Skip to main content

ACL Tear: Complete and Partial, Associated to Medial and Lateral Damage

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Arthroscopy

Abstract

After ACL tear the clinical evaluation including history and physical examination is the first step to establish the diagnosis. Abnormal anterior tibial translation can be diagnosed by clinical tests, e.g., Lachman and pivot shift test and instrumented test, e.g., KT-1000. A partial ACL tear and an injury to the ACL with posteromedial and posterolateral corner lesion need a thorough examination and profound clinical experience. Magnetic resonance imaging is the gold standard to reconfirm an ACL tear and concomitant injuries.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Arendt EA, Agel J, Dick R. Anterior cruciate ligament injury patterns among collegiate men and women. J Athl Train. 1999;34(2):86–92.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Bach Jr BR, Warren RF, Flynn WM, Kroll M, Wickiewiecz TL. Arthrometric evaluation of knees that have a torn anterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;72(9):1299–306.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Balasch H, Schiller M, Friebel H, Hoffmann F. Evaluation of anterior knee joint instability with the Rolimeter. A test in comparison with manual assessment and measuring with the KT-1000 arthrometer. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1999;7(4):204–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Benvenuti JF, Vallotton JA, Meystre JL, Leyvraz PF. Objective assessment of the anterior tibial translation in Lachman test position. Comparison between three types of measurement. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1998;6(4):215–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Beynnon B, Howe JG, Pope MH, Johnson RJ, Fleming BC. The measurement of anterior cruciate ligament strain in vivo. Int Orthop. 1992;16(1):1–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Boden BP, Dean GS, Feagin Jr JA, Garrett Jr WE. Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Orthopedics. 2000;23(6):573–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Boniface RJ, Fu FH, Ilkhanipour K. Objective anterior cruciate ligament testing. Orthopedics. 1986;9(3):391–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Butler DL, Noyes FR, Grood ES. Ligamentous restraints to anterior-posterior drawer in the human knee. A biomechanical study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1980;62(2):259–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Cochrane JL, Lloyd DG, Buttfield A, Seward H, McGivern J. Characteristics of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in Australian football. J Sci Med Sport. 2007;10(2):96–104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Daniel DM, Malcom LL, Losse G, Stone ML, Sachs R, Burks R. Instrumented measurement of anterior laxity of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1985;67(5):720–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Daniel DM, Stone ML, Barnett P, Sachs R. Use of the quadriceps active test to diagnose posterior cruciate-ligament disruption and measure posterior laxity of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988;70(3):386–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. DeHaven KE. Diagnosis of acute knee injuries with hemarthrosis. Am J Sports Med. 1980;8(1):9–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Donaldson 3rd WF, Warren RF, Wickiewicz T. A comparison of acute anterior cruciate ligament examinations. Initial versus examination under anesthesia. Am J Sports Med. 1985;13(1):5–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Haimes JL, Wroble RR, Grood ES, Noyes FR. Role of the medial structures in the intact and anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee. Limits of motion in the human knee. Am J Sports Med. 1994;22(3):402–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Jonsson T, Althoff B, Peterson L, Renstrom P. Clinical diagnosis of ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament: a comparative study of the Lachman test and the anterior drawer sign. Am J Sports Med. 1982;10(2):100–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Katz JW, Fingeroth RJ. The diagnostic accuracy of ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament comparing the Lachman test, the anterior drawer sign, and the pivot shift test in acute and chronic knee injuries. Am J Sports Med. 1986;14(1):88–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Kendall NS, Hsu SY, Chan KM. Fracture of the tibial spine in adults and children. A review of 31 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1992;74(6):848–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kvist J. Sagittal plane translation during level walking in poor-functioning and well-functioning patients with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(5):1250–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Losee RE, Johnson TR, Southwick WO. Anterior subluxation of the lateral tibial plateau. A diagnostic test and operative repair. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1978;60(8):1015–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Lubowitz JH, Bernardini BJ, Reid 3rd JB. Current concepts review: comprehensive physical examination for instability of the knee. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(3):577–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Lucie RS, Wiedel JD, Messner DG. The acute pivot shift: clinical correlation. Am J Sports Med. 1984;12(3):189–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Milch H. Cortical avulsion fracture of the lateral tibial condyle. J Bone Joint Surg. 1936;18(1):159–64.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Myrer JW, Schulthies SS, Fellingham GW. Relative and absolute reliability of the KT-2000 arthrometer for uninjured knees. Testing at 67, 89, 134, and 178 N and manual maximum forces. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24(1):104–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Oliver JH, Coughlin LP. Objective knee evaluation using the Genucom Knee Analysis System. Clinical implications. Am J Sports Med. 1987;15(6):571–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Paessler HH, Michel D. How new is the Lachman test? Am J Sports Med. 1992;20(1):95–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Pao DG. The lateral femoral notch sign. Radiology. 2001;219(3):800–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Siebold R, Fu FH. Assessment and augmentation of symptomatic anteromedial or posterolateral bundle tears of the anterior cruciate ligament. Arthroscopy. 2008;24(11):1289–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Torg JS, Conrad W, Kalen V. Clinical diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament instability in the athlete. Am J Sports Med. 1976;4(2):84–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Tria Jr AJ. Clinical examination of the knee. In: Scott N, editor. Insall and Scott surgery of the knee. 4th ed. New York: Elsevier; 2006. p. 86–98.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Warren RF, Kaplan N, Bach BR. The lateral notch sign of anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency. Am J Knee Surg. 1988;1:119–24.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rainer Siebold .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 ESSKA

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Siebold, R., Karidakis, G. (2016). ACL Tear: Complete and Partial, Associated to Medial and Lateral Damage. In: Randelli, P., Dejour, D., van Dijk, C., Denti, M., Seil, R. (eds) Arthroscopy. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49376-2_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49376-2_18

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-49374-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-49376-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics