Abstract
Neurosurgery in functionally important brain areas carries a high risk for postoperative neurological deficits. In patients with brain tumors, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) facilitates presurgical planning and evaluation of surgical outcome for the estimation of an as good as possible balance between maximal tumor resection and minimal loss of function. To this end fMRI is also applied intraoperatively for functional neuronavigation preferably in combination with DTI-tractography. However, fMRI has not reached the status of a standard diagnostic neuroimaging procedure, yet. Preoperative task-based fMRI represents the best established and validated clinical application of fMRI, is increasingly performed in larger medical neurocenters, and in this context can only be performed exclusively in individual patients. Therefore, it differs fundamentally from research application in neuroscience.
This chapter provides a review of the current literature and presents optimized task-based presurgical fMRI protocols for motor, somatosensory, and language function, along with a standardized data evaluation protocol using a dynamic statistical threshold. Examples of physiological brain activation are given, criteria for the selection of candidates for presurgical fMRI are provided, and illustrative cases with typical and atypical presurgical fMRI findings are presented. Complementary applications with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and DTI-tractography (DTT) are highlighted. Finally, important diagnostic capabilities and limitations of presurgical fMRI are discussed.
In conclusion, fMRI is feasible for advanced multimodal MR-neuroimaging in the clinical setting and provides important diagnostic information noninvasively, which is otherwise unavailable. Task-based preoperative fMRI is valid, reasonably sensitive, and accurate to localize the different representations of the human body in the primary motor and somatosensory cortex prior to brain tumor surgery, which in general also applies to language localization and lateralization. Although there is a substantial body of studies on presurgical language fMRI available, the results are still heterogeneous. Here, fMRI has at least the potential to help to reduce the number of invasive diagnostic measures needed and to guide their targeted application. If, and to what extent, intraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) or the Wada test can be replaced is still not clear, yet. The integration of fMRI with DTI and DTT is complementary and increasingly used, providing important pretherapeutic and intraoperative information on essential cortical and subcortical functional structures in relation to the surgical target.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Abdullah KG, Lubelski D et al (2013) Use of diffusion tensor imaging in glioma resection. Neurosurg Focus 34(4):E1
Achten E, Jackson GD et al (1999) Presurgical evaluation of the motor hand area with functional MR imaging in patients with tumors and dysplastic lesions. Radiology 210(2):529–538
Akbar M, Stippich C, Aschoff A (2005) Magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid shunt valves. N Engl J Med 353(13):1413–1414
Alkadhi H, Kollias SS et al (2000) Plasticity of the human motor cortex in patients with arteriovenous malformations: a functional MR imaging study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21(8):1423–1433
Archip N, Clatz O et al (2007) Non-rigid alignment of pre-operative MRI, fMRI, and DT-MRI with intra-operative MRI for enhanced visualization and navigation in image-guided neurosurgery. Neuroimage 35(2):609–624
Atlas SW, Howard RS 2nd et al (1996) Functional magnetic resonance imaging of regional brain activity in patients with intracerebral gliomas: findings and implications for clinical management. Neurosurgery 38(2):329–338
Avila C, Barros-Loscertales A et al (2006) Memory lateralization with 2 functional MR imaging tasks in patients with lesions in the temporal lobe. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27(3):498–503
Baciu M, Le Bas JF et al (2003) Presurgical fMRI evaluation of cerebral reorganization and motor deficit in patients with tumors and vascular malformations. Eur J Radiol 46(2):139–146
Bahn MM, Lin W et al (1997) Localization of language cortices by functional MR imaging compared with intracarotid amobarbital hemispheric sedation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 169(2):575–579
Bandettini PA, Wong EC et al (1992) Time course EPI of human brain function during task activation. Magn Reson Med 25(2):390–397
Barnett A, Marty-Dugas J, McAndrews MP (2014) Advantages of sentence-level fMRI language tasks in presurgical language mapping for temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 32:114–120
Baudendistel K, Schad LR et al (1996) Monitoring of task performance during functional magnetic resonance imaging of sensorimotor cortex at 1.5 T. Magn Reson Imaging 14(1):51–58
Bauer PR, Reitsma JB et al (2013) Can fMRI safely replace the Wada test for preoperative assessment of language lateralisation? A meta-analysis and systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 85(5):581–8
Baumann SB, Noll DC et al (1995) Comparison of functional magnetic resonance imaging with positron emission tomography and magnetoencephalography to identify the motor cortex in a patient with an arteriovenous malformation. J Image Guid Surg 1(4):191–197
Baxendale S (2002) The role of functional MRI in the presurgical investigation of temporal lobe epilepsy patients: a clinical perspective and review. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 24(5):664–676
Bazin B, Cohen L et al (2000) Study of hemispheric lateralization of language regions by functional MRI. Validation with the Wada test. Rev Neurol (Paris) 156(2):145–148
Belliveau JW, Kennedy DN Jr et al (1991) Functional mapping of the human visual cortex by magnetic resonance imaging. Science 254(5032):716–719
Bello L, Acerbi F et al (2006) Intraoperative language localization in multilingual patients with gliomas. Neurosurgery 59(1):115–125; discussion 115–125
Benbadis SR, Binder JR et al (1998) Is speech arrest during wada testing a valid method for determining hemispheric representation of language? Brain Lang 65(3):441–446
Benson RR, Logan WJ et al (1996) Functional MRI localization of language in a 9-year-old child. Can J Neurol Sci 23(3):213–219
Benson RR, FitzGerald DB et al (1999) Language dominance determined by whole brain functional MRI in patients with brain lesions. Neurology 52(4):798–809
Berger H (1929) Über das Elektroenzephalogramm des Menschen. Arch Psychiatr Nervenk 87:527–570
Berkels B, Cabrilo I et al (2014) Co-registration of intra-operative brain surface photographs and pre- operative MR images. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 9(3):387–400
Berntsen EM, Gulati S et al (2010) Functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor tractography incorporate into an intraoperative 3-dimensional ultrasound-based neuronavigation system: impact on therapeutic strategies, extent of resection, and clinical outcome. Neurosurgery 67(2):251–264
Bertani G, Carrabba G et al (2012) Predictive value of inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFO) DTI-fiber tracking for determining the extent of resection for surgery of frontal and temporal gliomas preoperatively. J Neurosurg Sci 56(2):137–143
Binder JR, Rao SM et al (1995) Lateralized human brain language systems demonstrated by task subtraction functional magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Neurol 52(6):593–601
Binder JR, Swanson SJ et al (1996) Determination of language dominance using functional MRI: a comparison with the Wada test. Neurology 46(4):978–984
Binder JR, Frost JA et al (1997) Human brain language areas identified by functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci 17(1):353–362
Binder JR, Frost JA et al (1999) Conceptual processing during the conscious resting state. A functional MRI study. J Cogn Neurosci 11(1):80–95
Binder JR, Frost JA et al (2000) Human temporal lobe activation by speech and nonspeech sounds. Cereb Cortex 10(5):512–528
Binder JR, Achten E et al (2002) Functional MRI in epilepsy. Epilepsia 43(Suppl 1):51–63
Bittar RG, Olivier A et al (1999a) Localization of somatosensory function by using positron emission tomography scanning: a comparison with intraoperative cortical stimulation. J Neurosurg 90(3):478–483
Bittar RG, Olivier A et al (1999b) Presurgical motor and somatosensory cortex mapping with functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography. J Neurosurg 91(6):915–921
Bittar RG, Olivier A et al (2000) Cortical motor and somatosensory representation: effect of cerebral lesions. J Neurosurg 92(2):242–248
Blatow M, Nennig E et al (2007) FMRI reflects functional connectivity of human somatosensory cortex. Neuroimage 37(3):927–936
Bogen JE (1976) Wernicke’s region – where is it? Ann N Y Acad Sci 290:834–843
Bogomolny DL, Petrovich NM et al (2004) Functional MRI in the brain tumor patient. Top Magn Reson Imaging 15(5):325–335
Bookheimer SY (2000) Methodological issues in pediatric neuroimaging. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 6(3):161–165
Bookheimer S (2002) Functional MRI of language: new approaches to understanding the cortical organization of semantic processing. Annu Rev Neurosci 25:151–188
Briganti C, Sestieri C et al (2012) Reorganization of functional connectivity of the language network in patients with brain gliomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 33(10):1983–1990
Buckner RL, Bandettini PA et al (1996) Detection of cortical activation during averaged single trials of a cognitive task using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93(25):14878–14883
Carpentier A, Pugh KR et al (2001a) Functional MRI of language processing: dependence on input modality and temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 42(10):1241–1254
Carpentier AC, Constable RT et al (2001b) Patterns of functional magnetic resonance imaging activation in association with structural lesions in the rolandic region: a classification system. J Neurosurg 94(6):946–954
Cedzich C, Taniguchi M et al (1996) Somatosensory evoked potential phase reversal and direct motor cortex stimulation during surgery in and around the central region. Neurosurgery 38(5):962–970
Choudhri AF, Narayana S et al (2013) Same day tri-modality functional brain mapping prior to resection of a lesion involving eloquent cortex: technical feasibility. Neuroradiol J 26(5):548–554
Cordella R, Acerbi F (2013) Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring of the cortico-spinal tract in image-guided mini-invasive neurosurgery. Clin Neurophysiol 124(6):1244–1254
Cosgrove GR, Buchbinder BR, Jiang H (1996) Functional magnetic resonance imaging for intracranial navigation. Neurosurg Clin N Am 7(2):313–322
Cox RW (1996) AFNI: software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages. Comput Biomed Res 29(3):162–173
Csaba J (2003) Positron emission tomography in presurgical localization of epileptic foci. Ideggyogy Sz 56(7–8):249–254
Cuenod CA, Bookheimer SY et al (1995) Functional MRI during word generation, using conventional equipment: a potential tool for language localization in the clinical environment. Neurology 45(10): 1821–1827
Cunningham JM, Morris GL III et al (2008) Unexpected right hemisphere language representation identified by the intracarotid procedure in right-handed epilepsy surgery candidates. Epilepsy Behav 13(1):139–143
Deblaere K, Backes WH et al (2002) Developing a comprehensive presurgical functional MRI protocol for patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy: a pilot study. Neuroradiology 44(8):667–673
DeMonte, F., Gilbert, et al (2007) Tumors of the brain and spine, MD Anderson Cancer Care Series. Springer, New York XII, 364 p
Desmond JE, Sum JM et al (1995) Functional MRI measurement of language lateralization in Wada-tested patients. Brain 118(Pt 6): 1411–1419
Dimous S, Battisti RA et al (2013) A systematic review of functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging modalities used in presurgical planning of brain tumour resection. Neurosurg Rev 36(2):205–214
Duffau H (2001) Acute functional reorganisation of the human motor cortex during resection of central lesions: a study using intraoperative brain mapping. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 70(4):506–513
Duffau H (2005) Lessons from brain mapping in surgery for low-grade glioma: insights into associations between tumour and brain plasticity. Lancet Neurol 4(8):476–486
Duffau H (2006) New concepts in surgery of WHO grade II gliomas: functional brain mapping, connectionism and plasticity – a review. J Neurooncol 79(1):77–115
Duffau H, Capelle L et al (1999) Intra-operative direct electrical stimulations of the central nervous system: the Salpetriere experience with 60 patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 141(11):1157–1167
Duffau H, Sichez JP, Lehericy S (2000) Intraoperative unmasking of brain redundant motor sites during resection of a precentral angioma: evidence using direct cortical stimulation. Ann Neurol 47(1):132–135
Duffau H, Bauchet L et al (2001) Functional compensation of the left dominant insula for language. Neuroreport 12(10):2159–2163
Duffau H, Capelle L et al (2002a) Intraoperative mapping of the subcortical language pathways using direct stimulations. An anatomo-functional study. Brain 125(Pt 1):199–214
Duffau H, Denvil D, Capelle L (2002b) Long term reshaping of language, sensory, and motor maps after glioma resection: a new parameter to integrate in the surgical strategy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 72(4):511–556
Duffau H, Capelle L et al (2003) Usefulness of intraoperative electrical subcortical mapping during surgery for low-grade gliomas located within eloquent brain regions: functional results in a consecutive series of 103 patients. J Neurosurg 98(4):764–778
Dym RJ, Burns J et al (2011) Is functional MR imaging assessment of hemispheric language dominance as good as the WADA test?: a meta-analysis. Radiology 261(2):446–455
Dymarkowski S, Sunaert S et al (1998) Functional MRI of the brain: localisation of eloquent cortex in focal brain lesion therapy. Eur Radiol 8(9):1573–1580
Fakhri M, All Oghablan M et al (2013) Atypical language lateralization: an fMRI study in patients with cerebral lesions. Funct Neurol 28(1):55–61
Fandino J, Kollias SS et al (1999) Intraoperative validation of functional magnetic resonance imaging and cortical reorganization patterns in patients with brain tumors involving the primary motor cortex. J Neurosurg 91(2):238–250
Feigl GC, Safavi-Abbasi S et al (2008) Real-time 3 T fMRI data of brain tumour patients for intra-operative localization of primary motor areas. Eur J Surg Oncol 34(6):708–715
Fernandez G, de Greiff A et al (2001) Language mapping in less than 15 minutes: real-time functional MRI during routine clinical investigation. Neuroimage 14(3):585–594
Fesl G, Moriggl B et al (2003) Inferior central sulcus: variations of anatomy and function on the example of the motor tongue area. Neuroimage 20(1):601–610
Findley AM, Ambrose JB et al (2012) Dynamics of hemispheric dominance for language assessed by magnetoencephalographic imaging. Ann Neurol 71(5):668–686
FitzGerald DB, Cosgrove GR et al (1997) Location of language in the cortex: a comparison between functional MR imaging and electrocortical stimulation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 18(8):1529–1539
Fox PT, Mintun MA et al (1986) Mapping human visual cortex with positron emission tomography. Nature 323(6091):806–809
Frahm J, Merboldt KD et al (1994) Brain or vein – oxygenation or flow? On signal physiology in functional MRI of human brain activation. NMR Biomed 7(1–2):45–53
Friston K (1996) Statistical parametric mapping and other analyses of functional imaging data. In: Mazziotta J, Toga AW (eds) Brain mapping: the methods. Academic, New York, pp 363–386
Frost JA, Binder JR et al (1999) Language processing is strongly left lateralized in both sexes. Evidence from functional MRI. Brain 122(Pt 2):199–208
Gabrieli JD, Poldrack RA, Desmond JE (1998) The role of left prefrontal cortex in language and memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95(3):906–913
Gaillard WD, Bookheimer SY, Cohen M (2000a) The use of fMRI in neocortical epilepsy. Adv Neurol 84:391–404
Gaillard WD, Hertz-Pannier L et al (2000b) Functional anatomy of cognitive development: fMRI of verbal fluency in children and adults. Neurology 54(1):180–185
Gaillard WD, Grandin GB, Xu B (2001a) Developmental aspects of pediatric fMRI: considerations for image acquisition, analysis, and interpretation. Neuroimage 13(2):239–249
Gaillard WD, Pugliese M et al (2001b) Cortical localization of reading in normal children: an fMRI language study. Neurology 57(1):47–54
Gaillard WD, Balsamo L et al (2002) Language dominance in partial epilepsy patients identified with an fMRI reading task. Neurology 59(2):256–265
García-Eulate R, García-García D et al (2011) Functional bold MRI: advantages of the 3 T vs. the 1.5 T. Clin Imaging 35(3):236–241
Gasser T, Ganslandt O et al (2005) Intraoperative functional MRI: implementation and preliminary experience. Neuroimage 26(3): 685–693
Georgi JC, Stippich C et al (2004) Active deep brain stimulation during MRI: a feasibility study. Magn Reson Med 51(2):380–388
Geschwind N (1971) Current concepts: aphasia. N Engl J Med 284(12):654–656
Gevins A (1995) High-resolution electroencephalographic studies of cognition. Adv Neurol 66:181–195; discussion 195–198
Gevins A, Leong H et al (1995) Mapping cognitive brain function with modern high-resolution electroencephalography. Trends Neurosci 18(10):429–436
Gil-Robles S, Duffau H (2010) Surgical management of World Health Organization Grade II gliomas in eloquent areas: the necessity of preserving a margin around functional structures. Neurosurg Focus 28(2):E8
Golaszewski SM, Zschiegner F et al (2002) A new pneumatic vibrator for functional magnetic resonance imaging of the human sensorimotor cortex. Neurosci Lett 324(2):125–128
Golaszewski SM, Siedentopf CM et al (2004) Modulatory effects on human sensorimotor cortex by whole-hand afferent electrical stimulation. Neurology 62(12):2262–2269
Golaszewski SM, Siedentopf CM et al (2006) Human brain structures related to plantar vibrotactile stimulation: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroimage 29(3):923–929
Gold S, Christian B et al (1998) Functional MRI statistical software packages: a comparative analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 6(2):73–84
González-Darder JM, González-López P (2010) Multimodal navigation in the functional microsurgical resection of intrinsic brain tumors located in eloquent motor areas: role of tractography. Neurosurg Focus 28(2):E5
Grabowski TJ (2000) Investigating language with functional neuroimaging. In: Mazziotta J, Toga AW (eds) Brain mapping: the systems. Academic, San Diego, pp 425–461
Grummich P, Nimsky C et al (2006) Combining fMRI and MEG increases the reliability of presurgical language localization: a clinical study on the difference between and congruence of both modalities. Neuroimage 32(4):1793–1803
Håberg A, Kvistad KA et al (2004) Preoperative blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging in patients with primary brain tumors: clinical application and outcome. Neurosurgery 54(4):902–914; discussion 914–915
Hajnal JV, Myers R et al (1994) Artifacts due to stimulus correlated motion in functional imaging of the brain. Magn Reson Med 31(3):283–291
Hall WA, Liu H, Truwit CL (2005) Functional magnetic resonance imaging-guided resection of low-grade gliomas. Surg Neurol 64(1):20–27; discussion 27
Hämäläinen M, Ilmoniemi RJ, Knuutila J, Lounasmaa OV (1993) Magnetoencephalography -theory, instrumentation and applications to noninvasive studies of the working human brain. Rev Mod Phys 65:413–487
Hammeke TA, Yetkin FZ et al (1994) Functional magnetic resonance imaging of somatosensory stimulation. Neurosurgery 35(4): 677–681
Hammeke TA, Bellgowan PS, Binder JR (2000) fMRI: methodology – cognitive function mapping. Adv Neurol 83:221–233
Hari R, Ilmoniemi RJ (1986) Cerebral magnetic fields. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 14(2):93–126
Hasegawa M, Carpenter PA, Just MA (2002) An fMRI study of bilingual sentence comprehension and workload. Neuroimage 15(3):647–660
Hayashi Y, Kinoshita M et al (2012) Correlation between language function and the left arcuate fasciculus detected by diffusion tensor imaging tractography. J Neurosurg 117(5):839–843
Herholz K, Reulen HJ et al (1997) Preoperative activation and intraoperative stimulation of language-related areas in patients with glioma. Neurosurgery 41(6):1253–1260; discussion 1260–1262
Hermann BP, Perrine K et al (1999) Visual confrontation naming following left anterior temporal lobectomy: a comparison of surgical approaches. Neuropsychology 13(1):3–9
Hernandez AE, Dapretto M et al (2001) Language switching and language representation in Spanish-English bilinguals: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 14(2):510–520
Hertz-Pannier L, Gaillard WD et al (1997) Noninvasive assessment of language dominance in children and adolescents with functional MRI: a preliminary study. Neurology 48(4):1003–1012
Hertz-Pannier L, Chiron C et al (2002) Late plasticity for language in a child’s non-dominant hemisphere: a pre- and post-surgery fMRI study. Brain 125(Pt 2):361–372
Hinke RM, Hu X et al (1993) Functional magnetic resonance imaging of Broca’s area during internal speech. Neuroreport 4(6):675–678
Hirsch J, Ruge MI et al (2000) An integrated functional magnetic resonance imaging procedure for preoperative mapping of cortical areas associated with tactile, motor, language, and visual functions. Neurosurgery 47(3):711–721; discussion 721–722
Hoeller M, Krings T et al (2002) Movement artefacts and MR BOLD signal increase during different paradigms for mapping the sensorimotor cortex. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 144(3):279–284; discussion 284
Holman BL, Devous MD Sr (1992) Functional brain SPECT: the emergence of a powerful clinical method. J Nucl Med 33(10):1888–1904
Holodny AI, Shevzov-Zebrun N (2011) Motor and sensory mapping. Neurosurg Clin North Am 22(2):207–218
Holodny AI, Schulder M et al (1999) Decreased BOLD functional MR activation of the motor and sensory cortices adjacent to a glioblastoma multiforme: implications for image-guided neurosurgery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 20(4):609–612
Holodny AI, Schulder M et al (2000) The effect of brain tumors on BOLD functional MR imaging activation in the adjacent motor cortex: implications for image-guided neurosurgery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21(8):1415–1422
Holodny AI, Schwartz TH et al (2001) Tumor involvement of the corticospinal tract: diffusion magnetic resonance tractography with intraoperative correlation. J Neurosurg 95(6):1082
Holodny AI, Schulder M et al (2002) Translocation of Broca’s area to the contralateral hemisphere as the result of the growth of a left inferior frontal glioma. J Comput Assist Tomogr 26(6):941–943
Hou BL, Bradbury M et al (2006) Effect of brain tumor neovasculature defined by rCBV on BOLD fMRI activation volume in the primary motor cortex. Neuroimage 32(2):489–497
Hsu CC, Wu MT, Lee C (2001) Robust image registration for functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Med Biol Eng Comput 39(5):517–524
Hulvershorn J, Bloy L et al (2005a) Spatial sensitivity and temporal response of spin echo and gradient echo bold contrast at 3 T using peak hemodynamic activation time. Neuroimage 24(1):216–223
Hulvershorn J, Bloy L et al (2005b) Temporal resolving power of spin echo and gradient echo fMRI at 3 T with apparent diffusion coefficient compartmentalization. Hum Brain Mapp 25(2):247–258
Illes J, Francis WS et al (1999) Convergent cortical representation of semantic processing in bilinguals. Brain Lang 70(3):347–363
Jack CR Jr, Thompson PM et al (1994) Sensory motor cortex: correlation of presurgical mapping with functional MR imaging and invasive cortical mapping. Radiology 190(1):85–92
Jacobs AH, Kracht LW et al (2005) Imaging in neurooncology. NeuroRx 2(2):333–347
Janecek JK, Swanson SJ et al (2013) Language lateralization by fMRI and WADA testing in 229 patients with epilepsy: rates and predictors of discordance. Epilepsia 54(2):314–322
Jia XX, Yu Y et al (2013) FMRI-driven DTT-assessment of corticospinal tracts prior to cortex resection. Can J Neurol Sci 40(4):558–563
Jiang Z, Krainik A (2010) Impaired fMRI activation in patients with primary brain tumors. Neuroimage 52(2):538–548
Jovčevska I, Kočevar N, Komel R (2013) Glioma and glioblastoma – how much do we (not) know? Mol Clin Oncol 1(6):935–941
Just MA, Carpenter PA et al (1996) Brain activation modulated by sentence comprehension. Science 274(5284):114–116
Kampe KK, Jones RA, Auer DP (2000) Frequency dependence of the functional MRI response after electrical median nerve stimulation. Hum Brain Mapp 9(2):106–114
Kasprian G, Seidel S (2010) Modern neuroimaging of brain plasticity. Radiologe 50(2):136–143
Kaye AH, Laws ER (2011) Brain tumors: an encyclopedic approach, expert consult – online and print, 3rd edn. Saunders, St. Louis
Killgore WD, Glosser G et al (1999) Functional MRI and the Wada test provide complementary information for predicting post-operative seizure control. Seizure 8(8):450–455
Kim KH, Relkin NR et al (1997) Distinct cortical areas associated with native and second languages. Nature 388(6638):171–174
Kim MJ, Holodny AI et al (2005) The effect of prior surgery on blood oxygen level-dependent functional MR imaging in the preoperative assessment of brain tumors. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26(8):1980–1985
Klein D, Milner B et al (1995) The neural substrates underlying word generation: a bilingual functional-imaging study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92(7):2899–2903
Kober H, Nimsky C et al (2001) Correlation of sensorimotor activation with functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetoencephalography in presurgical functional imaging: a spatial analysis. Neuroimage 14(5):1214–1228
Kokkonen SM, Kiviniemi V et al (2005) Effect of brain surgery on auditory and motor cortex activation: a preliminary functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neurosurgery 57(2):249–256; discussion 249–256
Konrad F, Nennig E et al (2005) Does the individual adaptation of standardized speech paradigmas for clinical functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) effect the localization of the language-dominant hemisphere and of Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas. Rofo 177(3):381–385
Krainik A, Lehericy S et al (2001) Role of the supplementary motor area in motor deficit following medial frontal lobe surgery. Neurology 57(5):871–878
Krainik A, Lehericy S et al (2003) Postoperative speech disorder after medial frontal surgery: role of the supplementary motor area. Neurology 60(4):587–594
Krainik A, Duffau H et al (2004) Role of the healthy hemisphere in recovery after resection of the supplementary motor area. Neurology 62(8):1323–1332
Krasnow B, Tamm L et al (2003) Comparison of fMRI activation at 3 T and 1.5 T during perceptual, cognitive, and effective processing. Neuroimage 18(4):813–826
Krings T, Buchbinder BR et al (1997) Functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation: complementary approaches in the evaluation of cortical motor function. Neurology 48(5):1406–1416
Krings T, Reul J et al (1998) Functional magnetic resonance mapping of sensory motor cortex for image-guided neurosurgical intervention. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 140(3):215–222
Krings T, Erberich SG et al (1999) MR blood oxygenation level-dependent signal differences in parenchymal and large draining vessels: implications for functional MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 20(10):1907–1914
Krings T, Reinges MH et al (2001) Functional MRI for presurgical planning: problems, artefacts, and solution strategies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 70(6):749–760
Krings T, Reinges MH et al (2002a) Factors related to the magnitude of T2* MR signal changes during functional imaging. Neuroradiology 44(6):459–466
Krings T, Topper R et al (2002b) Activation in primary and secondary motor areas in patients with CNS neoplasms and weakness. Neurology 58(3):381–390
Krishnan R, Raabe A et al (2004) Functional magnetic resonance imaging-integrated neuronavigation: correlation between lesion-to-motor cortex distance and outcome. Neurosurgery 55(4):904–914; discusssion 914–915
Kuhnt D, Bauer MH, Nimsky C (2012) Brain shift compensation and neurosurgical image fusion using intraoperative MRI: current status and future challenges. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 40(3):175–185
Kumar A, Chandra PS et al (2014) The role of neuronavigation-guided functional MRI and diffusion tensor tractography along with cortical stimulation in patients with eloquent cortex lesions. Br J Neurosurg 28(2):226–233
Kundu B, Penwarden A et al (2013) Association of functional magnetic resonance imaging indices with postoperative language outcomes in patients with primary brain tumors. Neurosurg Focus 34(4):E6
Kurth R, Villringer K et al (1998) fMRI assessment of somatotopy in human Brodmann area 3b by electrical finger stimulation. Neuroreport 9(2):207–212
