleben und Verhalten führen können (Schiepek 2011). Auch wenn im Erwachsenenalter die Dynamik eines Neugeborenen oder eines Jugendlichen in der Pubertät nicht mehr erreicht wird, so bleibt das Gehirn bis ins hohe Alter plastisch und damit veränderbar (neuronale Plastizität). Man geht davon aus, dass sich neuronale Netzwerke in erfahrungsabhängiger Weise verändern können und dass stimulierende Bedingungen in Form von z. B. körperlichen, sozialen oder kognitiven Anreizen die Voraussetzung dafür bilden (Greifzu et al. 2014). Auf das therapeutische Setting übertragen: Sobald also zwei Personen miteinander kommunizieren und dies über einen gewissen Zeitraum und unter Anwendung verschiedener therapeutischer Techniken und Interventionen tun, werden sie gewissermaßen zu Neurobiologen, die mit ihrem Handeln bis auf molekulare Ebene wirksam sind. Jeder Psychotherapeut sollte sich darüber im Klaren sein, dass er es neben dem Klienten oder dem Paar auch mit nahezu 100.000.000.000 Nervenzellen zu tun hat, von denen jede einzelne Nervenzelle über etwa 10.000 Synapsen in intensivem Austausch mit anderen Neuronen steht. Welche Herausforderung und Komplexität und zugleich Trost für die vielen Phänomene, die für Therapeuten wie Klienten nicht immer verstehbar sind. Die „sprechende Medizin“ und ihre intensive Weiterentwicklung hinsichtlich störungsübergreifender und störungsspezifischer Techniken haben sich von einem belächeltem Nischendasein zu einer in Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft anerkannten und bei Patienten intensiv nachgefragten Therapieform entwickelt. Klinische und experimentelle Studien haben zeigen können, dass die Effektstärken von pharmakologischen und psychotherapeutischen Interventionen vergleichbar sind und dass die Kombination beider Verfahren oftmals den größtmöglichen Nutzen für Patienten herbeiführt (Aigner und Lenz 2011; De Maat et al. 2007). Gleichzeitig wird klar, dass mit biologischen und psychologischen Therapieformen nicht immer die gleichen Zielstrukturen angesteuert werden, sondern dass hier durchaus Unterschiede existieren. So scheint vereinfachend gesagt, die Wirksamkeit von z. B. Antidepressiva bei Depressionen mehrheitlich über eine Modulation subkortikaler Strukturen wie der Amygdala, Hirnstamm und limbischem System erklärbar zu sein (bottom-up), während eine kognitive Verhaltenstherapie zunächst vor allem kortikale und hier vor allem präfrontale Prozesse anspricht und erst darüber Einfluss auf emotionale Prozesse bzw. die Aktivität der Amygdala und assoziierten Strukturen ausübt (top-down) (DeRubeis et al. 2008; Hartley und Phelps 2010). Bei emotions- und erlebnisfokussierten Ansätzen könnte dies wiederum anders sein, sodass hier angesichts der Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Therapiemethoden vorschnelle Verallgemeinerungen problematisch sind.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Literatur

  • Acevedo, B. P., Aron, A., Fisher, H. E., & Brown, L. L. (2011). Neural correlates of long-term intense romantic love. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, nsq092, 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aigner, M., & Lenz, G. (2011). Psychpharmakotherapie und Psychotherapie. In G. Schiepek (Hrsg.), Neurobiologie der Psychotherapie (2. Aufl., S. 619–627). Stuttgart: Schattauer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al Abdulmohsen, T., & Krüger, T. H. C. (2011). The contribution of muscular and auditory pathologies to the symptomatology of autism. Medical Hypotheses, 77(6), 1038–1047.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alvergne, A., & Lummaa, V. (2009). Does the contraceptive pill alter mate choice in humans? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 25, 171–179.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnow, B., Millheiser, L., Garrett, A., Polan, M. L., Glover, G., Hill, K., & Smart, T. (2009). Women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder compared to normal females: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroscience, 158(2), 484–502.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bales, K. L., Perkeybile, A. M., Conley, O. G., Lee, M. H., Guoynes, C. D., Downing, G. M., … Mendoza, S. P. (2013). Chronic intranasal oxytocin causes long-term impairments in partner preference formation in male prairie voles. Biological Psychiatry, 74(3), 180–188.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balthazart, J., & Ball, G. F. (2006). Is brain estradiol a hormone or a neurotransmitter? Trends in Neurosciences, 29(5), 241–249.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bancroft, J. (1999). Central inhibition of sexual response in the male: A theoretical perspective. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 23(6), 763–784.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, J. L., Hill, T., Langer, M., Martinez, M., & Santos, L. R. (2008). Helping behaviour and regard for others in capuchin monkey (Cebus apella). Biology Letters, 4, 638–640.