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Fatigue

  • Chapter
Elasticity and Plasticity / Elastizität und Plastizität

Part of the book series: Encyclopedia of Physics / Handbuch der Physik ((HBUP))

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Abstract

Fracture produced by a monotonically increasing force represents the terminal point of a process of inelastic deformation at which the rate of such deformation is no longer sufficient to prevent the rapid spreading and coalescence of existing submicroscopic cracks. Under a repeatedly applied cyclic force, however, fracture is finally produced by a force-amplitude which is far below the force associated with fracture under a single load application; this amplitude decreases with increasing number of repetitions. If the number is relatively large, fracture occurs well within the range of stresses and deformations which, at least phenomenologically, can be considered elastic. Such fractures are designated as fatigue fractures. They occur without any noticeable overall permanent deformation, and the fracture surfaces in metals have a characteristic appearance which indicates the progressive character of the fatigue damage (Fig. 1): A smooth zone of brittle separation, showing “clam shell” markings which represent the outline of the fatigue crack at various periods in its growth, starts from one or several nuclei (stress concentrations) indicating the immediate “cause” or causes of the fatigue fracture, and spreads gradually; when the remaining cross-section can no longer withstand even a single further application of the cyclic force, fracture by momentary overload suddenly starts, producing a surface of coarse crystalline appearance. It is only at this stage that the crack-propagation mechanism associated with fracture under a single rapid load application becomes relevant with respect to fatigue fracture.

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  1. Civil Engineering, Columbia University, New York, N. Y., USA

    Dr. Alfred M. Freudenthal (Professor)

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  1. Dr. Alfred M. Freudenthal
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Freudenthal, A.M. (1958). Fatigue. In: Flügge, S. (eds) Elasticity and Plasticity / Elastizität und Plastizität. Encyclopedia of Physics / Handbuch der Physik. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43081-1_6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43081-1_6

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