Skip to main content

Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Hematology

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Infections in Hematology

Abstract

Infections represent an important cause of morbidity and mortality in hematologic patients, especially those receiving intensive chemotherapy or submitted to stem cell transplant. The management of these complications has improved greatly in the last decades, especially in the field of antimicrobial prophylaxis. In the last few years, new antimicrobial drugs have been investigated with the aim to define new strategies in the prophylaxis of bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. Based on the above new evidences, international guidelines on antimicrobial prophylaxis have been updated and targeted prophylaxis schedules have been proposed in different clinical settings. A crucial issue in the practice of antimicrobial prophylaxis is represented by the continuous epidemiological survey in order to define tailored prevention strategies and to monitor the emerging problem of antimicrobial resistance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Schimpff SC, Young V, Greene E, et al. Origin of infection in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: significance of hospital acquisition of potential pathogens. Ann Intern Med. 1972;77:707–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Donnelly JP. Chemoprophylaxis for the prevention of bacterial and fungal infections. Cancer Treat Res. 1995;79:45–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Hawthorn JW. Critical appraisal of antimicrobials for prevention of infections in immunocompromised hosts. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am. 1993;7:1051–99.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Guiot HF, van den Broek J, van der Meer JW, van Furth R. Selective antimicrobial modulation of the intestinal flora of patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: a double blind, placebo-controlled study. J Infect Dis. 1983;147:615–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Gualtieri RJ, Donowitz GR, Kaiser DL, et al. Double-blind randomized study of prophylactic trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in granulocytopenic patients with hematologic malignancies. Am J Med. 1983;74:934–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Kramer BS, Carr DJ, Rand KH, et al. Prophylaxis of fever and infection in adult cancer patients. A placebo-controlled trial of oral trimethoprim – sulfamethoxazole plus erythromycin. Cancer. 1984;53:329–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Karp JE, Merz WG, Hendricksen C, et al. Oral norfloxacin for prevention of gram-negative bacterial infections in patients with acute leukemia and granulocytopenia. A randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1987;106:1–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Winston DJ, Ho WG, Champlin RE, et al. Norfloxacin for prevention of bacterial infections in granulocytopenic patients. Am J Med. 1987;82:40–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Talbot GH, Cassileth PA, Paradiso L, et al. Oral enoxacin for infection prevention in adults with acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia. The Enoxacin Prophylaxis Study Group. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993;37:474–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Lew MA, Kehoe K, Ritz J, et al. Prophylaxis of bacterial infections with ciprofloxacin in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation. 1991;51:630–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Gafter-Gvili A, Fraser A, Paul M, et al. Meta-analysis: antibiotic prophylaxis reduces mortality in neutropenic patients. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:979–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bucaneve G, Micozzi A, Menichetti F, et al. Levofloxacin to prevent bacterial infection in patients with cancer and neutropenia. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:977–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Cullen M, Steven N, Billingham L, et al. Antibacterial prophylaxis after chemotherapy for solid tumors and lymphomas. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:988–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Bucaneve G, Castagnola E, Viscoli C, Menichetti F, Leibovici L. Quinolone prophylaxis for bacterial infections in afebrile high risk neutropenic patients. Eur J Cancer. 2007;5 Suppl 2:5–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Maertens J, Marchetti O, Herbrecht R, et al. European guidelines for antifungal management in leukemia and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: summary of the ECIL 3-2009 Update. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2011;46:709–18.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Styczynski J, Reusser P, Einsele H, Second European Conference on Infections in Leukemia, et al. Management of HSV, VZV and EBV infections in patients with hematological malignancies and after SCT: guidelines from the Second European Conference on Infections in Leukemia. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2009;43:757–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Ljungman P, de la Camara R, Cordonnier C, European Conference on Infections in Leukemia, et al. Management of CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7 and Kaposi-sarcoma herpesvirus (HHV-8) infections in patients with hematological malignancies and after SCT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2008;42:227–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Wingard JR, Carter SL, Walsh TJ, et al. Randomized double-blind trial of fluconazole versus voriconazole for prevention of invasive fungal infection after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood. 2010;116:5111–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Marks DI, Pagliuca A, Kibbler CC, et al. Voriconazole versus itraconazole for antifungal prophylaxis following allogeneic haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Br J Haematol. 