Abstract
This chapter explains basic aspects and methods for the physical characterization of technical textiles and the fiber-reinforced composites manufactured from them. Testing methods from all steps of the supply chain will be considered, from the filament, the yarn, fabrics, preforms, to the final composite. Commercially available testing device exist for this, realizing standardized test environments and procedures. A representative selection of standardized testing methods will be outlined. The focus will be on testing methods providing information on the mechanical properties, in particular on the strength, of the textile structures and the resulting fiber-reinforced composites.
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References
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Additional Literature
AGRAWAL, S.; SINGH, K. K.; SAKAR, P. K.: Impact damage on fibre-reinforced polymer matrix composite - A review. Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 48 (2014), Issue 3, pp. 317-332
CHERIF, C.; YOUNES, A.; NOCKE, A.: Development of a novel test stand for the characterization of tensile mechanical material behavior of high performance fibers under impact stress. Proceedings 13th. AUTEX World Textile Conference (2013) Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden
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Normative References: Fibres/Filaments
ISO 1888 Textile glass - Staple fibres or filaments - Determination of average diameter (2006-07)
DIN 65571-1 Aerospace - Reinforcement fibres - Determination of filament diameter and cross-sectional area of filament yarns - calculation method (1992-11)
DIN 60905-1 Tex-System - Principles (1985-12)
ISO 1144 Textiles - Universal system for designating linear density (1973-12)
DIN EN ISO 1973 Textiles fibres - Determination of linear density - Gravimetric method and vibroscope method (1995-12)
DIN EN ISO 5079 Textiles - Fibres - Determination of breaking force and elongation at break of individual fibres (1996-029
Normative References: Yarns
DIN EN 14020-2 Reinforcements - Specification for textile glass rovings - Methods of test and general requirements (2003-03)
DIN EN 13003-2 Para-aramid fibre filament yarns - Methods of test and general specifications (1999-06)
DIN EN 13002-2 Carbon fiber yarns - Test methods and general specifications (1999-06)
DIN EN ISO 1889 Reinforcement yarns - Determination of linear density (2009-10)
DIN EN ISO 1890 Reinforcement yarns - Determination of twist (2009-10)
DIN 65382 Aerospace - reinforcement fibres for plastics - tensile test of impregnated yarn test specimens (1988-12)
DIN EN ISO 9163 Textile glass - Rovings - Manufacture of test specimens and determination of tensile strength of impregnated rovings (2005-07)
DIN EN ISO 10618 Carbon fibre - Determination of tensile properties of resin-impregnated yarn (2004-11)
DIN EN 12562 Textiles - Para-aramid multifilament yarns - Test methods (1999-10)
ISO 3341 Textile Glass -Yarns - Determination of breaking force and breaking elongation (2000-05)
DIN EN ISO 2062 Textiles - Yarns from packages - Determination of single-end breaking force and elongation at break using constant rate of extension (CRE) tester (2010-04)
ISO 1887 Textile glass - Determination of combustible-matter content (1995-05)
DIN EN ISO 10548 Carbon fibre - Determination of size content (2003-12)
DIN EN ISO 3344 Reinforcement products - Determination of moisture content (1997-08)
Normative References: Textile Fabrics and Prepregs
DIN EN ISO 5084 Textiles - Determination of thickness of textiles and textile products (1996-10)
DIN EN 12127 Textiles - Fabrics - Determination of mass per unit area using small samples (1997-12)
DIN EN ISO 10352 Fibre-reinforced plastics - Moulding compounds and prepregs - Determination of mass per unit area (2011-04)
DIN EN 2329 Aerospace series; textile glass fibre preimpregnates; test method for the determination of mass per unit area (1993-04)
DIN EN 2557 Aerospace series - Carbon fibre preimpregnates - Determination of mass per unit area (1997-05)
DIN 53835-13 Testing of textiles; determination of the elastic behaviour of textile fabrics by a single application of tensile load between constant extension limits (1983-11)
DIN EN 14704-1 Determination of the elasticity of fabrics - Part 1: Strip tests (2005-07)
DIN 53362 Testing of plastics films and textile fabrics (excluding nonwovens), coated or not coated fabrics - Determination of stiffness in bending - Method according to Cantilever (2003-10)
ASTM D1388 Standard Test Method for Stiffness of Fabrics (2008)
