Skip to main content

Oral Candidosis Epidemiology

  • Chapter
  • 1221 Accesses

Abstract

Oral candidosis (syn. oral candidiasis; OC) is considered the most common mycosis occurring in human beings. Candida spp. involved on OC are widely spread among people from different parts of the globe.

Differently from other microbes, the mere isolation of Candida from intraoral surfaces is not interpreted as a predictive signal for disease. The commensal status of such fungal genus has been evaluated along the years and according to different authors, 54–71.4 % of healthy individuals from diverse populations may carry such yeasts without any symptom. Although high counts of yeast cells in saliva may be interpreted as a suggestive signal of candidosis, not always it will occur.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Akpan A, Morgan R (2002) Oral candidiasis. Postgrad Med J 78(922):455–459

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aldred MJ, Addy M, Bagg J, Finlay I (1991) Oral health in the terminally ill: a cross-sectional pilot survey. Spec Care Dentist 11(2):59–62

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arendorf TM, Walker DM, Kingdom RJ, Roll JR, Newcombe RG (1983) Tobacco smoking and denture wearing in oral candidal leukoplakia. Br Dent J 155(10):340–343

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baboni FB, Barp D, Izidoro AC, Samaranayake LP, Rosa EA (2009) Enhancement of Candida albicans virulence after exposition to cigarette mainstream smoke. Mycopathologia 168(5):227–235. doi:10.1007/s11046-009-9217-5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baboni FB, Guariza Filho O, Moreno AN, Rosa EA (2010) Influence of cigarette smoke condensate on cardiogenic and candidal biofilm formation on orthodontic materials. Am J Orthodontics Dentofacial Orthopedics 138(4):427–434. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.05.023

    Google Scholar 

  • Bajaj S, Prasad S, Gupta A, Singh VB (2012) Oral manifestations in type-2 diabetes and related complications. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 16(5):777–779. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.100673

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ball K, Sweeney MP, Baxter WP, Bagg J (1998) Fluconazole sensitivities of Candida species isolated from the mouths of terminally ill cancer patients. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 15(6):315–319

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blignaut E, Pujol C, Lockhart S, Joly S, Soll DR (2002) Ca3 fingerprinting of Candida albicans isolates from human immunodeficiency virus-positive and healthy individuals reveals a new clade in South Africa. J Clin Microbiol 40(3):826–836

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Budtz-Jorgensen E, Stenderup A, Grabowski M (1975) An epidemiologic study of yeasts in elderly denture wearers. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 3(3):115–119

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butticaz G, Zulian GB, Preumont M, Budtz-Jorgensen E (2003) Evaluation of a nystatin-containing mouth rinse for terminally ill patients in palliative care. J Palliat Care 19(2):95–99

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calcaterra R, Pasquantonio G, Vitali LA, Nicoletti M, Di Girolamo M, Mirisola C, Prenna M, Condo R, Baggi L (2013) Occurrence of Candida species colonization in a population of denture-wearing immigrants. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 26(1):239–246

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carrilho Neto A, De Paula RS, Sant’ana AC, Passanezi E (2011) Oral health status among hospitalized patients. Int J Dent Hyg 9(1):21–29. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5037.2009.00423.x

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castro LA, Alvarez MI, Martinez E (2013) Pseudomembranous candidiasis in HIV/AIDS patients in Cali, Colombia. Mycopathologia 175(1-2):91–98. doi:10.1007/s11046-012-9593-0

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • CDC (2013) CDC 24/7: saving lives. Protecting People™. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/thrush/statistics.html

  • Cecon F, Ferreira LE, Rosa RT, Gursky LC, de Paula e Carvalho A, Samaranayake LP, Rosa EA (2010) Time-related increase of staphylococci, Enterobacteriaceae and yeasts in the oral cavities of comatose patients. J Microbiol Immunol Infect = Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi 43(6):457–463. doi: 10.1016/S1684-1182(10)60071-0

  • Chaushu G, Bercovici M, Dori S, Waller A, Taicher S, Kronenberg J, Talmi YP (2000) Salivary flow and its relation with oral symptoms in terminally ill patients. Cancer 88(5):984–987

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daftary DK, Mehta FS, Gupta PC, Pindborg JJ (1972) The presence of Candida in 723 oral leukoplakias among Indian villagers. Scand J Dent Res 80(1):75–79

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Darwazeh AM, al-Bashir A (1995) Oral candidal flora in healthy infants. J Oral Pathol Med 24(8):361–364

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davies AN, Brailsford SR, Beighton D, Shorthose K, Stevens VC (2008) Oral candidosis in community-based patients with advanced cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage 35(5):508–514. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2007.07.005