2011;155:318–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Freifeld AG, Bow EJ, Sepkowitz KA, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:e56–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Walsh TJ, Anaissie EJ, Denning DW, et al. Treatment of aspergillosis: clinical practice guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:327–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kotilainen P, Nikoskelainen J, Houvien P. Emergence of ciprofloxacin resistant coagulase negative staphylococcal skin flora in immunocompromised patients receiving ciprofloxacin. J Infect Dis. 1990;161:41–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Trucksis M, Hooper DC, Wolfson JS. Emerging resistance to fluoroquinolones in staphylococci: an alert. Ann Intern Med. 1991;114:424–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Kern WV, Andriof E, Oethinger M, et al. Emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli at a cancer center. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994;38:681–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Caratalla J, Fernandez-Sevilla A, Dominguez MA, et al. Emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant flora of cancer patients receiving norfloxacin prophylaxis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996;40:503.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Cometta A, Calandra T, Bille J, et al. Escherichia coli resistant to fluoroquinolone prophylaxis in patients with cancer and neutropenia. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1240–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Hughes WT, Armstrong D, Bodey GP, et al. 2002 Guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34:730–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Gafter-Gvili A, Paul M, Fraser A, et al. Effect of quinolone prophylaxis in afebrile neutropenic patients on microbial resistance: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;59:5–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Bow EJ, Laverdière M, Lussier N, Rotstein C, Cheang MS, Ioannou S. Antifungal prophylaxis for severely neutropenic chemotherapy recipients: a meta analysis of randomized-controlled clinical trials. Cancer. 2002;94:3230–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Robenshtok E, Gafter-Gvili A, Goldberg E, et al. Antifungal prophylaxis in cancer patients after chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:5471–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Girmenia C. Prophylaxis of invasive fungal diseases in patients with hematologic disorders. Haematologica. 2010;95:1630–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Andes D, Pascual A, Marchetti O. Antifungal therapeutic drug monitoring: established and emerging indications. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53:24–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Girmenia C. New generation azole antifungals in clinical investigation. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2009;18:1279–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Slavin MA, Osborne B, Adams R, et al. Efficacy and safety of fluconazole prophylaxis for fungal infections after marrow transplantation: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. J Infect Dis. 1995;171:1545–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Goodman JL, Winston DJ, Greenfield RA, et al. A controlled trial of fluconazole to prevent fungal infections in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:845–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Marr K, Seidel K, Slavin M, et al. Prolonged fluconazole prophylaxis is associated with persistent protection against candidiasis-related death in allogeneic marrow transplant recipients: long-term follow-up of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Blood. 2000;96:2055–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Schaffner A, Schaffner M. Effect of prophylactic fluconazole on the frequency of fungal infections, amphotericin B use, and health care costs in patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy for hematologic neoplasias. J Infect Dis. 1995;172:1035–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Rotstein C, Bow EJ, Laverdiere M, Ioannou S, Carr D, Moghaddam N. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of fluconazole prophylaxis for neutropenic cancer patients: benefit based on purpose and intensity of cytotoxic therapy. The Canadian Fluconazole Prophylaxis Study Group. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28:331–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Glasmacher A, Prentice A, Gorschlüter M, et al. Itraconazole prevents invasive fungal infections in neutropenic patients treated for hematologic malignancies: evidence from a meta-analysis of 3,597 patients. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:4615–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Winston DJ, Maziarz RT, Chandrasekar PH, et al. Intravenous and oral itraconazole versus intravenous and oral fluconazole for long-term antifungal prophylaxis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplant recipients. A multicenter, randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138:705–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Marr KA, Crippa F, Leisenring W, et al. Itraconazole versus fluconazole for prevention of fungal infections in patients receiving allogeneic stem cell transplants. Blood. 2004;103:1527–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Glasmacher A, Cornely O, Ullmann AJ, et al. An open-label randomized trial comparing itraconazole oral solution with fluconazole oral solution for primary prophylaxis of fungal infections in patients with haematological malignancy and profound neutropenia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;57:317–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Stevens DA, Kan VL, Judson MA, et al. Practice guidelines for diseases caused by Aspergillus. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30:696–709.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Rex JH, Walsh TJ, Sobel JD, et al. Practice guidelines for the treatment of candidiasis. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30:662–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Cornely OA, Maertens J, Winston DJ, et al. Posaconazole vs. fluconazole or itraconazole prophylaxis in patients with neutropenia. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:348–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Ullmann AJ, Lipton JH, Vesole DH, et al. Posaconazole or fluconazole for prophylaxis in severe graft-versus-host disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:335–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. van Burik JA, Ratanatharathorn V, Stepan DE, et al. Micafungin versus fluconazole for prophylaxis against invasive fungal infections during neutropenia in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:1407–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Mattiuzzi GN, Alvarado G, Giles FJ, et al. Open-label, randomized comparison of itraconazole versus caspofungin for prophylaxis in patients with hematologic malignancies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50:143–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Rijnders BJ, Cornelissen JJ, Slobbe L, et al. Aerosolized liposomal amphotericin B for the prevention of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis during prolonged neutropenia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:1401–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Trifilio SM, Yarnold PR, Scheetz MH, Pi J, Pennick G, Mehta J. Serial plasma voriconazole concentrations after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53:1793–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Girmenia C, Aversa F, Micozzi A. Voriconazole prophylaxis and the risk of invasive fungal infection after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood. 4 February 2011, e-letter for Wingard et al. Blood. 2010;116:5111–8.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes D, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of candidiasis: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:503–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Martino R, Parody R, Fukuda T, et al. Impact of the intensity of the pretransplantation conditioning regimen in patients with prior invasive aspergillosis undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a retrospective survey of the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Blood. 2006;108:2928–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Sipsas NV, Kontoyiannis DP. Clinical issues regarding relapsing aspergillosis and the efficacy of secondary antifungal prophylaxis in patients with hematological malignancies. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:1584–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Cordonnier C, Rovira M, Maertens J, et al. Voriconazole for Secondary Prophylaxis of Invasive Fungal Infections in patients with allogeneic stem cell transplants (VOSIFI) study group; Infectious Diseases Working Party, European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Voriconazole for secondary prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: results of the VOSIFI study. Haematologica. 2010;95:1762–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Girmenia C. Voriconazole as secondary antifungal prophylaxis in stem cell transplant recipients (reply). Haematologica. 2011;96:e11.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Girmenia C, Barosi G, Piciocchi A, et al. Primary prophylaxis of invasive fungal diseases in allogeneic stem cell transplantation: revised recommendations from a consensus process by Gruppo Italiano Trapianto Midollo Osseo (GITMO). Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2014;20:1080–8.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Girmenia C, Raiola AM, Piciocchi A, et al. Incidence and Outcome of Invasive Fungal Diseases after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Prospective Study of the Gruppo Italiano Trapianto Midollo Osseo(GITMO). Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2014;20:872–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Green H, Paul M, Vidal L, Leibovici L. Prophylaxis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in immunocompromised non-HIV-infected patients: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007;82(9):1052–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Gratwohl A, Brand R, Frassoni F, et al. Cause of death after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in early leukaemias: an EBMT analysis of lethal infectious complications and changes over calendar time. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2005;36:757–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Kernan NA, Bartsch G, Ash RC, et al. Analysis of 462 transplantations from unrelated donors facilitated by the National Marrow Donor Program. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:593–602.