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Barsaglini, A., Sartori, G., Benetti, S., Pettersson-Yeo, W., & Mechelli, A. (2014). The effects of psychotherapy on brain function: A systematic and critical review. Progress in Neurobiology, 114, 1–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartz, J., Simeon, D., Hamilton, H., Kim, S., Crystal, S., Braun, A., … Hollander, E. (2011). Oxytocin can hinder trust and cooperation in borderline personality disorder. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 6, 556–563.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beamer, W., Bermant, G., & Clegg, M. (1969). Copulatory behaviour of the ram, Ovis aries. II: Factors affecting copulatory satiation. Animal Behaviour, 17(4), 706–711.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Behnia, B., Heinrichs, M., Bergmann, W., Jung, S., Germann, J., Schedlowski, M., & Krüger, T. H. C. (2014). Differential effects of intranasal oxytocin on sexual experiences and partner interactions in couples. Hormones and Behavior, 65(3), 308–318.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benkert, O., & Hippius, H. (2005). Antidepressiva. In O. Benkert & H. Hippius (Hrsg.), Kompendium der Psychiatrischen Pharmakotherapie (5. Aufl., S. 1–100). Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bermant, G., Clegg, M., & Beamer, W. (1969). Copulatory behaviour of the ram, Ovis aries. In: A normative study. Animal Behaviour, 17(4), 700–705.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bertsch, K., Gamer, M., Schmidt, B., Schmidinger, I., Walther, S., Kästel, T., & Herpertz, S. C. (2013). Oxytocin and reduction of social threat hypersensitivity in women with borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(10), 1169–1177.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi‐Demicheli, F., Cojan, Y., Waber, L., Recordon, N., Vuilleumier, P., & Ortigue, S. (2011). Neural bases of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women: An event‐related fMRI study. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 8(9), 2546–2559.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bohus, M., Mauchnik, J., & Schmahl, C. (2009). Neurobiologische Grundlagen von psychotherapeutischen Interventionen. Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie, Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 57(2), 97–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bouton, M. E. (2004). Context and behavioral processes in extinction. Learning & Memory, 11(5), 485–494.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brody, S., & Krüger, T. H. C. (2006). The post-orgasmic prolactin increase following intercourse is greater than following masturbation and suggests greater satiety. Biological Psychology, 71(3), 312–315.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brunet, A., Orr, S. P., Tremblay, J., Robertson, K., Nader, K., & Pitman, R. K. (2008). Effect of post-retrieval propranolol on psychophysiologic responding during subsequent script-driven traumatic imagery in post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 42(6), 503–506.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, R., Felmingham, K., Kemp, A., Das, P., Hughes, G., Peduto, A., & Williams, L. (2007). Amygdala and ventral anterior cingulate activation predicts treatment response to cognitive behaviour therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine, 38(4), 555–562.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burri, A., Heinrichs, M., Schedlowski, M., & Krüger, T. H. (2008). The acute effects of intranasal oxytocin administration on endocrine and sexual function in males. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33(5), 591–600.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cain, C. K., & LeDoux, J. E. (2007). Escape from fear: A detailed behavioral analysis of two atypical responses reinforced by CS termination. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 33(4), 451–463.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cain, C. K., Maynard, G. D., & Kehne, J. H. (2012). Targeting memory processes with drugs to prevent or cure PTSD. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 21(9), 1323–1350.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carmichael, M. S., Warburton, V. L., Dixen, J., & Davidson, J. M. (1994). Relationships among cardiovascular, muscular, and oxytocin responses during human sexual activity. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 23(1), 59–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caruso, S., Agnello, C., Malandrino, C., Lo Presti, L., Cicero, C., & Cianci, S. (2014). Do hormones influence women's sex? Sexual activity over the menstrual cycle. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 11(1), 211–221.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corona, G., Mannucci, E., Jannini, E. A., Lotti, F., Ricca, V., Monami, M., & Forti, G. (2009). Hypoprolactinemia: A New Clinical Syndrome in Patients with Sexual Dysfunction. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(5), 1457–1466.