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Adult Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells

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Vertebrate Myogenesis

Part of the book series: Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation ((RESULTS,volume 56))

Abstract

Skeletal muscles in vertebrates have a phenomenal regenerative capacity. A muscle that has been crushed can regenerate fully both structurally and functionally within a month. Remarkably, efficient regeneration continues to occur following repeated injuries. Thousands of muscle precursor cells are needed to accomplish regeneration following acute injury. The differentiated muscle cells, the multinucleated contractile myofibers, are terminally withdrawn from mitosis. The source of the regenerative precursors is the skeletal muscle stem cells—the mononucleated cells closely associated with myofibers, which are known as satellite cells. Satellite cells are mitotically quiescent or slow-cycling, committed to myogenesis, but undifferentiated. Disruption of the niche after muscle damage results in their exit from quiescence and progression towards commitment. They eventually arrest proliferation, differentiate, and fuse to damaged myofibers or make de novo myofibers. Satellite cells are one of the well-studied adult tissue-specific stem cells and have served as an excellent model for investigating adult stem cells. They have also emerged as an important standard in the field of ageing and stem cells. Several recent reviews have highlighted the importance of these cells as a model to understand stem cell biology. This chapter begins with the discovery of satellite cells as skeletal muscle stem cells and their developmental origin. We discuss transcription factors and signalling cues governing stem cell function of satellite cells and heterogeneity in the satellite cell pool. Apart from satellite cells, a number of other stem cells have been shown to make muscle and are being considered as candidate stem cells for amelioration of muscle degenerative diseases. We discuss these “offbeat” muscle stem cells and their status as adult skeletal muscle stem cells vis-a-vis satellite cells. The ageing context is highlighted in the concluding section.

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Acknowledgements

RS is supported by Ramalingaswamy Fellowship from Department of Biotechnology, Government of India as well as by Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem). ST acknowledges support from the Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Association Française contre les Myopathies (AFM), and the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale. We are thankful to the artist Mr. Sartaj Ghuman for the illustrations.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India

    Ramkumar Sambasivan

  2. Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS URA 2578, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France

    Shahragim Tajbakhsh

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  1. Ramkumar Sambasivan
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  2. Shahragim Tajbakhsh
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Correspondence to Ramkumar Sambasivan .

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  1. Abt. für Anatomie und Molekulare Embryologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Medizinische Fakultät, Bochum,, Germany

    Beate Brand-Saberi

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Sambasivan, R., Tajbakhsh, S. (2015). Adult Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells. In: Brand-Saberi, B. (eds) Vertebrate Myogenesis. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, vol 56. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44608-9_9

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