Kwong KK, Belliveau JW et al (1992) Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89(12):5675–5679
la Fougère C, Rominger A et al (2009) PET and SPECT in epilepsy: a critical review. Epilepsy Behav 15(1):50–55
Landis SH, Murray T et al (1999) Cancer statistics, 1999. CA Cancer J Clin 49(1):8–31, 1
Latchaw RE, Ugurbil K, Hu X (1995) Functional MR imaging of perceptual and cognitive functions. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 5(2):193–205
Lazar RM, Marshall RS et al (1997) Anterior translocation of language in patients with left cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Neurology 49(3):802–808
Lee CC, Jack CR Jr et al (1996) Real-time adaptive motion correction in functional MRI. Magn Reson Med 36(3):436–444
Lee CC, Grimm RC et al (1998a) A prospective approach to correct for inter-image head rotation in fMRI. Magn Reson Med 39(2):234–243
Lee CC, Jack CR Jr, Riederer SJ (1998b) Mapping of the central sulcus with functional MR: active versus passive activation tasks. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 19(5):847–852
Lee CC, Jack CR Jr et al (1998c) Real-time reconstruction and high-speed processing in functional MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 19(7):1297–1300
Lee CC, Ward HA et al (1999) Assessment of functional MR imaging in neurosurgical planning. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 20(8): 1511–1519
Lee MH, Smyser CD, Shimony JS (2012) Resting-state fMRI: a review of methods and clinical applications. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 34(10):1866–72
Lehericy S, Cohen L et al (2000a) Functional MR evaluation of temporal and frontal language dominance compared with the Wada test. Neurology 54(8):1625–1633
Lehericy S, Duffau H et al (2000b) Correspondence between functional magnetic resonance imaging somatotopy and individual brain anatomy of the central region: comparison with intraoperative stimulation in patients with brain tumors. J Neurosurg 92(4):589–598
Lehericy S, Biondi A et al (2002) Arteriovenous brain malformations: is functional MR imaging reliable for studying language reorganization in patients? Initial observations. Radiology 223(3):672–682
Lichtheim L (1885) On aphasia. Brain 7:433–484
Liu G, Ogawa S (2006) EPI image reconstruction with correction of distortion and signal losses. J Magn Reson Imaging 24(3):683–689
Liu H, Hall WA, Truwit CL (2003) The roles of functional MRI in MR-guided neurosurgery in a combined 1.5 Tesla MR-operating room. Acta Neurochir Suppl 85:127–135
Liu WC, Feldman SC et al (2005) The effect of tumour type and distance on activation in the motor cortex. Neuroradiology 47(11):813–819
Liu H, Buckner RL et al (2009) Task-free presurgical mapping using functional magnetic resonance imaging intrinsic activity. J Neurosurg 111(4):746–754
Logan WJ (1999) Functional magnetic resonance imaging in children. Semin Pediatr Neurol 6(2):78–86
Logothetis NK (2002) The neural basis of the blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging signal. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 357(1424):1003–1037
Logothetis NK (2003) The underpinnings of the BOLD functional magnetic resonance imaging signal. J Neurosci 23(10):3963–3971
Logothetis NK, Pfeuffer J (2004) On the nature of the BOLD fMRI contrast mechanism. Magn Reson Imaging 22(10):1517–1531
Logothetis NK, Wandell BA (2004) Interpreting the BOLD signal. Annu Rev Physiol 66:735–769
Logothetis NK, Pauls J et al (2001) Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal. Nature 412(6843):150–157
Louis DN, Ohgaki H et al (2007) The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol 114(2):97–109
Ludemann L, Forschler A et al (2006) BOLD signal in the motor cortex shows a correlation with the blood volume of brain tumors. J Magn Reson Imaging 23(4):435–443
Lurito JT, Lowe MJ et al (2000) Comparison of fMRI and intraoperative direct cortical stimulation in localization of receptive language areas. J Comput Assist Tomogr 24(1):99–105
Majos A, Tybor K et al (2005) Cortical mapping by functional magnetic resonance imaging in patients with brain tumors. Eur Radiol 15(6):1148–1158
Manglore S, Dawn Bharath RD et al (2013) Utility of resting fMRI and connectivity in patients with brain tumor. Neurol India 61(2):144–151
Mazziotta JC, Phelps ME et al (1982) Tomographic mapping of human cerebral metabolism: auditory stimulation. Neurology 32(9):921–937
McKinney PA (2004) Brain tumours: incidence, survival, and aetiology. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75(Suppl II):ii12–ii17
Menon RS, Ogawa S et al (1995) BOLD based functional MRI at 4 Tesla includes a capillary bed contribution: echoplanar imaging correlates with previous optical imaging using intrinsic signals. Magn Reson Med 33(3):453–459
Mitchell TJ, Hacker CD et al (2013) A novel data-driven approach to preoperative mapping of functional cortex using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosurgery 73(6):969–982
Moller M, Freund M et al (2005) Real time fMRI: a tool for the routine presurgical localisation of the motor cortex. Eur Radiol 15(2):292–295
Morita N, Wang S et al (2011) Diffusion tensor imaging of the corticospinal tract in patients with brain neoplasms. Magn Reson Med Sci 10(4):239–243
Morris GL 3rd, Mueller WM et al (1994) Functional magnetic resonance imaging in partial epilepsy. Epilepsia 35(6):1194–1198
Mueller WM, Yetkin FZ et al (1996) Functional magnetic resonance imaging mapping of the motor cortex in patients with cerebral tumors. Neurosurgery 39(3):515–520; discussion 520–521
Müller RA, Rothermel RD et al (1998) Determination of language dominance by [15O]-water PET in children and adolescents: a comparison with the Wada test. J Epilepsy 11(3):152–161
Naidich TP, Hof PR et al (2001) Anatomic substrates of language: emphasizing speech. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 11(2):305–341, ix
Nimsky C, Ganslandt O et al (2006) Intraoperative visualization for resection of gliomas: the role of functional neuronavigation and intraoperative 1.5 T MRI. Neurol Res 28(5):482–487
Nitschke MF, Melchert UH et al (1998) Preoperative functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the motor system in patients with tumours in the parietal lobe. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 140(12):1223–1229
Ogawa S, Lee TM et al (1990a) Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87(24):9868–9872
Ogawa S, Lee TM et al (1990b) Oxygenation-sensitive contrast in magnetic resonance image of rodent brain at high magnetic fields. Magn Reson Med 14(1):68–78
Ogawa S, Tank DW et al (1992) Intrinsic signal changes accompanying sensory stimulation: functional brain mapping with magnetic resonance imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89(13):5951–5955
Ogawa S, Menon RS et al (1993) Functional brain mapping by blood oxygenation level-dependent contrast magnetic resonance imaging. A comparison of signal characteristics with a biophysical model. Biophys J 64(3):803–812
Ohgaki H (2009) Epidemiology of brain tumors. In: Methods of molecular biology, cancer biology, vol 472. Humana Press, Totowa, pp 323–341
Ojemann GA (1991) Cortical organization of language. J Neurosci 11(8):2281–2287
Ojemann G, Ojemann J et al (1989) Cortical language localization in left, dominant hemisphere. An electrical stimulation mapping investigation in 117 patients. J Neurosurg 71(3):316–326
Ojemann GA, Ojemann J, Ramsey NF (2013) Relation between functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and single neuron, local field potential (LFP) and electrocorticography (ECoG) in human cortex. Front Hum Neurosci 7:34
Osborn AG (2012) Osborn’s brain: imaging, pathology, and anatomy, 1st edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Osborn AG, Salzman KL, Barkovich AJ (2010) Diagnostic imaging – brain, 2nd edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia
Ostrom QT, Barnholtz-Sloan JS (2011) Current state of our knowledge on brain tumor epidemiology. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 11(3):329–335
Ozdoba C, Nirkko AC et al (2002) Whole-brain functional magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral arteriovenous malformations involving the motor pathways. Neuroradiology 44(1):1–10
Palmer ED, Rosen HJ et al (2001) An event-related fMRI study of overt and covert word stem completion. Neuroimage 14(1 Pt 1):182–193
Parkin DM, Muir CS (1992) Cancer incidence in five continents. Comparability and quality of data. IARC Sci Publ 120:45–173
Parmar H, Sitoh YY, Yeo TT (2004) Combined magnetic resonance tractography and functional magnetic resonance imaging in evaluation of brain tumors involving the motor system. J Comput Assist Tomogr 28(4):551–556
Partovi S, Jacobi B, Rapps N, Zipp L, Karimi S, Rengier F, Lyo JK, Stippich C (2012a) Clinical standardized fMRI reveals altered language lateralization in patients with brain tumor. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 33(11):2151–2157
Partovi S, Konrad F, Karimi S, Rengier F, Lyo JK, Zipp L, Nennig E, Stippich C (2012b) Effects of covert and overt paradigms in clinical language fMRI. Acad Radiol 19(5):518–525
Peck KK, Holodny AI (2007) fMRI clinical applications. In: Reiser MF, Semmler W, Hricak H (eds) Magnetic resonance tomography. Springer, Berlin, pp 1308–1331
Penfield W (1937) Somatic motor and sensory representation in the cerebral cortex of man as studied by electrical stimulation. Brain 60:389–443
Penfield W (1950) The cerebral cortex of man. MacMillan, New York, 57 ff
Pesaresi I, Cosottini M et al (2011) Reproducibility of BOLD localization of interictal activity in patients with focal epilepsy: intrasession and intersession comparisons. MAGMA 24(5):285–296
Petersen SE, Fox PT et al (1988) Positron emission tomographic studies of the cortical anatomy of single-word processing. Nature 331(6157):585–589
Petrovich NM, Holodny AI et al (2004) Isolated translocation of Wernicke’s area to the right hemisphere in a 62-year-man with a temporo-parietal glioma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25(1):130–133
Pouratian N, Bookheimer SY et al (2002) Utility of preoperative functional magnetic resonance imaging for identifying language cortices in patients with vascular malformations. J Neurosurg 97(1):21–32
Price CJ (2000) The anatomy of language: contributions from functional neuroimaging. J Anat 197(Pt 3):335–359
Price CJ, Wise RJ et al (1996) Hearing and saying. The functional neuro-anatomy of auditory word processing. Brain 119(Pt 3):919–931
Priest AN, De Vita E et al (2006) EPI distortion correction from a simultaneously acquired distortion map using TRAIL. J Magn Reson Imaging 23(4):597–603
Puce A, Constable RT et al (1995) Functional magnetic resonance imaging of sensory and motor cortex: comparison with electrophysiological localization. J Neurosurg 83(2):262–270
Pujol J, Conesa G et al (1996) Presurgical identification of the primary sensorimotor cortex by functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosurg 84(1):7–13
Pujol J, Conesa G et al (1998) Clinical application of functional magnetic resonance imaging in presurgical identification of the central sulcus. J Neurosurg 88(5):863–869
Raichle ME (1983) Positron emission tomography. Annu Rev Neurosci 6:249–267
Raichle ME, Fiez JA et al (1994) Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning. Cereb Cortex 4(1):8–26
Ramsey NF, Sommer IE et al (2001) Combined analysis of language tasks in fMRI improves assessment of hemispheric dominance for language functions in individual subjects. Neuroimage 13(4):719–733
Rasmussen IA, Lindseth F et al (2007) Functional neuronavigation combined with intra-operative 3D ultrasound: initial experiences during surgical resections close to eloquent brain areas and future direction in automatic brain shift compensation of preoperative data. Acta Neurochir 149(4):365–378
Rausch R, Silfvenious H et al (1993) Intra-arterial amobarbital procedures. In: Engel JJ (ed) Surgical treatment of the epilepsies. Raven Press, New York, pp 341–357
Reinges MH, Krings T et al (2004) Preoperative mapping of cortical motor function: prospective comparison of functional magnetic resonance imaging and [15O]-H2O-positron emission tomography in the same co-ordinate system. Nucl Med Commun 25(10):987–997
Reinges MH, Krings T et al (2005) Prospective demonstration of short-term motor plasticity following acquired central pareses. Neuroimage 24(4):1248–1255
Roberts TP (2003) Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) processing and analysis. ASNR Electronic Learning Center Syllabus: 1–23
Roessler K, Donat M et al (2005) Evaluation of preoperative high magnetic field motor functional MRI (3 Tesla) in glioma patients by navigated electrocortical stimulation and postoperative outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76(8):1152–1157
Rösler J, Niraula B et al (2014) Language mapping in healthy volunteers and brain tumor patients with a novel navigated TMS system: evidence of tumor-induced plasticity. Clin Neurophysiol 125(3):526–536
Roux FE, Tremoulet M (2002) Organization of language areas in bilingual patients: a cortical stimulation study. J Neurosurg 97(4):857–864
Roux FE, Ranjeva JP et al (1997) Motor functional MRI for presurgical evaluation of cerebral tumors. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 68(1–4 Pt 1):106–111
Roux FE, Boulanouar K et al (1999a) Cortical intraoperative stimulation in brain tumors as a tool to evaluate spatial data from motor functional MRI. Invest Radiol 34(3):225–229
Roux FE, Boulanouar K et al (1999b) Usefulness of motor functional MRI correlated to cortical mapping in Rolandic low-grade astrocytomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 141(1):71–79
Roux FE, Boulanouar K et al (2000) Functional MRI and intraoperative brain mapping to evaluate brain plasticity in patients with brain tumours and hemiparesis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69(4):453–463
Roux FE, Ibarrola D et al (2001) Methodological and technical issues for integrating functional magnetic resonance imaging data in a neuronavigational system. Neurosurgery 49(5):1145–1156; discussion 1156–1157
Roux FE, Boulanouar K et al (2003) Language functional magnetic resonance imaging in preoperative assessment of language areas: correlation with direct cortical stimulation. Neurosurgery 52(6):1335–1345; discussion 1345–1347
Rueckert L, Appollonio I et al (1994) Magnetic resonance imaging functional activation of left frontal cortex during covert word production. J Neuroimaging 4(2):67–70
Ruge MI, Victor J et al (1999) Concordance between functional magnetic resonance imaging and intraoperative language mapping. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 72(2–4):95–102
Rutten GJ, van Rijen PC et al (1999) Language area localization with three-dimensional functional magnetic resonance imaging matches intrasulcal electrostimulation in Broca’s area. Ann Neurol 46(3): 405–408
Rutten GJ, Ramsey NF et al (2002a) FMRI-determined language lateralization in patients with unilateral or mixed language dominance according to the Wada test. Neuroimage 17(1):447–460
Rutten GJ, Ramsey NF et al (2002b) Interhemispheric reorganization of motor hand function to the primary motor cortex predicted with functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Child Neurol 17(4):292–297
Rutten GJ, Ramsey NF et al (2002c) Development of a functional magnetic resonance imaging protocol for intraoperative localization of critical temporoparietal language areas. Ann Neurol 51(3):350–360
Rutten GJ, Ramsey NF et al (2002d) Reproducibility of fMRI-determined language lateralization in individual subjects. Brain Lang 80(3):421–437
Sakai KL, Hashimoto R, Homae F (2001) Sentence processing in the cerebral cortex. Neurosci Res 39(1):1–10
Schiffbauer H, Berger MS et al (2003) Preoperative magnetic source imaging for brain tumor surgery: a quantitative comparison with intraoperative sensory and motor mapping. Neurosurg Focus 15(1):E7
Schlaggar BL, Brown TT et al (2002) Functional neuroanatomical differences between adults and school-age children in the processing of single words. Science 296(5572):1476–1479
Schlosser MJ, McCarthy G et al (1997) Cerebral vascular malformations adjacent to sensorimotor and visual cortex. Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies before and after therapeutic intervention. Stroke 28(6):1130–1137
Schlosser MJ, Luby M et al (1999) Comparative localization of auditory comprehension by using functional magnetic resonance imaging and cortical stimulation. J Neurosurg 91(4):626–635
Schreiber A, Hubbe U et al (2000) The influence of gliomas and nonglial space-occupying lesions on blood-oxygen-level-dependent contrast enhancement. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21(6):1055–1063
Schulder M, Maldjian JA et al (1998) Functional image-guided surgery of intracranial tumors located in or near the sensorimotor cortex. J Neurosurg 89(3):412–418
Schwindack C, Siminotto E et al (2005) Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rt-fMRI) in patients with brain tumours: preliminary findings using motor and language paradigms. Br J Neurosurg 19(1):25–32
Shahar T, Rozovski U et al (2014) Preoperative imaging to predict intraoperative changes in tumor-to-corticospinal tract distance: an analysis of 45 cases using high-field intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosurgery 75(1):23–30
Sharan A, Cher Ooi Y et al (2011) Intracarotid amobarbital procedure for epilepsy surgery. Epilepsy Behav 20(2):209–213
Shaywitz BA, Shaywitz SE et al (1995) Sex differences in the functional organization of the brain for language. Nature 373(6515): 607–609
Shimoni JS, Zhang D et al (2009) Resting state fluctuations in brain activity: a new paradigm for presurgical planning using fMRI. Acad Radiol 16(5):578–583
Shinoura N, Yamada R et al (2005) Preoperative fMRI, tractography and continuous task during awake surgery for maintenance of motor function following surgical resection of metastatic tumor spread to the primary motor area. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 48(2):85–90
Simkins-Bullock J (2000) Beyond speech lateralization: a review of the variability, reliability, and validity of the intracarotid amobarbital procedure and its nonlanguage uses in epilepsy surgery candidates. Neuropsychol Rev 10(1):41–74
Smits M, Vernooij MW et al (2007) Incorporating functional MR imaging into diffusion tensor tractography in the preoperative assessment of the corticospinal tract in patients with brain tumors. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 28(7):1354–1361
Spreer J, Quiske A et al (2001) Unsuspected atypical hemispheric dominance for language as determined by fMRI. Epilepsia 42(7):957–959
Springer JA, Binder JR et al (1999) Language dominance in neurologically normal and epilepsy subjects: a functional MRI study. Brain 122(Pt 11):2033–2046
Spritzer SD, Hoerth MT et al (2012) Determination of hemispheric language dominance in the surgical epilepsy patient. Neurologist 18(5):329–331
Stapleton SR, Kiriakopoulos E et al (1997) Combined utility of functional MRI, cortical mapping, and frameless stereotaxy in the resection of lesions in eloquent areas of brain in children. Pediatr Neurosurg 26(2):68–82
Stefanowicz J, Iżycka-Świeszewska E et al (2011) Brain metastases in paediatric patients: characteristics of a patient series and review of the literature. Folia Neuropathol 49(4):271–281
Steger TR, Jackson EF (2004) Real-time motion detection of functional MRI data. J Appl Clin Med Phys 5(2):64–70
Stippich C (2005) Clinical functional magnetic resonance imaging: basic principles and clinical applications. Radiol Up2date 5:317–336
Stippich C (2010) Presurgical functional magnetic resonance imaging. Radiologe 50(2):110–122
Stippich C, Hofmann R et al (1999) Somatotopic mapping of the human primary somatosensory cortex by fully automated tactile stimulation using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosci Lett 277(1):25–28
Stippich C, Kapfer D et al (2000) Robust localization of the contralateral precentral gyrus in hemiparetic patients using the unimpaired ipsilateral hand: a clinical functional magnetic resonance imaging protocol. Neurosci Lett 285(2):155–159
Stippich C, Heiland S et al (2002a) Functional magnetic resonance imaging: physiological background, technical aspects and prerequisites for clinical use. Rofo 174(1):43–49
Stippich C, Ochmann H, Sartor K (2002b) Somatotopic mapping of the human primary sensorimotor cortex during motor imagery and motor execution by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosci Lett 331(1):50–54
Stippich C, Kress B et al (2003a) Preoperative functional magnetic resonance tomography (FMRI) in patients with rolandic brain tumors: indication, investigation strategy, possibilities and limitations of clinical application. Rofo 175(8):1042–1050
Stippich C, Mohammed J et al (2003b) Robust localization and lateralization of human language function: an optimized clinical functional magnetic resonance imaging protocol. Neurosci Lett 346(1–2):109–113
Stippich C, Romanowski A et al (2004) Fully automated localization of the human primary somatosensory cortex in one minute by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosci Lett 364(2):90–93
Stippich C, Romanowski A et al (2005) Time-efficient localization of the human secondary somatosensory cortex by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosci Lett 381(3):264–268
Stippich C, Blatow M et al (2007a) Global activation of primary motor cortex during voluntary movements in man. Neuroimage 34:1227–1237
Stippich C, Rapps N et al (2007b) Feasibility of routine preoperative functional magnetic resonance imaging for localizing and lateralizing language in 81 consecutive patients with brain tumors. Radiology 243:828–836
Szaflarski JP, Binder JR et al (2002) Language lateralization in left-handed and ambidextrous people: fMRI data. Neurology 59(2):238–244
Tarapore PE, Matthew CT (2012) Preoperative multimodal motor mapping: a comparison of magnetoencephalography imaging, navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation, and direct cortical stimulation. J Neurosurg 117(2):354–362
Ternovoi SK, Sinitsyn VE et al (2004) Localization of the motor and speech zones of the cerebral cortex by functional magnetic resonance tomography. Neurosci Behav Physiol 34(5):431–437
Thulborn K (2006) Clinical functional magnetic resonance imaging. In: Haacke EM (ed) Current protocols in magnetic resonance imaging. Wiley, New York, Last Update: 20 Aug 2013. ISBN 978-0-471-35345-4
Thulborn KR, Shen GX (1999) An integrated head immobilization system and high-performance RF coil for fMRI of visual paradigms at 1.5 T. J Magn Reson 139(1):26–34
Towle VL, Khorasani L et al (2003) Noninvasive identification of human central sulcus: a comparison of gyral morphology, functional MRI, dipole localization, and direct cortical mapping. Neuroimage 19(3):684–697
Tozakidou M, Wenz H et al (2013) Primary motor cortex activation and lateralization in patients with tumors of the central region. NeuroImage Clin 2:221–228
Tuntiyatorn L, Wuttiplakorn L, Laohawiriyakamol K (2011) Plasticity of the motor cortex in patients with brain tumors and arteriovenous malformations: a functional MR study. J Med Assoc Thai 94(9):1134–1140
Ulmer JL, Krouwer HG et al (2003) Pseudo-reorganization of language cortical function at fMR imaging: a consequence of tumor-induced neurovascular uncoupling. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 24(2): 213–217
Ulmer JL, Salvan CV et al (2004) The role of diffusion tensor imaging in establishing the proximity of tumor borders to functional brain systems: implications for preoperative risk assessments and postoperative outcomes. Technol Cancer Res Treat 3(6):567–576
van der Kallen BF, Morris GL et al (1998) Hemispheric language dominance studied with functional MR: preliminary study in healthy volunteers and patients with epilepsy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 19(1):73–77
van der Zwaag W, Susan F et al (2009) FMRI at 1.5, 3 and 7 T: characterising BOLD signal changes. Neuroimage 47(4):1425–1434
Van Westen D, Skagerberg G et al (2005) Functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3 T as a clinical tool in patients with intracranial tumors. Acta Radiol 46(6):599–609
Voss J, Meier TB et al (2013) The role of secondary motor and language cortices in morbidity and mortality: a retrospective functional MRI study of surgical planning for patients with intracranial tumours. Neurosurg Focus 34(4):E7
Wada J, Rasmussen T (1960) Intracarotid injection of sodium amytal for the lateralization of cerebral speech dominance. Experimental and clinical observations. J Neurosurg 17:266–282
Wagner K, Hader C et al (2012) Who needs a Wada test? Present clinical indications for amobarbital procedures. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 83(5):503–509
Warburton E, Wise RJ et al (1996) Noun and verb retrieval by normal subjects. Studies with PET. Brain 119(Pt 1):159–179
Weiskopf N, Veit R et al (2003) Physiological self-regulation of regional brain activity using real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): methodology and exemplary data. Neuroimage 19(3): 577–586
Weiskopf N, Scharnowski F et al (2004) Self-regulation of local brain activity using real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). J Physiol Paris 98(4–6):357–373
Weiskopf N, Klose U et al (2005) Single-shot compensation of image distortions and BOLD contrast optimization using multi-echo EPI for real-time fMRI. Neuroimage 24(4):1068–1079
Wengenroth M, Blatow M, Guenther J, Akbar M, Tronnier VM, Stippich C (2011). Diagnostic benefits of presurgical fMRI in patients with brain tumours in the primary sensorimotor cortex. Eur Radiol 21(7):1517–25
Westerveld K, Stoddard K, McCarthy K (1999) Case report of false lateralization using fMRI: comparison of language localization, Wada testing, and cortical stimulation. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 14:162–163
Wienbruch C, Candia V et al (2006) A portable and low-cost fMRI compatible pneumatic system for the investigation of the somatosensory system in clinical and research environments. Neurosci Lett 398(3):183–188
Wirtz CR, Tronnier VM et al (1997) Image-guided neurosurgery with intraoperative MRI: update of frameless stereotaxy and radicality control. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 68(1–4 Pt 1):39–43
Wise R, Chollet F et al (1991) Distribution of cortical neural networks involved in word comprehension and word retrieval. Brain 114(Pt 4):1803–1817
Wittek A, Kikinis R et al (2005) Brain shift computation using a fully nonlinear biomechanical model. Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv 8(Pt 2):583–590
Woolsey CN, Erickson TC, Gilson WE (1979) Localization in somatic sensory and motor areas of human cerebral cortex as determined by direct recording of evoked potentials and electrical stimulation. J Neurosurg 51(4):476–506
Worthington C, Vincent DJ et al (1997) Comparison of functional magnetic resonance imaging for language localization and intracarotid speech amytal testing in presurgical evaluation for intractable epilepsy. Preliminary results. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 69(1–4 Pt 2):197–201
Wunderlich G, Knorr U et al (1998) Precentral glioma location determines the displacement of cortical hand representation. Neurosurgery 42(1):18–26; discussion 26–27
Yetkin FZ, Mueller WM et al (1997) Functional MR activation correlated with intraoperative cortical mapping. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 18(7):1311–1315
Yetkin FZ, Swanson S et al (1998) Functional MR of frontal lobe activation: comparison with Wada language results. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 19(6):1095–1098
Yousry TA, Schmid UD et al (1995) Topography of the cortical motor hand area: prospective study with functional MR imaging and direct motor mapping at surgery. Radiology 195(1):23–29
Yousry TA, Schmid UD et al (1996) The central sulcal vein: a landmark for identification of the central sulcus using functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosurg 85(4):608–617
Yousry TA, Schmid UD et al (1997) Localization of the motor hand area to a knob on the precentral gyrus. A new landmark. Brain 120(Pt 1):141–157
Yousry I, Naidich TP, Yousry TA (2001) Functional magnetic resonance imaging: factors modulating the cortical activation pattern of the motor system. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 11(2):195–202, viii
Zacà D, Jarso S, Pillai JJ (2013) Role of semantic paradigms for optimization of language mapping in clinical FMRI studies. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 34(10):1966–1971
Zhang D, Johnston JM et al (2009) Preoperative sensorimotor mapping in brain tumor patients using spontaneous fluctuations in neuronal activity imaged with fMRI: initial experience. Neurosurgery 65(6 Suppl):226–236
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Stippich, C., Blatow, M., Garcia, M. (2015). Task-Based Presurgical Functional MRI in Patients with Brain Tumors. In: Stippich, C. (eds) Clinical Functional MRI. Medical Radiology(). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45123-6_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45123-6_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-45122-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-45123-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)