DIN EN ISO 1172 Textile-glass-reinforced plastics - Prepregs, moulding compounds and laminates - Determination of the textile-glass and mineral-filler content - calcination methods (1998-12)
DIN EN 2331 Aerospace series; textile glass fibre preimpregnates; test method for the determination of the resin and fibre content and mass of fibre per unit area (1993-04)
DIN EN 2559 Aerospace series - Carbon fibre preimpregnates - Determination of the resin and fibre content and the mass of fibre per unit area (1997-05)
DIN EN ISO 11667 Fibre-reinforced plastics - Moulding compounds and prepregs - Determination of resin, reinforced-fibre and mineral-filler content; Dissolution methods (1999-10)
Normative References: Fibre-Reinforced Plastic Composites - No Mechanical Load
DIN EN ISO 10352 Fibre-reinforced plastics - Moulding compounds and prepregs - Determination of mass per unit area (2011-04)
DIN EN ISO 1172 Textile-glass-reinforced plastics - Prepregs, moulding compounds and laminates - Determination of the textile-glass and mineral-filler content; calcination methods (1998-12)
DIN EN 2564 Aerospace series - Carbon fibre laminates - Determination of the fibre-, resin- and void contents (1998-08)
Normative References: Fibre-Reinforced Plastic Composites - Low Rate of Deformation - Tensile Tests
DIN EN ISO 527-1 Plastics - Determination of tensile properties - Part 1: General principles (2012-06)
DIN EN ISO 527-4 Plastics - Determination of tensile properties - Part 4: Test conditions for isotropic and anisotropic fibre-reinforced plastic composites (1997-07)
DIN EN ISO 527-5 Plastics - Determination of tensile properties - Part 5: Test conditions for unidirectional fibre-reinforced plastic composites (2010-01)
DIN EN 2561 Aerospace series - Carbon fibre reinforced plastics - Unidirectional laminates - Tensile test parallel to the fibre direction (1995-11)
ASTM D3039 Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials (2008)
Normative References: Fibre-Reinforced Plastic Composites - Low Rate of Deformation - Compression Tests
DIN EN ISO 14126 Fibre-reinforced plastic composites - Determination of compressive properties in the in-plane direction (2000-12)
DIN 65375 Aerospace; fiber reinforced plastics; testing of unidirectional laminates; compression test transverse to fiber direction (1989-11)
DIN V 65380 Aerospace; fiber-reinforced plastics; testing of unidirectional laminates; compression test, parallel and transverse to fiber direction (1987-04)
ASTM D3410 Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials with Unsupported Gage Section by Shear Loading (“Celanese”) (2003)
ASTM D695 Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics (2010)
ASTM D6641 Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials Using a Combined Loading Compression (CLC) Test Fixture (2009)
Normative References: Fibre-Reinforced Plastic Composites - Low Rate of Deformation - Bending Tests
DIN EN ISO 178 Plastics - Determination of flexural properties (2013-09)
DIN EN ISO 14125 Fibre-reinforced plastic composites - Determination of flexural properties (2011-05)
DIN EN 2562 Aerospace series - Carbon fibre reinforced plastics - Unidirectional laminates; flexural test parallel to the fibre direction (1997-05)
DIN EN 2746 Aerospace series - Glass fibre reinforced plastics - Flexural test, three point bend method (1998-10)
ASTM D790 Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials (2010)
ASTM D7264 Standard Test Method for Flexural Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials (2007)
ASTM D6272 Standard Test Method for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials by Four-Point Bending (2010)
Normative References: Fibre-Reinforced Plastic Composites - Low Rate of Deformation - Shear Tests
DIN EN ISO 14129 Fibre-reinforced plastic composites - Determination of the in-plane shear stress/shear strain reponse, including the in-plane schear modulus and strength, by ± 45° tension test method (1998-02)
ASTM D3518 Standard Test Method for In-Plane Shear Response of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials by Tensile Test of a ±45° Laminate (2013)
DIN 53399-2 Testing of reinforced plastics; shear test on plane specimens (1982-11)
ASTM D4255 Standard Test Method for In-Plane Shear Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials by the Rail Shear Method (2001)
ASTM D5379 Standard Test Method for Shear Properties of Composite Materials by V-Notched Beam Method, (“Iosipescu-Method”) (2012)
ASTM D7078 Standard Test Method for Shear Properties of Composite Materials by V-Notched Rail Shear Method (2012)
