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Modern Fuel Cell Testing Laboratory

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Springer Handbook of Electrochemical Energy

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

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Abstract

Elements constituting a fuel cell laboratory are succinctly discussed using the experience developed at the Hawaii Sustainable Energy Research Facility. The information is expected to be useful to organizations with a desire to create or improve a fuel cell laboratory in view of the recent and anticipated fuel cell commercialization activities. Topics discussed cover a wide range with an emphasis on differentiating aspects from other types of laboratories including safety, fuel cell and test equipment, and methods used to characterize fuel cells. The use of hydrogen, oxygen and specifically introduced chemical species, and the presence of high voltages and electrical short risks constitute the most prominent hazards. Reactant purity, cleaning, test station control including data acquisition, and calibration are the most important considerations to ensure fuel cell characterization data quality. Cleanliness is also an important consideration for the fuel cell assembly and integration into the test station. The fuel cell assembly also needs to be verified for faults. Fuel cells need to be conditioned for optimum performance before a purposefully designed test plan is implemented. Many fuel cell diagnostic methods are available but novel techniques are still needed in many areas including through plane temperature distribution, stack diagnostics and mass transfer properties. The emphasis is given to commonly and sparingly used electrochemical techniques. In situ techniques include polarization, impedance spectroscopy, voltammetry and current distribution over the active area. Ex situ techniques include the rotating ring-disc electrode and the membrane conductivity cell. Other nonelectrochemical techniques are also useful to understand fuel cell behavior and include the analysis of reactant streams and condensed water, and spectroscopic measurements in combination with electrochemical cells (spectroelectrochemical cells).

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Abbreviations

AFM:

atomic force microscopy

ASTMI:

American Society for Testing and Materials International

BP:

bypass

CCM:

catalyst coated membrane

CE:

counter electrode

CPE:

constant phase element

CV:

cyclic voltammetry

DSC:

differential scanning calorimetry

ECSA:

electrochemical active surface area

EDAX/EDS:

energy dispersive x-ray analysis spectrometer

EEC:

equivalent electrical circuit

EIS:

electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

ESEM:

environmental scanning electron microscopy

EXAFS:

extended x-ray absorption fine structure

FC:

fuel cell

FRA:

frequency response analyzer

FTIR:

Fourier-transform infrared

GDE:

gas diffusion electrode

GDL:

gas diffusion layer

HOR:

hydrogen oxidation reaction

LSV:

linear sweep voltammetry

LT:

low temperature

MEA:

membrane–electrode assembly

MIP:

mercury intrusion porosimetry

MSDS:

material safety data sheet

OCV:

open circuit voltage

ORR:

oxygen reduction reaction

PEMFC:

proton-exchange membrane fuel cell

REDD:

x-ray radial electron density distribution

RE:

reference electrode

RRDE:

rotating ring-disc electrode

SAXS:

small angle x-ray scattering

SEM:

scanning electron microscopy

SOFC:

solid oxide fuel cell

STM:

scanning tunneling microscopy

TEM:

transmission electron microscopy

TGA:

thermogravimetric analysis

WDS:

wavelength dispersive x-ray spectrometer

WE:

working electrode

XANES:

x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy

XPS:

x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

XRD:

x-ray diffraction

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  1. Hawaii Sustainable Energy Research Facility, Hawaii Natural Energy Inst., University of Hawaii – Manoa, 1680 East-West Road, POST 109, HI 96822, Honolulu, USA

    Jean St-Pierre, Michael Angelo, Keith Bethune, Jack Huizingh, Tatyana Reshetenko, Mebs Virji & Yunfeng Zhai

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    Karen Swider-Lyons

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St-Pierre, J. et al. (2017). Modern Fuel Cell Testing Laboratory. In: Breitkopf, C., Swider-Lyons, K. (eds) Springer Handbook of Electrochemical Energy. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46657-5_19

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