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corona, G., Wu, F. C., Rastrelli, G., Lee, D. M., Forti, G., O'Connor, D. B., & Boonen, S. (2014). Low prolactin is associated with sexual dysfunction and psychological or metabolic disturbances in middle‐aged and elderly men: The European Male Aging Study (EMAS). The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 11(1), 240–253.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Darwin, C. (1872). The expression of emotion in men and animals. Murray: London.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • De Maat, S. M., Dekker, J., Schoevers, R. A., & De Jonghe, F. (2007). Relative efficacy of psychotherapy and combined therapy in the treatment of depression: A meta-analysis. European Psychiatry, 22(1), 1–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delgado, M. R., Jou, R. L., LeDoux, J. E., & Phelps, E. A.. (2009). Avoiding negative outcomes: Tracking the mechanisms of avoidance learning in humans during fear conditioning. In P. E. Phillips, J. J. Kim, & D. Lee (Hrsg.), Research Topics: Neuroeconomics (S. 72–80). New York: Frontiers.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeRubeis, R. J., Siegle, G. J., & Hollon, S. D. (2008). Cognitive therapy versus medication for depression: Treatment outcomes and neural mechanisms. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9(10), 788–796.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • DGPPN, BÄK, KBV, AWMF, AkdÄ, BPtK, BApK, DAGSHG, DEGAM, DGPM, DGPs, DGRW (Hrsg.) für die Leitli- niengruppe Unipolare Depression*. S3-Leitlinie/Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie Unipolare Depression - Langfas- sung, 2. Auflage, Version 1, November 2015. Available from: www.depression.versorgungsleitlinien.de; [cited: tt.mm.jjjj]; DOI: 10.6101/AZQ/000262 .

  • Difede, J., Cukor, J., Wyka, K., Olden, M., Hoffman, H., Lee, F. S., & Altemus, M. (2014). D-cycloserine augmentation of exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: A pilot randomized clinical trial. Neuropsychopharmacology, 39(5), 1052–1058.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Egli, M., Leeners, B., & Krüger, T. H. (2010). Prolactin secretion patterns: Basic mechanisms and clinical implications for reproduction. Reproduction, 140(5), 643–654.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erk, S., Mikschl, A., Stier, S., Ciaramidaro, A., Gapp, V., Weber, B., & Walter, H. (2010). Acute and sustained effects of cognitive emotion regulation in major depression. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30(47), 15726–15734.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Etkin, A., Pittenger, C., Polan, H. J., & Kandel, E. R. (2005). Toward a neurobiology of psychotherapy: Basic science and clinical applications. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 17(2), 145–158.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, R. (2016). The neurobiology of human attachments. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(2), 80–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finkelstein, J. S., Lee, H., Burnett-Bowie, S.-A. M., Pallais, J. C., Yu, E. W., Borges, L. F., & Thomas, B. J. (2013). Gonadal steroids and body composition, strength, and sexual function in men. New England Journal of Medicine, 369(11), 1011–1022.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Finzi, E., & Rosenthal, N. E. (2014). Treatment of depression with onabotulinumtoxinA: A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 52, 1–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fiorino, D. F., Coury, A., & Phillips, A. G. (1997). Dynamic changes in nucleus accumbens dopamine efflux during the Coolidge effect in male rats. The Journal of Neuroscience, 17(12), 4849–4855.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, H. E., Aron, A., & Brown, L. L. (2006). Romantic love: A mammalian brain system for mate choice. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 361(1476), 2173–2186.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fogel, A. (2013). Selbstwahrnehmung und Embodiment in der Körperpsychotherapie: Vom Körpergefühl zur Kognition. Stuttgart: Schattauer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Georgiadis, J. R., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2012). The human sexual response cycle: Brain imaging evidence linking sex to other pleasures. Progress in Neurobiology, 98(1), 49–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Georgiadis, J. R., Kortekaas, R., Kuipers, R., Nieuwenburg, A., Pruim, J., Reinders, A., & Holstege, G. (2006). Regional cerebral blood flow changes associated with clitorally induced orgasm in healthy women. European Journal of Neuroscience, 24(11), 3305–3316.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Georgiadis, J. R., Reinders, A. S., Van Der Graaf, F. H., Paans, A. M., & Kortekaas, R. (2007). Brain activation during human male ejaculation revisited. Neuroreport, 18(6), 553–557.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Georgiadis, J. R., Reinders, A., Paans, A. M., Renken, R., & Kortekaas, R. (2009). Men versus women on sexual brain function: Prominent differences during tactile genital stimulation, but not during orgasm. Human Brain Mapping, 30(10), 3089–3101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Georgiadis, J. R., Farrell, M. J., Boessen, R., Denton, D. A., Gavrilescu, M., Kortekaas, R., & Egan, G. F. (2010). Dynamic subcortical blood flow during male sexual activity with ecological validity: A perfusion fMRI study. NeuroImage, 50(1), 208–216.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gizewski, E. R., Krause, E., Karama, S., Baars, A., Senf, W., & Forsting, M. (2006). There are differences in cerebral activation between females in distinct menstrual phases during viewing of erotic stimuli: A fMRI study. Experimental Brain Research, 174(1), 101–108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, M., Carpenter, D., Tang, C. Y., Goldstein, K. E., Avedon, J., Fernandez, N., & Triebwasser, J. (2014). Dialectical behavior therapy alters emotion regulation and amygdala activity in patients with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 57, 108–116.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, L. S. (2011). Emotion-Focused Therapy. Washington: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greifzu, F., Pielecka-Fortuna, J., Kalogeraki, E., Krempler, K., Favaro, P. D., Schlüter, O. M., & Löwel, S. (2014). Environmental enrichment extends ocular dominance plasticity into adulthood and protects from stroke-induced impairments of plasticity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(3), 1150–1155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamann, S., Herman, R. A., Nolan, C. L., & Wallen, K. (2004). Men and women differ in amygdala response to visual sexual stimuli. Nature Neuroscience, 7(4), 411–416.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hartley, C. A., & Phelps, E. A. (2010). Changing fear: The neurocircuitry of emotion regulation. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35(1), 136–146.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann, S. G., Meuret, A. E., Smits, J. A., Simon, N. M., Pollack, M. H., Eisenmenger, K., & Otto, M. W. (2006). Augmentation of exposure therapy with D-cycloserine for social anxiety disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 298–304.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • James, W. (1890). Principles of Psychology. Dover: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaspers, L., Feys, F., Bramer, W. M., Franco, O. H., Leusink, P., & Laan, E. T. (2016). Efficacy and safety of flibanserin for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA internal medicine, 176(4), 453–462.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karama, S., Lecours, A. R., Leroux, J. M., Bourgouin, P., Beaudoin, G., Joubert, S., & Beauregard, M. (2002). Areas of brain activation in males and females during viewing of erotic film excerpts. Human Brain Mapping, 16(1), 1–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kindt, M., Soeter, M., & Vervliet, B. (2009). Beyond extinction: Erasing human fear responses and preventing the return of fear. Nature Neuroscience, 12(3), 256–258.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kroes, M. C. W., Tendolkar, I., Van Wingen, G. A., Van Waarden, J. A., Strange, B. A., & Fernández, G.. (2013). An electroconvulsive therapy procedure impairs reconsolidation of episodic memories in humans. Nature Neuroscience, 17, 204–206.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krüger, T. H. C., Haake, P., Hartmann, U., Schedlowski, M., & Exton, M. S. (2002). Orgasm-induced prolactin secretion: Feedback control of sexual drive?. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 26(1), 31–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krüger, T. H. C., Haake, P., Chereath, D., Knapp, W., Janssen, O., Exton, M., & Hartmann, U. (2003). Specificity of the neuroendocrine response to orgasm during sexual arousal in men. Journal of Endocrinology, 177(1), 57–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krüger, T. H. C., Haake, P., Haverkamp, J., Kramer, M., Exton, M., Saller, B., & Schedlowski, M. (2003). Effects of acute prolactin manipulation on sexual drive and function in males. Journal of Endocrinology, 179(3), 357–365.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krüger, T. H. C., Schiffer, B., Eikermann, M., Haake, P., Gizewski, E., & Schedlowski, M. (2006). Serial neurochemical measurement of cerebrospinal fluid during the human sexual response cycle. European Journal of Neuroscience, 24(12), 3445–3452.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krüger, T. H. C., Leeners, B., Naegeli, E., Schmidlin, S., Schedlowski, M., Hartmann, U., & Egli, M. (2012). Prolactin secretory rhythm in women: Immediate and long-term alterations after sexual contact. Human reproduction, 27(4), 1139–1143.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krüger, T.H., Keil, L., Jung, S., Kahl, K.G., Wittfoth, M., Leeners, B., Hartmann, U. (2017) Lack of Increase in Sexual Drive and Function After Dopaminergic Stimulation in Women. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy. Apr 13:0. doi: 10.1080/0092623X.2017.1318797.