ASTM D5448 Standard Test Method for Inplane Shear Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders (2011)
DIN EN ISO 15310 Fibre-reinforced plastic composites - Determination of the in-plane shear modulus by the plate twist method (2005-10)
Normative References: Fibre-Reinforced Plastic Composites - Low Rate of Deformation - Interlaminar Shear Strength Tests
DIN EN ISO 14130 Fibre reinforced plastic composites - Determination of apparent interlaminar shear strength by short beam-method (1998-02)
DIN EN 2563 Aerospace series - Carbon fibre reinforced plastics - Unidirectional laminates; determination of apparent interlaminar shear strength (1997-03)
DIN EN 2377 Aerospace series; glass fibre reinforced plastics; test method; determination of apparent interlaminar shear strength (1989-10)
ASTM D2344 Standard Test Method for Short-Beam Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials and Their Laminates (2013)
Normative References: Fibre-Reinforced Plastic Composites - Low Rate of Deformation - Creep Tests
DIN EN ISO 899-1 Plastics - Determination of creep behaviour - Part 1: Tensile creep (2003-10)
DIN EN ISO 899-2 Plastics - Determination of creep behaviour - Part 2: Flexural creep by three-point loading (2003-10)
Normative References: Fibre-Reinforced Plastic Composites - High Rate of Deformation - Crash Tests
DIN EN ISO 6603-1 Plastics - Determination of puncture impact behaviour of rigid plastics - Part 1: Non-instrumented impact testing (2000-10)
DIN EN ISO 6603-2 Plastics - Determination of puncture impact behaviour of rigid plastics - Part 2: Instrumented puncture test (2002–04)
DIN EN ISO 180 Plastics - Determination of Izod impact strength (2013-08)
ASTM D3763 Standard Test Method for High Speed Puncture Properties of Plastics Using Load and Displacement Sensors (2010)
ASTM D5420 Standard Test Method for Impact Resistance of Flat, Rigid Plastic Specimen by Means of a Striker Impacted by a Falling Weight (Gardner Impact) (2010)
ASTM D5628 Standard Test Method for Impact Resistance of Flat, Rigid Plastic Specimens by Means of a Falling Dart (Tup or Falling Mass) (2010)
Normative References: Fibre-Reinforced Plastic Composites - High Rate of Deformation - Compression After Impact
ISO 18352 Carbon-fibre-reinforced plastics - Determination of compression-after-impact properties at a specified impact-energy level (2009-08)
DIN 65561 Aerospace; fibre reinforced plastics; testing of multidirectional laminates; determination of compressive strength after impact test (1991-05)
ASTM D7136 Standard Test Method for Measuring the Damage Resistance of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite to a Drop-Weight Impact Event (2012)
ASTM D7137 Standard Test Method for Compressive Residual Strength Properties of Damaged Polymer Matrix Composite Plates (2012)
Airbus AITM 1-0010 Determination of Compression Strength After Impact-Stress
Boeing BSS-7260 Boeing Company Specification BSS-7260
Normative References: Fibre-Reinforced Plastic Composites - High Rate of Deformation - Fatique Tests
DIN 50100 Testing of Materials; Continuous Vibration Test; Definitions, Symbols, Procedure, Evaluation (1978-02)
DIN 53442 Flexural fatique testing of plastics using flat specimens (1990-09)
ISO 13003 Fibre-reinforced plastics - Determination of fatigue properties under cyclic loading conditions (2003-12)
ASTM D3479 Standard Test Method for Tension-Tension Fatigue of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials (2012)
Normative References: Membranes
DIN EN ISO 527-3 Plastics - Determination of tensile properties - Part 3: Test conditions for films and sheets (2003-07)
DIN EN ISO 1421 Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics - Determination of tensile strength and elongation at break (1998-08)
DIN EN ISO 2411 Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics - Determination of coating adhesionBeschichtungen (2000-08)
DIN 53363 Testing of plastic films - Tear test using trapezoidal test specimen with incision (2003-10)
DIN 4102 Fire behaviour of building materials and building components - Part 1: Building materials; concepts, requirements and tests (1998-05)
Normative References: Textile Based Concrete
DIN EN 14649 Precast concrete products - Test method for strength retention of glass fibres in cement and concrete (SIC TEST) (2005-07)
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Pusch, T. (2016). Textile Testing Methods. In: Cherif, C. (eds) Textile Materials for Lightweight Constructions. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46341-3_14
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46341-3_14
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