Zusammenfassung
Die Retina ist der sensorische Anteil des Auges und die innerste der drei Schichten, die das Auge bilden. Die Netzhaut wandelt die optische Information der Bilder aus der Außenwelt in neurale Impulse um, welche das Gehirn verarbeitet, um die visuelle Wahrnehmung gewährleisten zu können. Man unterscheidet verschiedene topographische Regionen in der Retina: die Area centralis (zwischen den oberen und unteren temporalen Arterien), die Macula lutea (eine stark durch Lutein und Zeaxanthin pigmentierte Struktur), die avaskuläre Fovea centralis (die Zapfen erreichen hier die maximale Dichte), die periphere Retina, welche in Kontakt mit der Ora serrata steht und überwiegend mit Stäbchen besiedelt ist, sowie die Ora serrata (Übergangszone zum nicht pigmentierten Epithel der Pars plana).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsLiteratur
Aggarwal P, Nag TC, Wadhwa S. Age-related decrease in rod bipolar cell density of the human retina: an immunohistochemical study. J Biosci 2007;32:293–298
Ahmed SS, Lott MN, Marcus DM. The macular xanthophylls. Surv Ophthalmol 2005;50:183–193
Alvarez RA, Liou GI, Fong SL, Bridges CD. Levels of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in human eyes: evaluation of the possible role of IRBP in intraocular alpha-tocopherol transport. Am J Clin Nutr 1987;46:481–487
Berson M. Phototransduction in ganglion-cell photoreceptors. Pflugers Archiv: European journal of physiology 2007;454:849–855
Bone RA, Landrum JT, Fernandez L, Tarsis SL. Analysis of the macular pigment by HPLC: retinal distribution and age study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1988;29:843–849
Bridges CDB, Alvarez RA, Shao-Ling Fong. Vitamin A in human eyes: amount, distribution, and composition. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1982;22:706–714
Curcio CA, Sloan KR, Kalina RE, Hendrickson AE. Human photoreceptor topography. J Comp Neurol 1990a;22: 497–523
Curcio CA, Allen KA. Topography of ganglion cells in human retina. J Comp Neurol 1990b;300:5–25
Dacey DM, Liao HW, Peterson BB, Robinson FR, Smith VC, Pokorny J, Yau KW, Gamlin PD. Melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in primate retina signal colour and irradiance and project to the LGN. Nature 2005;433:749–754
Dorner GT, Polska E, Garhöfer G, Zawinka C, Frank B, Schmetterer L. Calculation of the diameter of the central retinal artery from noninvasive measurements in humans. Curr Eye Res 2002;25:341–345
Eckhert CD. Elemental concentrations in ocular tissues of various species. Exp Eye Res 1983;37:639–647
Gao H, Hollyfield JG. Aging of the human retina. Differential loss of neurons and retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992;33:1–17
Garcia JP Jr, Garcia PT, Rosen RB. Retinal blood flow in the normal human eye using the canon laser blood flowmeter. Ophthalmic Res 2002;34:295–299
Gülcan HG, Alvarez RA, Maude MB, Anderson RE. Lipids of human retina, retinal pigment epithelium, and Bruch‘s membrane/choroid: comparison of macular and peripheral regions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993;34: 3187–3193
Hirsch J, Curcio CA. The spatial resolution capacity of human foveal retina. Vision Res 1989;29:1095–1101
Hogan MJ, Alvarado JA, Weddell JE. Histology of the Human Eye. Sauders, Philadelphia 1971
Jani PD, Mwanza JC, Billow KB, Waters AM, Moyer S, Garg S. Normative values and predictors of retinal oxygen saturation. Retina 2014;34:394–401
Justice J Jr, Lehmann RP. Cilioretinal arteries. A study based on review of stereo fundus photographs and fluorescein angiographic findings. Arch Ophthalmol 1976;94:1355–1358
Kolb H, Linberg KA and Fisher SK. Neurones of the human retina. A Golgi study. J Comp Neurol 1992;318:147–187
Kunsch K, Kunsch S. Der Mensch in Zahlen. Elsevier 2005
Lombardo M, Serrao S, Ducoli P, Lombardo G. Eccentricity dependent changes of density, spacing and packing arrangement of parafoveal cones. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2013;33:516–526
Nishikawa S, Tamai M. Müller cells in the human foveal region. Curr Eye Res 2001;22:34–41
Polyak SL. The Retina. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1941
Reichenbach A, Bringmann A. Müller Cells in the Healthy and Diseased Retina Springer Science & Business Media, 10.03.2010
Robb RM. Regional Changes in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Density During Ocular Development. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985;26:614–620
Rohen JW. Morphologie und Embryologie des Sehorgans. in Francois J und Hollwich F: Augenheilkunde in Klinik und Praxis. Thieme, Stuttgart 1977
Scammon RE, Wilmer HA. Growth of the components of the human eyeball; II. Comparison of the calculated volumes of the eyes of the newborn and of adults, and their components. Arch Ophthal 1950;43:620–637
Song H, Chui TY, Zhong Z, Elsner AE, Burns SA. Variation of cone photoreceptor packing density with retinal eccentricity and age. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011;52: 7376–7384
Syrbe S. Quantitative Morphometrie der Primaten Retina. Dissertation, Universität Leipzig 2007
Yuodelis C, Hendrickson A. A qualitative and quantitative-analysis of the human fovea during development. Vision Research 1986;26:847–855
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bergua, A. (2017). Retina. In: Das menschliche Auge in Zahlen. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47284-2_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47284-2_19
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-47283-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-47284-2
eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)