Abstract
Confinement times of mirror and cusp are given in (18.1), (18.2) in Sect. 18.1. Section 18.2 introduces mirror experiment of PR-5 and 2XIIB. Section 18.3 explains Harris instability, loss-cone instability, mirror instability and negative mass instability. Section 18.4 describes the concept of tandem mirror, loss-cone region of ions and electrons in the case of positive electrostatic plug potential and Pastukhov ion confinement time of tandem mirror (18.11). Experimental results of TMX and Gamma 10 are described.
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Miyamoto, K. (2016). Open End System. In: Plasma Physics for Controlled Fusion. Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics, vol 92. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49781-4_18
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