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Maltezou HC, Kafetzis DA, Abisaid D, et al. Viral infections in children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19:307–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Sandherr M, Einsele H, Hebart H, et al. Antiviral prophylaxis in patients with haematological malignancies and solid tumours: guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society for Hematology and Oncology (DGHO). Ann Oncol. 2006;17:1051–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Rossi G, Pelizzari A, Motta M, et al. Primary prophylaxis with lamivudine of hepatitis B virus reactivation in chronic HbsAg carriers with lymphoid malignancies treated with chemotherapy. Br J Haematol. 2001;115:58–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Yeo W, Chan P, Ho WM, et al. Lamivudine for the prevention of Hepatitis B Virus reactivation in Hepatitis B s-Antigen seropositive cancer patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:927–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Locasciulli A, Testa M, Valsecchi MG, et al. The role of hepatitis C and B virus infections as risk factors for severe liver complications following allogeneic BMT: a prospective study by the Infectious Disease Working Party of the European Blood and Marrow Transplantation Group. Transplantation. 1999;68:1486–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Chiba T, Yokosuka O, Goto S, et al. Successful clearance of hepatitis B virus after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: beneficial combination of adoptive immunity transfer and lamivudine. Eur J Haematol. 2003;71:220–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Locasciulli A, Alberti A, Bandini G, et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from HbsAg+ donors: a multicenter study from the Gruppo Italiano Trapianto di Midollo Osseo (GITMO). Blood. 1995;86:3236–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Weinstock DM, Boeckh M, Boulad F, et al. Postexposure prophylaxis against varicella-zoster virus infection among recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplant: unresolved issues. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2004;25:603–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Holmberg LA, Boeckh M, Hooper H, et al. Increased incidence of cytomegalovirus disease after autologous CD34-selected peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (see comments). Blood. 1999;94:4029–35.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Weinbaum CM, Williams I, Mast EE, et al. Recommendations for identification and public health management of persons with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2008;57:1–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Lau GK, Yiu HH, Fong DY, et al. Early is superior to deferred preemptive lamivudine therapy for hepatitis B patients undergoing chemotherapy. Gastroenterology. 2003;125:1742–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Hsu C, Hsiung CA, Su I-J, et al. A revisit of prophylactic lamivudine for chemotherapy-associated hepatitis B reactivation in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a randomized trial. Hepatology. 2008;47:844–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Kohrt HE, Ouyang DL, Keeffe EB. Systematic review: lamivudine prophylaxis for chemotherapy induced reactivation of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;24:1003–9. 82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Katz LH, Fraser A, Gafter-Gvili A, Leibovici L, Tur-Kaspa R. Lamivudine prevents reactivation of hepatitis B and reduces mortality in immunosuppressed patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Viral Hepat. 2008;15:89–102.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Lau GK, He ML, Fong DY, et al. Preemptive use of lamivudine reduces hepatitis B exacerbation after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Hepatology. 2002;36:702–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Hui CK, Lie A, Au W-Y, et al. Effectiveness of prophylactic anti-HBV therapy in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with HBsAg positive donors. Am J Transplant. 2005;5:1437–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Tsutsumi Y, Tanaka J, Kawamura T, et al. Possible efficacy of lamivudine treatment to prevent hepatitis B virus reactivation due to rituximab therapy in a patient with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Ann Hematol. 2004;83:58–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Kusumoto S, Tanaka Y, Mizokami M, Ueda R. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus following systemic chemotherapy for malignant lymphoma. Int J Hematol. 2009;90:13–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Lubel JS, Angus PW. Hepatitis B reactivation in patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy: diagnosis and management. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;25:864–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Lok AS, Lai CL, Leung N, et al. Long-term safety of lamivudine treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology. 2003;125:1714–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Kim JS, Hahn JS, Park SY, et al. Long-term outcome after prophylactic lamivudine treatment on hepatitis B virus reactivation in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Yonsei Med J. 2007;48:78–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Corrado Girmenia .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Girmenia, C., Menichetti, F. (2015). Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Hematology. In: Maschmeyer, G., Rolston, K. (eds) Infections in Hematology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44000-1_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44000-1_16

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-43999-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-44000-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics