Zusammenfassung
Die letzten beiden Dekaden neurowissenschaftlicher und hier vor allem bildgebender Forschung haben eindrücklich belegen können, dass psychotherapeutische Interventionen zu funktionellen und strukturellen Veränderungen des Gehirns und damit zu Korrekturen im Erleben und Verhalten führen können (Schiepek 2011). Auch wenn im Erwachsenenalter die Dynamik eines Neugeborenen oder eines Jugendlichen in der Pubertät nicht mehr erreicht wird, so bleibt das Gehirn bis ins hohe Alter plastisch und damit veränderbar (neuronale Plastizität). Man geht davon aus, dass sich neuronale Netzwerke in erfahrungsabhängiger Weise verändern können und dass stimulierende Bedingungen in Form von z. B. körperlichen, sozialen oder kognitiven Anreizen die Voraussetzung dafür bilden (Greifzu et al. 2014). Auf das therapeutische Setting übertragen: Sobald also zwei Personen miteinander kommunizieren und dies über einen gewissen Zeitraum und unter Anwendung verschiedener therapeutischer Techniken und Interventionen tun, werden sie gewissermaßen zu Neurobiologen, die mit ihrem Handeln bis auf molekulare Ebene wirksam sind. Jeder Psychotherapeut sollte sich darüber im Klaren sein, dass er es neben dem Klienten oder dem Paar auch mit nahezu 100.000.000.000 Nervenzellen zu tun hat, von denen jede einzelne Nervenzelle über etwa 10.000 Synapsen in intensivem Austausch mit anderen Neuronen steht. Welche Herausforderung und Komplexität und zugleich Trost für die vielen Phänomene, die für Therapeuten wie Klienten nicht immer verstehbar sind. Die „sprechende Medizin“ und ihre intensive Weiterentwicklung hinsichtlich störungsübergreifender und störungsspezifischer Techniken haben sich von einem belächeltem Nischendasein zu einer in Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft anerkannten und bei Patienten intensiv nachgefragten Therapieform entwickelt. Klinische und experimentelle Studien haben zeigen können, dass die Effektstärken von pharmakologischen und psychotherapeutischen Interventionen vergleichbar sind und dass die Kombination beider Verfahren oftmals den größtmöglichen Nutzen für Patienten herbeiführt (Aigner und Lenz 2011; De Maat et al. 2007). Gleichzeitig wird klar, dass mit biologischen und psychologischen Therapieformen nicht immer die gleichen Zielstrukturen angesteuert werden, sondern dass hier durchaus Unterschiede existieren. So scheint vereinfachend gesagt, die Wirksamkeit von z. B. Antidepressiva bei Depressionen mehrheitlich über eine Modulation subkortikaler Strukturen wie der Amygdala, Hirnstamm und limbischem System erklärbar zu sein (bottom-up), während eine kognitive Verhaltenstherapie zunächst vor allem kortikale und hier vor allem präfrontale Prozesse anspricht und erst darüber Einfluss auf emotionale Prozesse bzw. die Aktivität der Amygdala und assoziierten Strukturen ausübt (top-down) (DeRubeis et al. 2008; Hartley und Phelps 2010). Bei emotions- und erlebnisfokussierten Ansätzen könnte dies wiederum anders sein, sodass hier angesichts der Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Therapiemethoden vorschnelle Verallgemeinerungen problematisch sind.
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Krüger, T. (2018). Die Neurobiologie und ihre Implikationen für die Sexualtherapie. In: Hartmann, U. (eds) Sexualtherapie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54415-0_4
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