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Resende MA, de Sousa LV, de Oliveira RC, Koga-Ito CY, Lyon JP (2006) Prevalence and antifungal susceptibility of yeasts obtained from the oral cavity of elderly individuals. Mycopathologia 162(1):39–44. doi:10.1007/s11046-006-0029-6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deng Z, Kiyuna A, Hasegawa M, Nakasone I, Hosokawa A, Suzuki M (2010) Oral candidiasis in patients receiving radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. Otolaryngol–Head Neck Surg 143(2):242–247. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2010.02.003

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans D, Maskew M, Sanne I (2012) Increased risk of mortality and loss to follow-up among HIV-positive patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis and malnutrition before antiretroviral therapy initiation: a retrospective analysis from a large urban cohort in Johannesburg, South Africa. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 113(3):362–372. doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2011.09.004

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evren BA, Uludamar A, Iseri U, Ozkan YK (2011) The association between socioeconomic status, oral hygiene practice, denture stomatitis and oral status in elderly people living different residential homes. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 53(3):252–257. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2010.12.016

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gammelsrud KW, Sandven P, Hoiby EA, Sandvik L, Brandtzaeg P, Gaustad P (2011) Colonization by Candida in children with cancer, children with cystic fibrosis, and healthy controls. Clin Microbiol Infect 17(12):1875–1881. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03528.x

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gasparoto TH, Sipert CR, de Oliveira CE, Porto VC, Santos CF, Campanelli AP, Lara VS (2012) Salivary immunity in elderly individuals presented with Candida-related denture stomatitis. Gerodontology 29(2):e331–e339. doi:10.1111/j.1741-2358.2011.00476.x

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Girard JP, Paychere M, Cuevas M, Fernandes B (1977) Cell-mediated immunity in an ageing population. Clin Exp Immunol 27(1):85–91

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gona P, Van Dyke RB, Williams PL, Dankner WM, Chernoff MC, Nachman SA, Seage GR 3rd (2006) Incidence of opportunistic and other infections in HIV-infected children in the HAART era. JAMA 296(3):292–300. doi:10.1001/jama.296.3.292

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guggenheimer J, Moore PA, Rossie K, Myers D, Mongelluzzo MB, Block HM, Weyant R, Orchard T (2000) Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and oral soft tissue pathologies: II. Prevalence and characteristics of Candida and Candidal lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 89(5):570–576

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hauman CH, Thompson IO, Theunissen F, Wolfaardt P (1993) Oral carriage of Candida in healthy and HIV-seropositive persons. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 76(5):570–572

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmstrup P, Bessermann M (1983) Clinical, therapeutic, and pathogenic aspects of chronic oral multifocal candidiasis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 56(4):388–395

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kindelan SA, Yeoman CM, Douglas CW, Franklin C (1998) A comparison of intraoral Candida carriage in Sjogren’s syndrome patients with healthy xerostomic controls. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 85(2):162–167

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd-Williams M (1996) An audit of palliative care in dementia. Eur J Cancer Care 5(1):53–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Manas A, Cerezo L, de la Torre A, Garcia M, Alburquerque H, Ludena B, Ruiz A, Perez A, Escribano A, Manso A, Glaria LA, Grupo de Investigacion Clinica en Oncologia R (2012) Epidemiology and prevalence of oropharyngeal candidiasis in Spanish patients with head and neck tumors undergoing radiotherapy treatment alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Clin Transl Oncol 14(10):740–746. doi:10.1007/s12094-012-0861-8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mateos-Moreno MV, Del-Rio-Highsmith J, Rioboo-Garcia R, Sola-Ruiz MF, Celemin-Vinuela A (2013) Dental profile of a community of recovering drug addicts: biomedical aspects. Retrospective cohort study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 18(4):e671–e679

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meurman JH, Gronroos L (2010) Oral and dental health care of oral cancer patients: hyposalivation, caries and infections. Oral Oncol 46(6):464–467. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.02.025

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morace G, Tamburrini E, Manzara S, Antinori A, Maiuro G, Dettori G (1990) Epidemiological and clinical aspects of mycoses in patients with AIDS-related pathologies. Eur J Epidemiol 6(4):398–403

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Obladen M (2012) Thrush – nightmare of the foundling hospitals. Neonatology 101(3):159–165. doi:10.1159/000329879

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palmason S, Marty FM, Treister NS (2011) How do we manage oral infections in allogeneic stem cell transplantation and other severely immunocompromised patients? Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 23(4):579–599. doi:10.1016/j.coms.2011.07.012, vii

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pattrapornnan P, Derouen TA (2013) Associations of periodontitis and oral manifestations with CD4 counts in human immunodeficiency virus-pregnant women in Thailand. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 116(3):306–312. doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2013.04.016

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez V, Gonzalez A, de la Rosa E, Gonzalez M, Rivera I, Hernandez C, Ponce de Leon S (1990) Oral lesions in Mexican HIV-infected patients. J Oral Pathol Med 19(10):482–485

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rautemaa R, Ramage G (2011) Oral candidosis – clinical challenges of a biofilm disease. Crit Rev Microbiol 37(4):328–336. doi:10.3109/1040841X.2011.585606

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Recovery.org (2013) Preventing drug and alcohol relapse through self-esteem building for you and your loved ones. http://www.recovery.org/topics/preventing-drug-and-alcohol-relapse-through-self-esteem-building-for-you-and-your-loved-ones/

  • Santiwongkarn P, Kachonboon S, Thanyasrisung P, Matangkasombut O (2012) Prevalence of oral Candida carriage in Thai adolescents. J Invest Clin Dentist 3(1):51–55. doi:10.1111/j.2041-1626.2011.0089.x

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulten EA, ten Kate RW, van der Waal I (1989) Oral manifestations of HIV infection in 75 Dutch patients. J Oral Pathol Med 18(1):42–46

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon SS, Hawcroft CS, Narasimhan P, Subbaraman R, Srikrishnan AK, Cecelia AJ, Suresh Kumar M, Solomon S, Gallant JE, Celentano DD (2008) Comorbidities among HIV-infected injection drug users in Chennai, India. Indian J Med Res 127(5):447–452

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soysa NS, Ellepola AN (2005) The impact of cigarette/tobacco smoking on oral candidosis: an overview. Oral Dis 11(5):268–273. doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2005.01115.x

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens HE (2007) Oral candidiasis secondary to adverse anticholinergic effects of psychotropic medications. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 17(1):145–146. doi:10.1089/cap.2006.0064

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tami-Maury I, Willig J, Vermund S, Jolly P, Aban I, Hill J, Wilson CM (2011) Contemporary profile of oral manifestations of HIV/AIDS and associated risk factors in a Southeastern US clinic. J Public Health Dent 71(4):257–264. doi:10.1111/j.1752-7325.2011.00256.x

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tappuni AR, Fleming GJ (2001) The effect of antiretroviral therapy on the prevalence of oral manifestations in HIV-infected patients: a UK study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 92(6):623–628. doi:10.1067/moe.2001.118902

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tosello A, Chevaux JM, Montal S, Foti B (2008) Assessment of oral status and oro-pharyngeal candidosis in elderly in short-term hospital care. Odonto-stomatologie tropicale = Trop Dental J 31(121):43–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Tukutuku K, Muyembe-Tamfum L, Kayembe K, Odio W, Kandi K, Ntumba M (1990) Oral manifestations of AIDS in a heterosexual population in a Zaire hospital. J Oral Pathol Med 19(5):232–234

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Westbrook SD, Kirkpatrick WR, Wiederhold NP, Freytes CO, Toro JJ, Patterson TF, Redding SW (2013) Microbiology and epidemiology of oral yeast colonization in hemopoietic progenitor cell transplant recipients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 115(3):354–358. doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2012.10.012

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams DW, Walker R, Lewis MA, Allison RT, Potts AJ (1999) Adherence of Candida albicans to oral epithelial cells differentiated by Papanicolaou staining. J Clin Pathol 52(7):529–531

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson MJ, Williams DW, Forbes MD, Finlay IG, Lewis MA (2001) A molecular epidemiological study of sequential oral isolates of Candida albicans from terminally ill patients. J Oral Pathol Med 30(4):206–212

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yan Z, Young AL, Hua H, Xu Y (2011) Multiple oral Candida infections in patients with Sjogren’s syndrome – prevalence and clinical and drug susceptibility profiles. J Rheumatol 38(11):2428–2431. doi:10.3899/jrheum.100819

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang X, Reichart PA, Song Y (2009) Oral manifestations of HIV/AIDS in China: a review. Oral Maxillofac Surg 13(2):63–68. doi:10.1007/s10006-009-0157-5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Edvaldo Antonio Ribeiro Rosa .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rosa, E.A.R. (2015). Oral Candidosis Epidemiology. In: Ribeiro Rosa, E. (eds) Oral Candidosis. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47194-4_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47194-4_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-47193-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-47194-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics