Abstract
Glenohumeral instability has been described by Matsen et al. [1] as “a clinical condition in which unwanted translation of the head on the glenoid compromises the comfort and function of the shoulder.” It can be the result of traumatic events causing structural damage to a previously intact and stable shoulder, called “traumatic instability,” or it can be due to an inherent deficiency of passive and active shoulder stabilizers, thus occurring in the absence of relevant traumas, called “atraumatic instability.”
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Matsen 3rd FA, Harryman 2nd DT, Sidles JA. Mechanics of glenohumeral instability. Clin Sports Med. 1991;10:783–8.
Paxton ES, Dodson CC, Lazarus MD. Shoulder instability in older patients. Orthop Clin N Am. 2014;45:377–85. doi:10.1016/j.ocl.2014.04.002.
Nordqvist A, Petersson CJ. Incidence and causes of shoulder girdle injuries in an urban population. J Should Elb Surg. 1995;4:107–12.
Robinson CM, Howes J, Murdoch H, et al. Functional outcome and risk of recurrent instability after primary traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation in young patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88:2326–36.
Owens BD, Agel J, Mountcastle SB, et al. Incidence of glenohumeral instability in collegiate athletics. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37:1750–4.
Murray IR, Ahmed I, White NJ, et al. Traumatic anterior shoulder instability in the athlete. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2013;23:387–405. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01494.x.
Olds M, Ellis R, Donaldson K, et al. Risk factors which predispose first-time traumatic anterior shoulder dislocations to recurrent instability in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49:913–22. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-094342.
Rowe CR. Prognosis in dislocations of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1956;38:957–77.
Hovelius L, Olofsson A, Sandstrom B, et al. Nonoperative treatment of primary anterior shoulder dislocation in patients forty years of age and younger. A prospective twenty-five-year follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90:945–52.
Johnson SM, Robinson CM. Shoulder instability in patients with joint hyperlaxity. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92:1545–57. doi:10.2106/JBJS.H.00078.
Sachs RA, Lin D, Stone ML, et al. Can the need for future surgery for acute traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation be predicted? J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89:1665–74.
Milewski MD, Nissen CW. Pediatric and adolescent shoulder instability. Clin Sports Med. 2013;32:761–79. doi:10.1016/j.csm.2013.07.010.
Neer 2nd CS, Foster CR. Inferior capsular shift for involuntary inferior and multidirectional instability of the shoulder. A preliminary report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1980;62:897–908.
Bahu MJ, Trentacosta N, Vorys GC, et al. Multidirectional instability: evaluation and treatment options. Clin Sports Med. 2008;27:671–89.
Provencher MT, Romeo AA. Posterior and multidirectional instability of the shoulder: challenges associated with diagnosis and management. Instr Course Lect. 2008;57:133–52.
Gaskill TR, Taylor DC, Millett PJ. Management of multidirectional instability of the shoulder. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2011;19:758–67.
Saccomanno MF, Fodale M, Capasso L, et al. Generalized joint laxity and multidirectional instability of the shoulder. Joints. 2014;1:171–9.
Altchek DW, Warren RF, Skyhar MJ, et al. T-plasty modification of the Bankart procedure for multidirectional instability of the anterior and inferior types. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1991;73:105–12.
Cooper RA, Brems JJ. The inferior capsular-shift procedure for multidirectional instability of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1992;74:1516–21.
Maltz SB, Fantus RJ, Mellett MM, et al. Surgical complications of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV: case report and review of the literature. J Trauma. 2001;51:387–90.
Zweers MC, Hakim AJ, Grahame R, et al. Joint hypermobility syndromes: the pathophysiologic role of tenascin-X gene defects. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:2742–9.
Juul-Kristensen B, Røgind H, Jensen DV, et al. Inter-examiner reproducibility of tests and criteria for generalized joint hypermobility and benign joint hypermobility syndrome. Rheumatology. 2007;46:1835–41.
Remvig L, Jensen DV, Ward RC. Epidemiology of general joint hypermobility and basis for the proposed criteria for benign joint hypermobility syndrome: review of the literature. J Rheumatol. 2007;34:804–9.
Didia BC, Dapper DV, Boboye SB. Joint hypermobility syndrome among undergraduate students. East Afr Med J. 2002;79:80–1.
Seçkin U, Tur BS, Yilmaz O, et al. The prevalence of joint hypermobility among high school students. Rheumatol Int. 2005;25:260–3.
Jansson A, Saartok T, Werner S, et al. Evaluation of general joint laxity, shoulder laxity and mobility in competitive swimmers during growth and in normal controls. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2005;15:169–76.
Smith R, Damodaran AK, Swaminathan S, et al. Hypermobility and sports injuries in junior netball players. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39:628–31.
Caplan J, Julien TP, Michelson J, et al. Multidirectional instability of the shoulder in elite female gymnasts. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2007;36:660.
Rowe CR, Pierce DS, Clark JG. Voluntary dislocation of the shoulder. A preliminary report on a clinical, electromyographic, and psychiatric study of twenty-six patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1973;55:445–60.
Robinson CM, Shur N, Sharpe T, et al. Injuries associated with traumatic anterior glenohumeral dislocations. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94:18–26. doi:10.2106/JBJS.J.01795.
Rowe CR, Zarins B. Recurrent transient subluxation of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981;63:863–72.
Jobe FW, Kvitne RS, Giangarra CE. Shoulder pain in the overhand or throwing athlete: the relationship of anterior instability and rotator cuff impingement. Orthop Rev. 1989;18:963–75.
Bushnell BD, Creighton RA, Herring MM. The bony apprehension test for instability of the shoulder: a prospective pilot analysis. Arthroscopy. 2008;24:974–82. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2008.07.019.
Kim SH, Park JS, Jeong WK, et al. The Kim test: a novel test for posteroinferior labral lesion of the shoulder – a comparison to the jerk test. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:1188–92.
O’Brien SJ, Fealy S, Pagnani MJ, et al. The active compression test: a new and effective test for diagnosing labral tears and acromioclavicular joint abnormality. Am J Sports Med. 1999;2:610–43.
Schlechter JA, Summa S, Rubin BD. The passive distraction test: a new diagnostic aid for clinically significant superior labral pathology. Arthroscopy. 2009;25:1374–9.
Bahk M, Keyurapan E, Tasaki A, et al. Laxity testing of the shoulder: a review. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:131–44.
Gagey OJ, Gagey N. The hyperabduction test. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 2001;83:69–74.
Coste JS, Jund S, Lemaire M, et al. Evaluation arthroscopique du test de laxité du ligament glénohuméral inferieur. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot. 1999;85:61.
Balg F, Boileau P. The instability severity index score. A simple pre-operative score to select patients for arthroscopic or open shoulder stabilisation. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 2007;89:1470–7.
Gerber C, Ganz R. Clinical assessment of instability of the shoulder: with special reference to anterior and posterior drawer tests. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 1984;66:551–6.
Tzannes A, Murrell GA. Clinical examination of the unstable shoulder. Sports Med. 2002;32:447–57.
Silliman JF, Hawkins RJ. Classification and physical diagnosis of instability of the shoulder. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993;291:7–19n.
Matsen III FA, Thomas SC, Rockwood Jr CA, et al. Glenohumeral instability. In: Rockwood Jr CA, Matsen III FA, editors. The shoulder. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1998. p. 611–754.
Chahal J, Leiter J, McKee MD, et al. Generalized ligamentous laxity as a predisposing factor for primary traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation. J Should Elb Surg. 2010;19:1238–42.
Bulbena A, Duró JC, Porta M, et al. Clinical assessment of hypermobility of joints: assembling criteria. J Rheumatol. 1992;19:115–22.
Beighton P, Horan F. Orthopaedic aspects of the Ehlers- Danlos syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 1969;51:444–53.
Cameron KL, Duffey ML, DeBerardino TM, et al. Association of generalized joint hypermobility with a history of glenohumeral joint instability. J Athl Train. 2010;45:253–8.
Ranalletta M, Bongiovanni S, Suarez F, et al. Do patients with traumatic recurrent anterior shoulder instability have generalized joint laxity? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470:957–60.
Piasecki DP, Verma NN, Romeo AA, et al. Glenoid bone deficiency in recurrent anterior shoulder instability: diagnosis and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2009;17:482–93.
Edwards TB, Boulahia A, Walch G. Radiographic analysis of bone defects in chronic anterior shoulder instability. Arthroscopy. 2003;19:732–9.
Garth Jr WP, Slappey CE, Ochs CW. Roentgenographic demonstration of instability of the shoulder: the apical oblique projection. A technical note. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984;66:1450–3.
Pavlov H, Warren RF, Weiss Jr CB. The roentgenographic evaluation of anterior shoulder instability. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1985;194:153–8.
Rokous JR, Feagin JA, Abbott HG. Modified axillary roentgenogram: a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of recurrent instability of the shoulder. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1972;82:84–6.
Provencher MT, Frank RM, Leclere LE, et al. The Hill-Sachs lesion: diagnosis, classification, and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2012;20:242–52. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-20-04-242.
Griffin JW, Brockmeier SF. Shoulder instability with concomitant bone loss in the athlete. Orthop Clin N Am. 2015;46:89–103. doi:10.1016/j.ocl.2014.09.006.
Burkhart SS, De Beer JF. Traumatic glenohumeral bone defects and their relationship to failure of arthroscopic Bankart repairs: significance of the inverted-pear glenoid and the humeral engaging Hill-Sachs lesion. Arthroscopy. 2000;16:677–94.
Itoi E, Lee SB, Berglund LJ, Berge LL, et al. The effect of a glenoid defect on anteroinferior stability of the shoulder after Bankart repair: a cadaveric study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000;82:35–46.
Lo IK, Parten PM, Burkhart SS. The inverted pear glenoid: an indicator of significant glenoid bone loss. Arthroscopy. 2004;20:169–74.
Yamamoto N, Muraki T, Sperling JW, et al. Stabilizing mechanism in bone-grafting of a large glenoid defect. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92:2059–66.
Chuang T-Y, Adams CR, Burkhart SS. Use of preoperative three-dimensional computed tomography to quantify glenoid bone loss in shoulder instability. Arthroscopy. 2008;24:376–82. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2007.10.008.
Huijsmans PE, Haen PS, Kidd M, et al. Quantification of a glenoid defect with three-dimensional computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging: a cadaveric study. J Should Elb Surg. 2007;16:803–9. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2007.02.115.
Saito H, Itoi E, Sugaya H, et al. Location of the glenoid defect in shoulders with recurrent anterior dislocation. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:889–93. doi:10.1177/0363546504271521.
Stevens KJ, Preston BJ, Wallace WA, et al. CT imaging and three-dimensional reconstructions of shoulders with anterior glenohumeral instability. Clin Anat. 1999;12:326–36.
Sugaya H, Moriishi J, Dohi M, et al. Glenoid rim morphology in recurrent anterior glenohumeral instability. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85-A:878–84.
Baudi P, Righi P, Bolognesi D, et al. How to identify and calculate glenoid bone deficit. Chir Organi Mov. 2005;90:145–52.
D’ Elia G, Di Giacomo A, D’Alessandro P, et al. Traumatic anterior glenohumeral instability: quantification of glenoid bone loss by spiral CT. Radiol Med. 2008;113:496–503. doi:10.1007/s11547-008-0274-5.
Griffith JF, Antonio GE, Tong CWC, et al. Anterior shoulder dislocation: quantification of glenoid bone loss with CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;180:1423–30. doi:10.2214/ajr.180.5.1801423.
Griffith JF, Antonio GE, Yung PSH, et al. Prevalence, pattern, and spectrum of glenoid bone loss in anterior shoulder dislocation: CT analysis of 218 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190:1247–54. doi:10.2214/AJR.07.3009.
Griffith JF, Yung PSH, Antonio GE, et al. CT compared with arthroscopy in quantifying glenoid bone loss. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;189:1490–3. doi:10.2214/AJR.07.2473.
Magarelli N, Milano G, Sergio P, et al. Intra-observer and interobserver reliability of the “Pico” computed tomography method for quantification of glenoid bone defect in anterior shoulder instability. Skelet Radiol. 2009;38:1071–5. doi:10.1007/s00256-009-0719-5.
Dumont GD, Russell RD, Browne MG, et al. Area-based determination of bone loss using the glenoid arc angle. Arthroscopy. 2012;28:1030–5. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2012.04.147.
Jeske H-C, Oberthaler M, Klingensmith M, et al. Normal glenoid rim anatomy and the reliability of shoulder instability measurements based on intrasite correlation. Surg Radiol Anat. 2009;31:623–5. doi:10.1007/s00276-009-0492-0.
Nofsinger C, Browning B, Burkhart SS, et al. Objective preoperative measurement of anterior glenoid bone loss: a pilot study of a computer-based method using unilateral 3-dimensional computed tomography. Arthroscopy. 2011;27:322–9. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2010.09.007.
Aigner F, Longato S, Fritsch H, Kralinger F, et al. Anatomical considerations regarding the “bare spot” of the glenoid cavity. Surg Radiol Anat. 2004;26:308–11. doi:10.1007/s00276-003-0217-8.
Detterline AJ, Provencher MT, Ghodadra N, et al. A new arthroscopic technique to determine anterior-inferior glenoid bone loss: validation of the secant chord theory in a cadaveric model. Arthroscopy. 2009;25:1249–56. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2009.05.019.
Kralinger F, Aigner F, Longato S, et al. Is the bare spot a consistent landmark for shoulder arthroscopy? A study of 20 embalmed glenoids with 3-dimensional computed tomographic reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2006;22:428–32. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2005.12.006.
Ji J-H, Kwak D-S, Yang P-S, et al. Comparisons of glenoid bony defects between normal cadaveric specimens and patients with recurrent shoulder dislocation: an anatomic study. J Should Elb Surg. 2012;21:822–7. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2011.10.016.
Magarelli N, Milano G, Baudi P, et al. Comparison between 2D and 3D computed tomography evaluation of glenoid bone defect in unilateral anterior gleno-humeral instability. Radiol Med. 2012;117(1):102–11. doi:10.1007/s11547-011-0712-7.
Chen AL, Hunt SA, Hawkins RJ, et al. Management of bone loss associated with recurrent anterior glenohumeral instability. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:912–25. doi:10.1177/0363546505277074.
Bollier MJ, Arciero R. Management of glenoid and humeral bone loss. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2010;18:140–8. doi:10.1097/JSA.0b013e3181e88ef9.
Sekiya JK, Wickwire AC, Stehle JH, et al. Hill-Sachs defects and repair using osteoarticular allograft transplantation: biomechanical analysis using a joint compression model. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37:2459–66. doi:10.1177/0363546509341576.
Yamamoto N, Itoi E, Abe H, et al. Contact between the glenoid and the humeral head in abduction, external rotation, and horizontal extension: a new concept of glenoid track. J Should Elb Surg. 2007;16:649–56. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2006.12.012.
Saito H, Itoi E, Minagawa H, et al. Location of the Hill-Sachs lesion in shoulders with recurrent anterior dislocation. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2009;129:1327–34. doi:10.1007/s00402-009-0854-4.
Cho SH, Cho NS, Rhee YG. Preoperative analysis of the Hill-Sachs lesion in anterior shoulder instability: how to predict engagement of the lesion. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39:2389–95. doi:10.1177/0363546511398644.
Kodali P, Jones MH, Polster J, et al. Accuracy of measurement of Hill-Sachs lesions with computed tomography. J Should Elb Surg. 2011;20:1328–34. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2011.01.030.
Ozaki R, Nakagawa S, Mizuno N, et al. Hill-Sachs lesions in shoulders with traumatic anterior instability: evaluation using computed Tomography with 3-dimensional reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42:2597–605. doi:10.1177/0363546514549543.
Kralinger FS, Golser K, Wischatta R, et al. Predicting recurrence after primary anterior shoulder dislocation. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30(1):116–20.
Di Giacomo G, Itoi E, Burkhart SS. Evolving concept of bipolar bone loss and the Hill-Sachs lesion: from “engaging/non-engaging” lesion to “on-track/off-track” lesion. Arthroscopy. 2014;30:90–8. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2013.10.004.
Schreinemachers SA, van der Hulst VP, Jaap Willems W, et al. Is a single direct MR arthrography series in ABER position as accurate in detecting anteroinferior labroligamentous lesions as conventional MR arthrography? Skelet Radiol. 2009;38:675–83. doi:10.1007/s00256-009-0692-z.
Tian CY, Cui GQ, Zheng ZZ, et al. The added value of ABER position for the detection and classification of anteroinferior labroligamentous lesions in MR arthrography of the shoulder. Eur J Radiol. 2013;82:651–7. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2012.11.038.
Perthes G. Ueber operationen bei habitueller schulterluxation. Dtsch Z Chir. 1906;85:199–227.
Song HT, Huh YM, Kim S, et al. Anterior-inferior labral lesions of recurrent shoulder dislocation evaluated by MR arthrography in an adduction internal rotation (ADIR) position. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2006;23:29–35.
Neviaser TJ. The anterior labroligamentous periosteal sleeve avulsion lesion: a cause of anterior instability of the shoulder. Arthroscopy. 1993;9:17–21.
Chiavaras MM, Harish S, Burr J. MR arthrographic assessment of suspected posteroinferior labral lesions using flexion, adduction, and internal rotation positioning of the arm: preliminary experience. Skelet Radiol. 2010;39:481–8. doi:10.1007/s00256-010-0907-3.
Chandnani VP, Yeager TD, DeBerardino T, et al. Glenoid labral tears: prospective evaluation with MRI imaging, MR arthrography, and CT arthrography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1993;161:1229–35.
Gusmer PB, Potter HG, Schatz JA, et al. Labral injuries: accuracy of detection with unenhanced MR imaging of the shoulder. Radiology. 1996;200:519–24.
Shellock FG, Bert JM, Fritts HM, et al. Evaluation of the rotator cuff and glenoid labrum using a 0.2-Tesla extremity magnetic resonance (MR) system: MR results compared to surgical findings. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2001;14:763–70.
Zlatkin MB, Hoffman C, Shellock FG. Assessment of the rotator cuff and glenoid labrum using an extremity MR system: MR results compared to surgical findings from a multi-center study. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2004;19:623–31.
Magee TH, Williams D. Sensitivity and specificity in detection of labral tears with 3.0-T MRI of the shoulder. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187:1448–52.
Waldt S, Burkart A, Imhoff AB, et al. Anterior shoulder instability: accuracy of MR arthrography in the classification of anteroinferior labroligamentous injuries. Radiology. 2005;237:578–83.
van Grinsven S, Kesselring FO, van Wassenaer-van Hall HN, et al. MR arthrography of traumatic anterior shoulder lesions showed modest reproducibility and accuracy when evaluated under clinical circumstances. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2007;127:11–7. doi:10.1007/s00402-006-0205-7.
Hayes ML, Collins MS, Morgan JA, et al. Efficacy of diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging for articular cartilage lesions of the glenohumeral joint in patients with instability. Skelet Radiol. 2010;39:1199–204. doi:10.1007/s00256-010-0922-4.
Smith TO, Drew BT, Toms AP. A meta-analysis of the diagnostic test accuracy of MRA and MRI for the detection of glenoid labral injury. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132:905–19. doi:10.1007/s00402-012-1493-8.
Halma JJ, Eshuis R, Krebbers YM, et al. Interdisciplinary inter-observer agreement and accuracy of MR imaging of the shoulder with arthroscopic correlation. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132:311–20. doi:10.1007/s00402-011-1370-x.
Gyftopoulos S, Beltran LS, Yemin A, et al. Use of 3D MR reconstructions in the evaluation of glenoid bone loss: a clinical study. Skelet Radiol. 2014;43:213–8. doi:10.1007/s00256-013-1774-5.
Lee RKL, Griffith JF, Tong MMP, et al. Glenoid bone loss: assessment with MR imaging. Radiology. 2013;267:496–502. doi:10.1148/radiol.12121681.
Stecco A, Guenzi E, Cascone T, et al. MRI can assess glenoid bone loss after shoulder luxation: inter- and intra-individual comparison with CT. Radiol Med. 2013;118:1335–43. doi:10.1007/s11547-013-0927-x.
Tian C-Y, Shang Y, Zheng Z-Z. Glenoid bone lesions: comparison between 3D VIBE images in MR arthrography and nonarthrographic MSCT. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2012;36:231–6. doi:10.1002/jmri.23622.
Bishop JY, Jones GL, Rerko MA, et al. 3-D CT is the most reliable imaging modality when quantifying glenoid bone loss. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471:1251–6. doi:10.1007/s11999-012-2607-x.
Rerko MA, Pan X, Donaldson C, et al. Comparison of various imaging techniques to quantify glenoid bone loss in shoulder instability. J Should Elb Surg. 2013;22:528–34. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2012.05.034.
Rockwood CA. Subluxation of the shoulder: the classification, diagnosis and treatment. Orthop Trans. 1979;4:306.
Kessel L, Bayley JIL. Clinical disorders of the shoulder. 2nd ed. Edinburgh/New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1986. p. 189–97.
Thomas SC, Matsen 3rd FA. An approach to the repair of avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments in the management of traumatic anterior glenohumeral instability. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1989;71:506–13.
Gerber C, Nyffeler RW. Classification of glenohumeral joint instability. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002;400:65–76.
Lewis A, Kitamura T, Bayley JIL. The classification of shoulder instability: new light through old windows! Curr Orthop. 2004;18:97–108.
Kuhn JE. A new classification system for shoulder instability. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44:341–6. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.071183.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 ESSKA
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Saccomanno, M.F., Milano, G. (2016). Shoulder Instability: Traumatic and Atraumatic. In: Randelli, P., Dejour, D., van Dijk, C., Denti, M., Seil, R. (eds) Arthroscopy. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49376-2_34
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49376-2_34
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-49374-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-49376-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)