  • Krüger, T.H.C., Kneer, J. (2017). Neurobiologische Grundlagen der Sexualität und ihrer Probleme. Der Nervenarzt, 88(5), 451–458.

    Google Scholar 

  • Labuschagne, I., Phan, K. L., Wood, A., Angstadt, M., Chua, P., Heinrichs, M., & Nathan, P. J. (2010). Oxytocin attenuates amygdala reactivity to fear in generalized social anxiety disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35(12), 2403–2413.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lanius, R. A., Williamson, P. C., Densmore, M., Boksman, K., Gupta, M. A., Neufeld, R., … Menon, R. S. (2001). Neural correlates of traumatic memories in posttraumatic stress disorder: A functional MRI investigation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1920–1922.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lanius, R. A., Williamson, P. C., Densmore, M., Boksman, K., Neufeld, R., Gati, J. S., & Menon, R. S. (2004). The nature of traumatic memories: A 4-T FMRI functional connectivity analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(1), 36–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, H.-J., Macbeth, A. H., Pagani, J. H., & Young, W. S. (2009). Oxytocin: The great facilitator of life. Progress in Neurobiology, 88(2), 127–151.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lindauer, R. J., Vlieger, E.-J., Jalink, M., Olff, M., Carlier, I. V., Majoie, C. B., & Gersons, B. P. (2004). Smaller hippocampal volume in Dutch police officers with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 56(5), 356–363.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Y., & Wang, Z. (2003). Nucleus accumbens oxytocin and dopamine interact to regulate pair bond formation in female prairie voles. Neuroscience, 121(3), 537–544.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacQueen, G. M. (2009). Magnetic resonance imaging and prediction of outcome in patients with major depressive disorder. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 34(5), 343–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magid, M., Reichenberg, J. S., Poth, P. E., Robertson, H. T., LaViolette, A. K., Krüger, T. H. C., & Wollmer, M. A. (2014). Treatment of major depressive disorder using botulinum toxin A: A 24-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 75(8), 837–844.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Margraf, J., & Schneider, S. (2008). Verhaltenstherapie 1: Grundlagen und Verfahren. Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masters, W. H., & Johnson, V. E.. (1966). Human sexual response. Boston: Little, Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Domes, G., Kirsch, P., & Heinrichs, M. (2011). Oxytocin and vasopressin in the human brain: Social neuropeptides for translational medicine. Nature Review Neuroscience, 12(9), 524–538.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, S. D., & Hubble, M. A. D., B. L. 2007 Supershrinks Psychotherapy Networker, 31 27–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Missirlian, T. M., Toukmanian, S. G., Warwar, S. H., & Greenberg, L. S. (2005). Emotional arousal, client perceptual processing, and the working alliance in experiential psychotherapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(5), 861–871.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohnke, S., Müller, S., Amelung, T., Krüger, T. H. C., Ponseti, J., Schiffer, B., & Walter, H. (2014). Brain alterations in paedophilia: A critical review. Progress in Neurobiology, 122, 1–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monfils, M.-H., Cowansage, K. K., Klann, E., & LeDoux, J. E. (2009). Extinction-reconsolidation boundaries: Key to persistent attenuation of fear memories. Science, 324(5929), 951–955.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Moulier, V., Fonteille, V., Pélégrini-Issac, M., Cordier, B., Baron-Laforêt, S., Boriasse, E., & Stoléru, S. (2012). A pilot study of the effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy on brain activation pattern in a man with pedophilia. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 56(1), 50–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mouras, H., Stoléru, S., Bittoun, J., Glutron, D., Pélégrini-Issac, M., Paradis, A.-L., & Burnod, Y. (2003). Brain processing of visual sexual stimuli in healthy men: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. NeuroImage, 20(2), 855–869.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nader, K., Schafe, G. E., & Le Doux, J. E. (2000). Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval. Nature, 406(6797), 722–726.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nechvatal, J. M., & Lyons, D. M. (2013). Coping changes the brain. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Norman, D.A. (1986). Reflections on cognition and parallel distributed processing.In: Parallel distributed processing: explorations in the microstructure of cognition, vol. 2 Pages 531–546 MIT Press Cambridge, MA, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Ochsner, K. N., Bunge, S. A., Gross, J. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. (2002). Rethinking feelings: An FMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14(8), 1215–1229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ochsner, K. N., Zaki, J., Hanelin, J., Ludlow, D. H., Knierim, K., Ramachandran, T., & Mackey, S. C. (2008). Your pain or mine? Common and distinct neural systems supporting the perception of pain in self and other. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 3(2), 144–160.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Paul, T., Schiffer, B., Zwarg, T., Krüger, T. H. C., Karama, S., Schedlowski, M., & Gizewski, E. R. (2008). Brain response to visual sexual stimuli in heterosexual and homosexual males. Human Brain Mapping, 29(6), 726–735.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petrulis, A., & Eichenbaum, H. (2003). The perirhinal–entorhinal cortex, but not the hippocampus, is critical for expression of individual recognition in the context of the Coolidge effect. Neuroscience, 122(3), 599–607.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfaus, J. G. (2009). Pathways of sexual desire. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(6), 1506–1533.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, M. L., Chase, H. W., Sheline, Y. I., Etkin, A., Almeida, J. R., Deckersbach, T., & Trivedi, M. H. (2015). Identifying predictors, moderators, and mediators of antidepressant response in major depressive disorder: Neuroimaging approaches. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(2), 124–138.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Poeppl, T. B., Langguth, B., Laird, A. R., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2014). The functional neuroanatomy of male psychosexual and physiosexual arousal: A quantitative meta‐analysis. Human Brain Mapping, 35(4), 1404–1421.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pos, A. E., Greenberg, L. S., Goldman, R. N., & Korman, L. M. (2003). Emotional processing during experiential treatment of depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(6), 1007–1016.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Redouté, J., Stoléru, S., Grégoire, M. C., Costes, N., Cinotti, L., Lavenne, F., & Pujol, J. F. (2000). Brain processing of visual sexual stimuli in human males. Human Brain Mapping, 11(3), 162–177.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ressler, K. J., Rothbaum, B. O., Tannenbaum, L., Anderson, P., Graap, K., Zimand, E., & Davis, M. (2004). Cognitive enhancers as adjuncts to psychotherapy: Use of D-cycloserine in phobic individuals to facilitate extinction of fear. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(11), 1136–1144.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, S. C., Klapilová, K., Little, A. C., Burriss, R. P., Jones, B. C., DeBruine, L. M., & Havlíček, J.. (2012). Relationship satisfaction and outcome in women who meet their partner while using oral contraception. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 279(1732):1430-1436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roffman, J. L., Marci, C. D., Glick, D. M., Dougherty, D. D., & Rauch, S. L. (2005). Neuroimaging and the functional neuroanatomy of psychotherapy. Psychological Medicine, 35(10), 1385–1398.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rupp, H. A., & Wallen, K. (2008). Sex differences in response to visual sexual stimuli: A review. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37(2), 206–218.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, V. M., McNulty, J. K., Baker, L. R., & Meltzer, A. L. (2014). The association between discontinuing hormonal contraceptives and wives’ marital satisfaction depends on husbands’ facial attractiveness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(48), 17081–17086.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheele, D., Wille, A., Kendrick, K. M., Stoffel-Wagner, B., Becker, B., Güntürkün, O., & Hurlemann, R. (2013). Oxytocin enhances brain reward system responses in men viewing the face of their female partner. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(50), 20308–20313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schiepek, G.. (Hrsg.) (2011). Neurobiologie der Psychotherapie (2. Aufl.). Stuttgart: Schattauer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiepek, G., Heinzel, S., & Karch, S. (2011). Die neurowissenschaftliche Erforschung der Psychotherapie. Neurobiologie der Psychotherapie, 2, 1–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiffer, B., Gizewski, E., & Krüger, T. H. C. (2009). Reduced Neuronal Responsiveness to Visual Sexual Stimuli in a Pedophile Treated with a Long-Acting LH-RH Agonist. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(3), 892–894.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmahl, C., & Bohus, M. (2013). Bedeutung der Neurobiologie für die modulare Psychotherapie. Der Nervenarzt, 84(11), 1316–1320.