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Sozialpsychologie – Das Individuum im sozialen Kontext

Zusammenfassung

Nach einer Definition des Konstrukts Einstellung wird auf die kognitive und motivationale Funktion von Einstellungen eingegangen. Danach schließen sich Abschnitte zur Einstellungsbildung (genetische Faktoren, Lernprozesse, Selbstwahrnehmungsprozesse und Mere Exposure) und Einstellungsänderung an. In letzterem wird vor allem auf das Streben nach Konsistenz bzw. kognitiver Dissonanz, Strategien zur Reduktion von Dissonanz und auf Persuasion, d. h. die bewusste Einflussnahme, um Einstellungen zu ändern, eingegangen. Anschließend werden Wege vorgestellt, wie Resistenz gegenüber Einstellungsänderungen aufgebaut werden kann. Das Kapitel endet mit einem Abschnitt zum Zusammenhang von Einstellungen und Verhalten sowie einem Überblick über direkte und indirekte Messmethoden für Einstellungen.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Selbstverständlich sind auch die bereits in Abschn. 7.1 beschriebenen Einflüsse, wie Einstellungen situativ konstruiert werden, an der Entstehung bzw. Veränderung von Einstellungen beteiligt. (Informationen, Empfindungen und Bedürfnisse, die in einer Situation verfügbar sind).

  2. 2.

    Das sog. klassische Konditionieren entspricht einem Signallernen, d. h., man erwirbt Kenntnis darüber, was auf einen spezifischen Reiz erfolgt. Doch ist dies eher atypisch für Einstellungen, da sich Einstellungsprozesse in der Regel nicht auf die Vorhersage des Eintretens eines Ereignisses beziehen, sondern vielmehr auf affektive oder kognitive Bedeutungen eines Einstellungsobjekts (Walther et al. 2005). Daher wird hier nicht das klassische, sondern das für die Einstellungsbildung relevantere evaluative Konditionieren ausgeführt.

  3. 3.

    Die meisten Studien sehen die entstehende Vertrautheit als vermittelnden Mechanismus an (z. B. Zajonc 1968). Andere Autoren, vor allem im Kontext der Personenwahrnehmung, nehmen an, dass dies vor allem über die entstehende Attraktivität und ein Gefühl der Ähnlichkeit vermittelt wird und Vertrautheit eher ein Nebenprodukt dieser ist (z. B. Moreland und Beach 1992).

  4. 4.

    Wird als Yale-Ansatz zur Einstellungsänderung bezeichnet, da Hovland und Kollegen an der Yale University arbeiteten.

  5. 5.

    Ob der Kommunikator einer Minderheit oder einer Mehrheit bzw. der Eigen- oder Fremdgruppe des Rezipienten angehört, hat ebenfalls Einfluss darauf, wie wirksam die Persuasion ist. Die Befundlage hierzu ist sehr differenziert und vielschichtig. Deshalb kann dies hier nicht komprimiert dargestellt, sondern nur auf andere Literatur verwiesen werden (► Sozialpsychologie II, Abschn. 2.2; vgl. z. B. Erb et al. 2002, 2006).

  6. 6.

    Für ein Alternativmodell siehe das sog. Unimodel (Erb und Kruglanski 2005; Erb et al. 2003; Kruglanski und Thompson 1999; Kruglanski et al. 2003, 2006).

  7. 7.

    Die zentralen Unterschiede zwischen dem ELM und dem HSM bestehen darin, dass die periphere Route im ELM breiter ist als die heuristische Verarbeitung im HSM, die mit der Anwendung von Heuristiken verknüpft ist. Des Weiteren, und dies ist der deutlichste Unterschied zwischen den beiden Modellen, geht das ELM davon aus, dass die beiden Routen gegenläufig sind. Das heißt, je stärker die Persuasion über die eine Route erfolgt, desto schwächer erfolgt sie über die andere. Im HSM wird hingegen davon ausgegangen, dass die heuristische Verarbeitung grundsätzlich immer stattfindet, dass jedoch – in Abhängigkeit von Motivation und Kapazität – die systematische Verarbeitung zusätzlich stattfinden kann.

  8. 8.

    Dies heißt jedoch nicht, dass bei positiver Stimmungsinduktion auch die Persuasion erfolgreicher ist, denn dies hängt wiederum von weiteren Faktoren ab, die hier nicht alle ausgeführt werden können (für einen Überblick vgl. Clore und Schnall 2005; Petty und Briñol 2011). So können stimmungsinduzierende Einflüsse auch als ablenkend empfunden werden und damit Kapazitäten binden (Mackie und Worth 1989; Worth und Mackie 1987). Unter speziellen Bedingungen können Informationen in positiver Stimmung auch aufwendiger verarbeitet werden, da Personen aufmerksamer gegenüber den hedonischen Konsequenzen ihrer Handlungen sind als Personen in neutraler oder trauriger Stimmung (Wegener und Petty 1994).

  9. 9.

    Im Folgenden werden wir uns der Eindeutigkeit halber auf Menschen heller Hautfarbe und europäischer Abstammung als „weiß/Weiße“, auf Menschen dunkler Hautfarbe und afrikanischer Abstammung als „schwarz/Schwarze“ beziehen.

  10. 10.

    (Für die hier berichteten Gruppen bestand Wahlfreiheit (d. h., ihnen war explizit gesagt worden, dass sie keinerlei Verpflichtung hätten, den Aufsatz zu schreiben). Weitere drei Gruppen hatten nur geringe Wahlfreiheit (und damit eine ausreichende externe Rechtfertigung für das eigene Verhalten).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fachgebiet Wirtschafts- und Organisationspsychologie, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Deutschland

    Lioba Werth

  2. Fachbereich Nachrichtendienste, Hochschule des Bundes für öffentliche Verwaltung, Berlin, Deutschland

    Markus Denzler

  3. Zentrum für Soziales und Ökonomisches Verhalten (C-SEB), Universität zu Köln, Köln, Deutschland

    Jennifer Mayer

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Werth, L., Denzler, M., Mayer, J. (2020). Einstellungen. In: Sozialpsychologie – Das Individuum im sozialen Kontext. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53897-5_7

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