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schnell, K., & Herpertz, S. C. (2007). Effects of dialectic-behavioral-therapy on the neural correlates of affective hyperarousal in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 41(10), 837–847.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schutter, D. J., & Van Honk, J. (2005). The cerebellum on the rise in human emotion. The Cerebellum, 4(4), 290–294.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Serretti, A., & Chiesa, A. (2009). Treatment-emergent sexual dysfunction related to antidepressants: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 29(3), 259–266.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shin, L. M., Shin, P. S., Heckers, S., Krangel, T. S., Macklin, M. L., Orr, S. P., & Richert, K. (2004). Hippocampal function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Hippocampus, 14(3), 292–300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stoléru, S., Redouté, J., Costes, N., Lavenne, F., Le Bars, D., Dechaud, H., & Pujol, J.-F. (2003). Brain processing of visual sexual stimuli in men with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 124(2), 67–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stoléru, S., Fonteille, V., Cornélis, C., Joyal, C., & Moulier, V. (2012). Functional neuroimaging studies of sexual arousal and orgasm in healthy men and women: A review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(6), 1481–1509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ufearo, C., & Orisakwe, O. (1995). Restoration of normal sperm characteristics in hypoprolactinemic infertile men treated with metoclopramide and exogenous human prolactin. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 58(3), 354–359.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Anders, S. M., Goodson, J. L., & Kingsbury, M. A. (2013). Beyond „Oxytocin= Good“: Neural complexities and the flipside of social bonds. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42(7), 1115–1118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walter, M., Bermpohl, F., Mouras, H., Schiltz, K., Tempelmann, C., Rotte, M., & Northoff, G. (2008). Distinguishing specific sexual and general emotional effects in fMRI—Subcortical and cortical arousal during erotic picture viewing. NeuroImage, 40(4), 1482–1494.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walter, M., Stadler, J., Tempelmann, C., Speck, O., & Northoff, G. (2008). High resolution fMRI of subcortical regions during visual erotic stimulation at 7 T. Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine, 21(1–2), 103–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warwar, S., & Greenberg, L. S. (2000). Catharsis is not enough: Changes in emotional processing related to psychotherapy outcome. Indian Hills: Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Society for Psychotherapy Research..

    Google Scholar 

  • Weingarten, C. P., & Strauman, T. J. (2015). Neuroimaging for psychotherapy research: Current trends. Psychotherapy Research, 25(2), 185–213.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wollmer, M. A., De Boer, C., Kalak, N., Beck, J., Götz, T., Schmidt, T., & Kollewe, K. (2012). Facing depression with botulinum toxin: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46(5), 574–581.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woodard, T. L., Nowak, N. T., Balon, R., Tancer, M., & Diamond, M. P. (2013). Brain activation patterns in women with acquired hypoactive sexual desire disorder and women with normal sexual function: A cross-sectional pilot study. Fertility and Sterility, 100(4), 1068–1076.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2005). Schematherapie: Ein praxisorientiertes Handbuch. Paderborn: Junfermann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, K. A., Gobrogge, K. L., Liu, Y., & Wang, Z. (2011). The neurobiology of pair bonding: Insights from a socially monogamous rodent. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 32(1), 53–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young, L. J., & Wang, Z. (2004). The neurobiology of pair bonding. Nature Neuroscience, 7(10), 1048–1054.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young, IIII, W. S., Shepard, E., Amico, J., Hennighausen, L., Wagner, K. U., LaMarca, M. E., & Ginns, E. I. (1996). Deficiency in mouse oxytocin prevents milk ejection, but not fertility or parturition. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 8(11), 847–853

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tillmann Krüger .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Krüger, T. (2018). Die Neurobiologie und ihre Implikationen für die Sexualtherapie. In: Hartmann, U. (eds) Sexualtherapie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54415-0_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54415-0_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-54414-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-54415-0

  • eBook Packages: Psychology (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics