Skip to main content

Herniation and Protrusion of Intervertebral Discs and Spondylotic Myeloradiculopathy

  • Chapter
Brock’s Injuries of the Brain and Spinal Cord and Their Coverings

Abstract

In this new edition little has been added to the section on herniated discs in the lumbar region, since the fundamental ideas regarding the pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of this condition have not changed radically. Some of the more recent contributions on this subject, however, are reviewed and are included in the bibliography, especially those dealing with end results (Barr, 1967; Bradford, 1960; Gurdjian et al, 1961; Raaf, 1959; Semmes, 1964; White, 1966); with the value of foraminotomy (Shenkin and Haft, 1966); and with the treatment of midline and bilateral herniations (Haft and Shenkin, 1966; Uihlein and Baker, 1968).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Bibliography

  • Adson, A. W. Chronic Recurring Sciatica; Diagnosis and Treatment of Protrusions of Ruptured Intervertebral Disks. Arch. Phys. Therapy, 20, 325, 1939.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adson, A. W. and Ott, W. O. Results of the Removal of Tumors of the Spinal Cord. Arch. Neur. Psychiat., 8, 520, 1922.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alajouanine, T., and Petit-Dutaillis, D. Le nodule fibrocartilagineux de la face postérieure des disques intervertébraux. Etude anatomique et pathogénique d’une variété nouvelle de compression radiculomédullaire extradurale. Presse Méd., 38, 1657, 1930.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alajouanine, T., and Petit-Dutaillis, D. Compression de la queue de cheval par une tumeur du disque intervertébral; opération; guérison; présentation du malade. Bull. et mém. Soc. Nat. de chir., 54, 1452, 1928.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, K. L. Neuropathies Caused by Bony Spurs in the Cervical Spine with Reference to Surgical Treatment. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 15, 20, 1952.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrae, R. Ueber Knorpelknötchen am hinteren Ende der Wirbelbandscheiben im Bereich des Spinalkanals. Beitr. z. path. Anat. u. allg. Path., 82, 464, 1929.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arbuckle, R. K., Shelden, C. H., and Pudenz, R. Pantopaque Myelography; Correlation of Roentgenelogic and Neurologic Findings. Radiology, 45, 356, 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, J. R. The Causes of Unsatisfactory Results from the Operative Treatment of Lumbar Disc Lesions. J. Bone Joint Surg., 33-B, 31, 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, J. R. Lumbar Disc Lesions. Pathogenesis and Treatment of Low Back Pain and Sciatica. 3rd. ed. Edinburgh: E. and S. Livingstone, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aronson, H. A. and Dunsmore, R. H. Herniated Upper Lumbar Discs. J. Bone Joint Surg., 45-A, 311, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aronson, N., Bagan, M., and Filtzer, D. L. Results of Using the Smith-Robinson Approach for Herniated and Extruded Cervical Discs. J. Neurosurg., 32, 721, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aronson, N., Filtzer, D. L., and Bagan, M. Anterior Cervical Fusion by the Smith-Robinson Approach. J. Neurosurg., 29, 397, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bardeen, C. R. The Development of the Thoracic Vertebrae in Man. Am. J. Anat., 4, 163, 1905.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barr, J. S. “Sciatica” Caused by Intervertebral Disc Lesions: A Report of Forty Cases of Rupture of the Intervertebral Disc Occurring in the Low Lumbar Spine and Causing Pressure on the Cauda Equina. J. Bone Joint Surg., 19, 323, 1937.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barr, J. S. Ruptured Intervertebral Disc and Sciatic Pain. J. Bone Joint Surg., 29, 425, 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barr, J. S. and Mixter, W. J. Posterior Protrusions of the Lumbar Intervertebral Discs. J. Bone Joint., 23, 444, 1941.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barr, J. S., Kubik, C. S., Molloy, M. K., McNeill, J. M., Riseborough, E. J., and White, J. C. Evaluation of End Results in Treatment of Ruptured Lumbar Intervertebral Discs With Protrusion of Nucleus Pulposus. Surg. Gynec. Obstet., 125, 250, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beadle, O. A. The Intervertebral Discs: Observations on Their Normal and Morbid Anatomy in Relation to Certain Spinal Deformities. Medical Research Council. Special report series, No. 161. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  • Begg, A. C., Falconer, M. A., and McGeorge, M. Myelography in Lumbar Intervertebral Disk Lesions; A Correlation of Operative Findings. Br. J. Surg., 34, 141, 1946.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bishara, S. N. The Posterior Operation in Treatment of Cervical Spondylosis with Myelopathy: A Long-term Follow-up Study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 34, 393, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Böhmig, R. Die Blutgefässversorgung der Wirbelbandscheiben, das Verhalten des Intervertebralen, Chordasegments und die Bedeutung beider für die Bandscheibendegeneration. Arch. f. klin. Chir., 158, 374, 1930.

    Google Scholar 

  • Botterell, E. H., Keith, W. S., and Stewart, O. W. Results of Surgical Treat-men of Sciatica due to Herniation of Intervertebral Disc in Canadian Soldiers Overseas. Can. Med. Assn. J., 51, 210, 1944.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradford, F. K. and Spurling, R. G. The Intervertebral Disc with Special Reference to Rupture of the Annulus Fibrosus with Herniation of the Nucleus Pulposus. Springfield, Ill.: Chas. C Thomas, 1941.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradford, F. K. and Spurling, R. G. The Intervertebral Disc. Second ed. Springfield, Illinois: Chas. C Thomas, 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradford, F. K. Ruptured Intervertebral Disc in the Industrial Patient: Diagnosis, Surgical Management, and Prognosis. Tex. J. Med., 56, 274, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brain, R. Some Aspects of the Neurology of the Cervical Spine. J. Fac. Radiol., 8, 74, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brain, W. R., Northfield, D., and Wilkinson, M. The Neurologic Manifestations of Cervical Spondylosis. Brain, 75, 187, 1952.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brain, W. R. and Wilkinson, M. Cervical Spondylosis and Other Disorders of the Cervical Spine. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, H. A. Low Back Pain with Special Reference to Dislocation of the Intervertebral Disc and Hypertrophy of the Ligamentum Flavum. West. J. Surg., 45, 527, 1937.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, H. A. and Pont, M. E. Disease of Lumbar Discs. J. Neurosurg., 20, 410, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bucy, P. C. Chondroma of the Intervertebral Disk. J.A.M.A., 94, 1552, 1930.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bucy, P. C. Neuroanatomical and Neurosurgical Aspects of Herniated Intervertebral Discs. Instruct. Lect. Am. Ac. Orthop. Surg., 18, 21, 1961.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bucy, P. C. and Chenault, H. Compression of Seventh Cervical Nerve Root by Herniation of Intervertebral Disc. J.A.M.A., 126, 26, 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bucy, P. C. and Oberhill, H. R. The Diagnosis and Treatment of Herniated Lumbar Intervertebral Discs. Chicago Med., 66, 201, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burrows, E. H. The Sagittal Diameter of the Spinal Canal in Cervical Spondylosis. Clin. Radiol., 14, 77, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calvé, J., and Galland, M. Le nucleus pulposus intervertébral; son anatomie, sa physiologie, sa pathologie. Presse Méd., 38, 520, 1930.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calvé, J. and Galland, M. The Intervertebral Nucleus Pulposus: Its Anatomy, Its Physiology, Its Pathology. J. Bone Joint Surg., 12, 555, 1930.

    Google Scholar 

  • Camera, U. Escursione attraverso la patologia del disco intervertebrale. Boll. e mem. Soc. Piemontese di chir., 4, 142, 1934.

    Google Scholar 

  • Camp, J. D. The Roentgenologic Diagnosis of Intraspinal Protrusion of Intervertebral Disks. by Means of Radiopaque Oil. J.A.M.A., 113, 2024, 1939.

    Google Scholar 

  • Childe, A. E. The Role of X-ray in the Diagnosis of Posterior Herniation of the Intervertebral Disc. Can. Med. Assn. J., 52, 458, 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, E. and Robinson, P. K. Cervical Myelopathy. A Complication of Cervical Spondylosis. Brain, 79, 483, 1956.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cloward, R. B. The Anterior Approach for Removal of Ruptured Cervical Disks. J. Neurosurg., 15, 602, 1958.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cloward, R. B. Cervical Diskography. Technique, Indications and Use in the Diagnosis of Ruptured Cervical Disks. Am. J. Roent., 79, 563, 1958.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cloward, R. B. Discussion of Paper by Collis, J. S. and Gardner, W. J. Lumbar Discography; an Analysis of 1000 Cases. J. Neurosurg., 19, 452, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cloward, R. B. Lesions of the Intervertebral Disks and Their Treatment by Interbody Fusion Methods. The Painful Disk. Clin. Orthoped., 27, 51, 1963.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cloward, R. B. Complications of Anterior Cervical Disc Operation and Their Treatment. Surgery, 69, 175, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clymer, G., Mixter, W. J., and Mella, H. Experience with Spinal Cord Tumors During the Past Ten Years. Arch. Neur. Psychiat., 5, 213, 1921.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collis, J. S., Jr. Lumbar Discography. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collis, J. S. and Gardner, W. J. Lumbar Discography; an Analysis of 1000 Cases. J. Neurosurg., 19, 452, 1962.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Compere, E. L. Origin, Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology of the Inter- vertebral Disc. Instruc. Legit. Amer. Acad. Orthop. Surg., 18, 15, 1961.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Connolly, E. S., Seymour, R. J., and Adams, J. E. Clinical Evaluation of Anterior Cervical Fusion for Degenerative Cervical Disc Disease. J. Neurosurg., 25, 57, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coventry, M. B., Ghormley, R. K., and Kernohan, J. G. The Intervertebral Disc: Its Microscopic Anatomy and Pathology. Part I. Anatomy, Development and Physiology. J. Bone Joint Surg., 27, 105, 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coventry, M. B., Ghormley, R. K., and Kernohan, J. G. The Intervertebral Disc: Its Microscopic Anatomy and Pathology. Part II. Changes in the Intervertebral Disc Concomittant with Age. J. Bone Joint Surg., 27, 233, 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craig, W. M. and Walsh, M. N. Diagnosis and Treatment of Low Back and Sciatic Pain Caused by Protruded Intervertebral Disk and Hypertrophied Ligaments. Minnesota Med., 22, 511, 1939.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craig, W. M. and Walsh, M. N. Neuro-anatomical and Physiological Aspects and Significance of Sciatica J. Bone Joint Surg., 23, 417, 1941.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craig, W. M. and Witt, J. A. Cervical Disk, Shoulder-Arm-Hand Syndrome. Postgrad. Med., 17, 267, 1955.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crandall, P. H. and Batzdorf, U. Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy. J. Neurosurg., 25, 57, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dandy, W. E. Loose Cartilage from Intervertebral Disk Simulating Tumor of the Spinal Cord. Arch. Surg., 19, 660, 1929.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dandy, W. E. Concealed Ruptured Intervertebral Disks; Plea for Elimination of Contrast Medium in Diagnosis. J.A.M.A., 117, 821, 1941.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, E. A. and Woodhall, B. Biochemical Alterations in Herniated Inter-vertebral Discs. J. Biol. Chem., 234, 2951, 1959.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, A. G. Symposium on the Intervertebral Disc. Introduction. J. Bone Joint Surg., 29, 425, 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, C. H., Odom, G. L., and Woodhall, B. Survey of Ruptured Intervertebral Disks in the Cervical Region. N. C. Med. J., 14, 61, 1953.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DePalma, A. F. and Rothman, R. H. The Intervertebral Disc. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • DePuky, P. The Physiological Oscillation of the Length of the Body. Acta Orthop. Scand., 6, 338, 1935.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deucher, W. G. and Love, J. G. Pathologic Aspects of Posterior Protrusions of the Intervertebral Disks. Arch. Path., 27, 201, 1939.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donohue, W. L. Pathology of the Intervertebral Disc. Am. J. M. Sci., 198, 419, 1939.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dursy, E. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Kopfes des Menschen und der höheren Wirbeithiere. Tübingen: H. Laupp, 1869.

    Google Scholar 

  • Echlin, F. A., Ivie, J. M., and Fine, A. Pantopaque Myelography as an Aid in the Preoperative Diagnosis of Protruded Intervertebral Discs: A Preliminary Report, Surg., Gynec. and Obstet., 80, 257, 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Echlin, F. A., Selverstone, B., and Scribner, W. E. Bilateral and Multiple Ruptured Discs as One Cause of Persistent Symptoms Following Operation for a Herniated Disc. Surg., Gynec. and Obstet., 83, 485, 1946.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Echols, D. H. Radicular Pain Due to Ruptured Cervical Disk. South. Surgeon, 12, 205, 1946.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisberg, C. A. Diagnosis and Treatment of Surgical Diseases of the Spinal Cord and its Membranes. Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders Co., 1916.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisberg, C. A. Tumors of the Spinal Cord and the Symptoms of Irritation and Compression of the Spinal Cord and Nerve Roots. New York: Paul B. Hoeber, 1925.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisberg, C. A. The Extradural Ventral Chondromas (Ecchondroses), Their Favorite Sites, the Spinal Cord and Root Symptoms They Produce, and Their Surgical Treatment. Bull. Neurol. Inst. New York, 1, 350, 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, B. S. The Spine, 3rd. ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, J. A. and Davidoff, L. M. Chronic Hypertrophic Spondylosis of the Cervical Spine with Compression of the Spinal Cord and Nerve Roots. Surg. Gynec. and Obstet., 93, 27, 1951.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, J. A., Epstein, B. S., and Lavine, L. S. Nerve Root Compression Associated with Narrowing of the Lumbar Spinal Canal. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 25, 165, 1962.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, J. A., Epstein, B. S., and Lavine L. S. Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy; the Syndrome of the Narrow Canal Treated by Laminectomy, Foraminotomy and the Removal of Osteophytes. Arch. Neurol., 8, 307, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, J. A., Lavine, L. S., and Epstein, B. S. Recurrent Herniation of the Lumbar Intervertebral Disk. Clin, Orthopaedics, 52, 169, 1967.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, J. A., Carras, R., Lavine, L. S., and Epstein, B. S. The Importance of Removing Osteophytes as Part of the Surgical Treatment of Myeloradiculopathy in Cervical Spondylosis. J. Neurosurg., 30, 219, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fager, C. A. Reversal of Cervical Myelopathy by Adequate Posterior Decompression. Lahey Clin. Found. Bull., 18, 99, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feiring, E. H. Extruded Thoracic Intervertebral Disk. Arch. Surg., 95, 135, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferlic, D. C. The Nerve Supply of the Cervical Intervertebral Disc in Man. Bull. J. Hopkins Hosp., 113, 347, 1963.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernstrom, U. A Discographical Study of Ruptured Lumbar Intervertebral Discs. Acta Chir. Scand., Suppl., 258, 1, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fincher, E. F. Neurologic Aspects of Low Back Pain and Sciatica. Ann. Surg., 109, 1028, 1939.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fincher, E. F. and Walker, E. B. Sciatica and Low Back Pain: A Study of 31 Consecutive Cases in Which 24 Were Due to Displaced Intervertebral Cartilage. South. Surgeon, 7, 97, 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, R. G. Protrusions of Thoracic Disc. The Factor of Herniation Through the Dura Mater. J. Neurosurg., 22, 591, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flax, H. J., Berrios, R., and Rivera, D. Electromyography in the Diagnosis of Herniated Lumbar Disc. Arch. Phys. Med., 45, 520, 1964.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, L. T., Holscher, E. C., Stokes, J. M., Thibodeau, A. A., and Morgan, H. C. Symposium: Complications of Lumbar-disc Surgery, Prevention and Treatment. J. Bone Joint Surg., 50-A, 382–428, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • French, J. D. Clinical Manifestations of Lumbar Spinal Arachnoiditis. Surgery, 20, 718, 1946.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friberg, S. and Hirsch, C. Anatomical and Chemical Studies on Lumbar Disc Degeneration. Acta Orthop. Scand., 19, 222, 1949.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frykholm, R. Cervical Nerve Root Compression Resulting From Disc Degeneration and Root-Sleeve Fibrosis. A Clinical Investigation. Acta Chir. Scand., Suppl., 102, 158, 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furlow, L. T. Herniation of the Nucleus Pulposus of the Intervertebral Disc. Tri-State Med. J., 10, 2073, 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galera, G. R. and Tovi, D. Anterior Disc Excision with Interbody Fusion in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy and Rhizopathy. J. Neurosurg., 28, 305, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gartland, J. J. Judgment in Lumbar Disc Surgery. Orthop. Clin. North Am., 2, 507, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldthwait, J. E. The Lumbosacral Articulation: An Explanation of Many Cases of “Lumbago,” “Sciatica,” and Paraplegia. Boston Med. and Surg. J., 164, 365, 1911.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, H. Anatomy, Descriptive and Surgical. London: John W. Parker and Son, 1858.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant, F. C. Operative Results in Intervertebral Discs. J. Neurosurg., 1, 332, 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant, W. T. and Cone, W. V. Graduated Juuglar Compression in the Lumbar Manometric Test for Spinal Subarachnoid Block. Arch. Neurol. Psych., 32, 1194, 1934.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurdjian, E. S, Ostrowski, A. Z., Hardy, W. G., Lindner, D. W., and Thomas, L. M. Results of Operative Treatment of Protruded and Ruptured Lumbar Discs (1176 Cases with 82% Follow-up of Three to Thirteen Years). J. Neurosurg., 18, 783, 1961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gurdjian, E. S., Webster, J. E., Ostrowski, A. Z., Hardy, W. G., Lindner, D. W., and Thomas, L. M. Herniated Lumbar Intervertebral Discs — An Analysis of 1176 Operated Cases. J. Trauma, 1, 158, 1961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haft, H. and Shenkin, H. A. Surgical End Results of Cervical Ridge and Disk Problems. J.A.M.A., 186, 312, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haft, H. ` and Shenkin, H. A. Herniated Lumbar Intervertebral Disks with Uni- lateral Pain and Midline Myelographic Defects. Surgery, 60, 269, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hampton, A. O. and Robinson, J. M. The Roentgenographic Demonstration of Rupture of the Intervertebral Disk into the Spinal Canal after the Injection of Lipiodol with Special Reference to Unilateral Lumbar Lesions Accompanied by Low Back Pain with “Sciatic” Radiation. Am. J. Roentgenol., 36, 782, 1936.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harmon, P. H. Congenital and Acquired Anatomic Variations Including Degenerative Changes of the Lower Lumbar Spine; Role in Production of Painful Back and Lower Extremity Syndromes. Clin. Orthop., 44, 171, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartley, J. Modern Concepts of Whiplash Injury. N. Y. State J. Med., 58, 3306, 1958.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hawk, W. A. Spinal Compression Caused by Ecchondrosis of the Intervertebral Fibrocartilage with a Review of the Recent Literature. Brain, 59, 204, 1936.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendry, N. G. C. The Hydration of the Nucleus Pulposus and Its Relation to Intervertebral Disc Derangement. J. Bone Joint Surg., 40-B, 132, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herzberger, E. E., Kindschi, L. G., Bear, N. E., and Chandler, A. Treatment of Cervical Disease and Cervical Spinal Injury by Anterior Interbody Fusion. A Report on Early Results in 72 Cases. Zentbl. Neurochir., 23, 215, 1963.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch, C. Efficiency of Surgery in Low Back Disorders. J. Bone Joint Surg., 47A, 991, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch, C. and Schajowicz, F. Studies on Structural Changes in Lumbar Annulus Fibrosus. Acta. Orthop. Scand., 22, 184, 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch, C., Ingelmark, B., and Miller, M. The Anatomical Basis for Low Back Pain. Studies on the Presence of Sensory Nerve Endings in Ligamentous, Capsular, and Intervertebral Disc Structures in the Human Lumbar Spine. Acta Orthop. Scand., 33, 1, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horton, W. G. Further Observations on the Elastic Mechanism of the Inter-vertebral Disc. J. Bone Joint Surg., 40-B, 552, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, J. T. Pathology of the Spinal Cord. London: Lloyd Luke, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hulme, A. The Surgical Approach to Thoracic Intervertebral Disc Protrusions. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 23, 133, 1960.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hyndman, O. R. Pathologic Intervertebral Disc and Its Consequences; Contribution to Cause and Treatment of Chronic Pain Low in Back and to Subject of Herniating Intervertebral Disc. Arch. Surg., 53, 247, 1946.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hyndman, O. R., Steindler, A., and Wolkin, J. Herniated Intervertebral Disk: A Study of the Iodized Oil Column. The Procaine Test in Differential Diagnosis from Reflected Sciatic Pain. J.A.M.A., 121, 390, 1943.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inman, V. T. and Saunders, J. B. de C. M. Anatomicophysiological Aspects of Injuries to the Intervertebral Disc. J. Bone Joint Surg., 29, 461, 1947.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, R. The Cervical Syndrome. 3rd. ed. Springfield, Ill. Charles C Thomas, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, B., Krueger E. G., and Lewy, D. M. Cervical Spondylosis with Radiculopathy. J.A.M.A., 211, 2135, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joplin, R. J. The Intervertebral Disc: Embryology, Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology. Surg., Gynec. Obstet., 61, 591, 1935.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jung, A. and Brunschwig, A. Recherches histologiques sur l’innervation des corps vertébraux. Presse méd., 40, 316, 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, E. A. The Role of the Dentate Ligaments in Spinal Cord Compression and the Syndrome of Lateral Sclerosis. J. Neurosurg., 4, 191, 1947.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keyes, D. C. and Compere, E. L. The Normal and Pathological Physiology of the Nucleus Pulposus of the Intervertebral Disc. J. Bone Joint Surg., 14, 897, 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klafta, L. A. and Collis, J. S. An Analysis of Cervical Discography with Surgical Verification. J. Neurosurg,. 30, 38, 1969.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kocher, T. (Quoted by Middleton and Teacher). Die Verletzungen der Wirbelsäule zugleich als Beitrag zur Physiologie des menschlichen Rückenmarks. Mitt. a.d. Grenz. geb. d. Med. u. Chir., 1, 420, 1896.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kölliker, A. (Quoted by Keyes and Compere). Uber die Beziehungen der Chorda dorsalis zur Bildung der Wirbel der Selachier und einiger andern Fische. Verhandl. d. phys.-med. Gessellsch., 10, 193, 1860.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubik, C. S. and Hampton, A. O. Removal of Iodized Oil by Lumbar Puncture. New Engl. J. Med., 224, 455, 1941.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kristoff, F. V. and Odom, G. L. Ruptured Intervertebral Disk in the Cervical Region. A Report of 20 Cases. Arch. Surg., 54, 287, 1947.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lasègue, C. Considérations sur la sciatique. Archives Générales de Médicine, 2, 558, 1864.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lees, F. and Turner, J. W. A. Natural History and Prognosis of Cervical Spondylosis. Br. Med. J., 2, 1607, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenhard, R. E. End Result Study of the Intervertebral Disc. J. Bone Joint Surg., 29, 425, 1947.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindblom, K. Diagnostic Puncture of Intervertebral Disks in Sciatica. Acta Orthop. Scand., 17, 231, 1948.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Logue, V. Cervical Spondylosis. R. Nassim and H. J. Burrows (Eds.) Modern Trends in Diseases of the Vertebral Column. New York: Paul B. Hoeber, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Love, J. G. Protrusion of the Intervertebral Disk (Fibrocartilage) into the Spinal Canal. Proc. Staff Meet., Mayo Clin., 11, 529, 1936.

    Google Scholar 

  • Love, J. G. Intractable Low Back Pain and Sciatic Pain due to Protruded Intervertebral Disks; Diagnosis and Treatment. Minnesota Med., 21, 832, 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  • Love, J. G. Protruded Intervertebral Disks with a Note Regarding Hypertrophy of Ligamenta Flava. J.A.M.A., 113, 2029, 1939.

    Google Scholar 

  • Love, J. G. Differential Diagnosis of Intraspinal Tumors and Protruded Discs and Their Surgical Treatment. J. Neurosurg., 1, 275, 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  • Love, J. G. The Disc Factor in Low-back Pain with or without Sciatica. J. Bone Joint Surg, 29, 425, 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  • Love, J. G. Intractable Pain in the Neck and Upper Extremities with Particular Reference to. Protrusion of Cervical Disks. N. C. Med. Jour., 12, 274. 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Love, J. G. and Camp, J. D. Root Pain Resulting from, Intra-spinal Protrusion of Intervertebral Disks; Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment. J. Bone Joint Surg., 19, 776, 1937.

    Google Scholar 

  • Love, J. G. and Walsh, M. N. Intraspinal Protrusions of Intervertebral Disks; A Report of 100 Cases in Which Operation was Performed. J.A.M.A., 111, 396, 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  • Love, J. G. and Walsh, M. N. Intraspinal Protrusions of Intervertebral Disks. Arch. Surg., 40, 454, 1940.

    Google Scholar 

  • Love, J. G. and Schorn, V. G. Thoracic-disc Protrusions. J.A.M.A., 191, 627, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Löwe, L. (Quoted by Keyes and Compere.) Zur Kenntniss der Siiugetierchorda. Arch. f. mikrosk. Anat., 16, 597, 1897.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maranacci, A. A. Clinical Electromyography. Los Angeles: San Lucas Press, 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauric, G. Le disque intervertébral; pathologie, diagnostic et indications thérapeutic. Paris Thèses, Masson-Mayer, 1933.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayfield, F. H. Symposium on Cervical Trauma; Neurosurgical Aspects. Clin. Neurosurg., 2, 83, 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayfield, F. H. New Instrument. J. Neurosurg., 14, 469, 1957.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mayfield, F. H. Cervical spondylosis; A Comparison of the Anterior and Posterior Approaches. Clin, Neurosurg., 13, 181, 1965.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGinnis, K. D. and Eisenbrey, A. B. Diagnostic Criteria for Distinguishing Cervical Disc Herniation from Spondylosis in the Neural Compression Syndrome. Radiology, 83, 67, 1964.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKenzie, K. G. and Botterell, E. H. The Common Neurological Syndromes Produced by Pressure from Extrusion of Intervertebral Disc. Can. Med. Assn. J., 46, 424, 1942.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michelson, J. J. and Mixter, W. J. Pain and Disability of Shoulder and Arm due to Herniation of the Nucleus Pulposus of Cervical Intervertebral Disks. New Engl. J. Med., 231, 279, 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  • Middleton, G. S. and Teacher, J. H. Injury of the Spinal Cord Due to Rupture of an Intervertebral Disc During Muscular Effort. Glasgow M. J., 76, 1, 1911.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, P. E. G., Hendry, N. G. C., and Billewicz, W. Z. The Chemical Background of Intervertebral Disc Prolapse. J Bone Joint Surg., 43-B, 141, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mixter, W. J. Rupture of the Intervertebral Disc. Chap. 16. P. 511–541. In A. Feiling (Ed.), Modern Trends in Neurology. New York: P. B. Hoeber, 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mixter, W. J. and Barr, J. S. Rupture of the Intervertebral Disk with Involvement of the Spinal Canal. New Engl. J. Med., 211, 210, 1934.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mixter, W. J. and Ayer, J. B. Herniation or Rupture of the Intervertebral Disk into the Spinal Canal. New Engl. J. Med., 213, 385, 1935.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morais, J. M., Lucas, D. B., and Bresler, B. Role of the Trunk in Stability of the Spine. J. Bone Joint Surg., 43-A, 327, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munro, D. The Diagnosis of Posterior Herniation of the Lumbar Intervertebral Disks. New Engl. J. Med., 232, 149, 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphey, F. and Simmons, J. C. H. Ruptured Cervical Disk: Experience with 250 Cases. Am. Surgeon, 32, 83, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, J. P. Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Protrusion Contralateral to the Side of Symptoms and Signs. Am. J. Roentgenol., 61, 77, 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nachemson, A. The Load on Lumbar Disks in Different Positions of the Body. Clin. Orthop., 45, 107, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naffziger, H. C., Inman, V., and Saunders, J. B. de C. M. Lesions of she Intervertebral Disc and Ligamenta Flava: Clinical and Anatomical Studies. Surg., Gynec., and Obstet., 66, 288, 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naffziger, H. C. and Boldrey, E. B. Surgery of Spinal Cord. In F. W Bancroft and C. Pilcher, (Eds.) Surgical Treatment of the Nervous System. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1946.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naylor, A. The Biophysical and Biochemical Aspects of Intervertebral Disc Herniation and Degeneration. Ann. Roy. Coll. Surg. Eng., 31, 91, 1962.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naylor, A. The Biochemical Changes in the Human Intervertebral Disc in Degeneration and Nuclear Prolapse. Orthop. Clin. North Am., 2, 343, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connell, J. E. A. Indications for and Results of Excision of Lumbar Inter-vertebral Disc Protrusions; Review of 500 Cases. Ann. Roy. Coll. Surg. Eng., 6, 403, 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odom, G. L., Finney, W., and Woodhall, B. Cervical Disk Lesions. J.A.M.A., 166, 23, 1958.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Payne, E. E. and Spillane, J. D. The Cervical Spine. An Anatomicopathological Study of 70 Specimens (Using a Special Technique) with Particular Reference to the Problem of Cervical Spondylosis. Brain, 80, 571, 1957.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen, H. E., BIunck, C. F. J., and Gardner, E. The Anatomy of Lumbosacral Posterior Rami and Meningeal Branches of Spinal Nerves (Sinuvertebral Nerves) With an Experimental Study of Their Functions. J. Bone Joint Surg., 38-A, 377, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peet, M. M. and Echols, D. H. Herniation of the Nucleus Pulposus. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 32, 924, 1934.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pennal, G. F., and Schatzker, J. Stenosis of the Lumbar Spinal Canal, Clinical Neurosurgery. Vol. 18. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Co. P. 86–105, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pennybacker, J. Sciatica and the Intervertebral Disc. Lancet, 238, 771, 1940.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perot, P. L., Jr. and Munro, D. D. Transthoracic Removal of Midline Thoracic Disc Protrusions Causing Spinal Cord Compression. J. Neurosurg., 31, 452, 1969.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peyton, W. T. and Simmons, D. R. Herniated Intervertebral Disk: Analysis of 90 Cases. Arch. Surg., 55, 271, 1947.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plati, J. T., Strain, W. H., and Warren, S. L. Iodinated Organic Compounds as Contrast Media for Radiographic Diagnosis. II. Ethyl Esters of Iodinated Straight and Branched Chain Phenyl Fatty Acids. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 65, 1273, 1943.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pool, J. L. Cervical Disc Syndrome. Differential Diagnosis and Management Based on 26 Operated Cases. Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med., 29, 47, 1953.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poppen, J. L. Herniation of Intervertebral Disks. Surg. Clin. North Am., 18, 879, 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pappen, J. L. Herniated Disk: Analysis of 400 Verified Cases. New Engl. J. Med., 232, 211, 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prader, A. Die frühembryonal Entwicklung der Menschlichen Zwischenwirbelscheibe. Acta Anat., 3, 68, 1947 a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prader, A. Die Entwicklung der Zwischenwirbelscheibe beim Menschlichen Keimling. Acta Anat., 3, 115, 1947 b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Püschel, J. Der Wassergehalt normaler und degenerierter Zwischenwirbelscheiben. Beitr. z. path. Anat. u. z. allg. Path., 84, 123, 1930.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raaf, J. Discussion of Paper by Cloward, R. B.: Anterior Approach for Ruptured Cervical Disks. J. Neurosurg., 15, 614, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raaf, J. Some Observations Regarding 905 Patients Operated upon for Protruded Lumbar Intervertebral Discs. Am. J. Surg., 97, 388, 1959.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raaf, J. Removal of Protruded Lumbar Intervertebral Discs. J. Neurosurg., 32, 604, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raney, R. The Similarity of Certain Cauda Equina Tumors to the Ruptured Intervertebral Disc. Read before the American Academy of Neurological Surgery, Battle Creek, September, 1943.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raney. R. See Discussion by W. B. Scoville in R. B. Cloward: Anterior Approach for Ruptured Cervical Disks. J. Neurosurg., 15, 615, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ransohoff, J., Spencer, F., Siew, F., and Gage, L., Jr. Transthoracic Removal of Thoracic Disc. Report of Three Cases. J. Neurosurg., 31, 459, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ray, B. S. Differential Diagnosis between Ruptured Lumbar Intervertebral Discs and Certain Diseases of the Spinal and Peripheral Nervous System. Surg. Clin. North Am. (April) P. 272, 1946.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeves, D. L. and Brown, H. A. Thoracic Intervertebral Disc Protrusion with Spinal Cord Compression. J. Neurosurg., 28, 24, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, J. D. Effects of Flexion-Extension Movements of the Head and Spine upon the Spinal Cord and Nerve Roots. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry., 23, 214, 1960.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Research Committee of Amer. Orthop. Assn.: End Result Study of the Treatment of Herniated Nucleus Pulposus by Excision with Fusion and without Fusion. J. Bone Joint Surg., 34-A, 981, 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riley, L. H., Robinson, R. A., Johnson, D. A., and Walker, A. E. The Results of Anterior Interbody Fusion of the Cervical Spine. Review of 93 Consecutive Cases. J. Neurosurg., 30, 127, 1969.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rissanen, P. M. Comparison of Pathologic Changes in Intervertebral Discs and Interspinous Ligaments of the Lower Part of the Lumbar Spine in the Light of Autopsy Findings. Acta Orthop. Scand., 34, 54, 1964.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, R. A. and Smith, G. W. Antero-lateral Cervical Disc Removal and Interbody Fusion for Cervical Disc Syndrome. Bull. J. Hopkins Hosp., 96, 223, 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, R. A., Walker, A. E., Ferlic, D. C., and Wiecking, D. K. The Results of Anterior Interbody Fusion of the Cervical Spine. J. Bone Joint Surg., 44-A, 1569, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, L. The Treatment of Cervical Spondylitic Myelopathy by Mobilization of the Cervical Cord into an Enlarged Spinal Canal. J. Neurosurg., 18, 490, 1961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roofe, P. G. Innervation of Annulus Fibrosus and Posterior Longitudinal Ligament. Arch. Neurol. Psych., 44, 100, 1940.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosomoff, H. L. and Rossinan, F. Treatment of Cervical Spondylosis by Anterior Cervical Diskectomy and Fusion. Arch. Neurol., 14, 392, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, J. B. de C. M. and Inman, V. T. Pathology of the Intervertebral Disc. Arch. Surg., 40, 389, 1940.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlesinger, E. B. and Taveras, J. M. Syndromes of Cervical Root Compression —Neurological and Roentgenologic Aspects. Med. Clin. North Am., 37, 451, 1953.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmorl, G. Die Pathologische Anatomie der Wirbelsäule. Verhandl. d. deutsch. orthop. Gesselsh., 21, 3, 1927a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmorl, G. Zur Kenntnis der Wirbelkorperepiphyse und der an ihr vorkomund Zerreissungsvorgänge und die dadurch an ihnen und der Wirbelspongiosa hervorgerufenen Veränderung. Verhandl. d. deutsch. path. Gesselsh., 22, 250, 1927b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmorl, G. Zur Kenntnis dbl. Wirbelkorperephiphyse und der an ihr vorkommenden Verletzungen. Arch. f. klin. Chir., 153, 35, 1928.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmorl, G. Ober bisher nur wenig beachtete Eigentümlichkeiten ausgewachsener und kindlicher Wirbel. Arch. f. klin. Chir., 150, 420, 1928.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmorl, G. Zur pathologischen Anatomie der Wirbelsäule. Klin. Wchnschr., 8, 1243, 1929.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmorl, G. Die Pathogenese der juvenilen Kyphose. Fortschr. a.d. Geh. d. Röntgenstrahlen, 41, 359, 1930.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmorl, G. and Junghanns, H. Die Gesunde and kranke Wirbelsäule in Roentgenbild. Leipzig: Georg Thieme, 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scoville, W. B. Personal Communication, December, 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scoville, W. B., Whitcomb, B., and McLaurin, R. L. The Cervical Ruptured Disk; Report of 115 Operative Cases. Tr. Am. Neurol. Assoc., 76, 222„ 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scoville, W. B. Cervical Spondylosis Treated by Bilateral Foraminotomy and Laminectomy. J. Neurosurg., 18, 423, 1961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scoville, W. B. Types of Cervical Disk Lesions and Their Surgical Approaches. J.A.M.A., 196, 479, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Semmes, R. E. Diagnosis of Ruptured Intervertebral Disc. Without Contrast Myelography and Comment Upon Recent Experience With Modified Hemilaminectomy for Their Removal. Yale J. Biol. Med., 11, 433, 1939.

    Google Scholar 

  • Semmes, R. E. Ruptures of the Lumbar Intervertebral Disc. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Semmes, R. E. and Murphey, F. The Syndrome of Unilateral Rupture of the Sixth Cervical Intervertebral Disk. J.A.M.A., 121, 1209, 1943.

    Google Scholar 

  • Semmes, R. E. and Murphey, F. Ruptured Intervertebral Disks: Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar, Lateral and Central. Surg. Clin. North Am., 34, 1095, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shenkin, H. A. and Haft, H. Foraminotomy in the Surgical Treatment of Herniated Lumbar Disks. Surgery, 60, 274, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimomura, Y., Hukuda, S., and Mizuno, S. Experimental Study of Ischemic Damage to the Cervical Spinal Cord. J. Neurosurg., 28, 565, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shinners, B. M. and Hamby, W. B. The Results of Surgical Removal of Protruded Lumbar Intervertebral Discs. 1. Neurosurg., 1, 117, 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shinners, B. M. and Hamby, W. B. Protruded Lumbar Intervertebral Disc. J. Neurosurg., 6, 450, 1949.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simonds, F. L. Low Back Pain due to Herniation or Rupture of the Intervertebral Disc into the Spinal Canal. Nebraska Med. J., 22, 456, 1937.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slepian, A. Lumbar Disk Surgery. N. Y. State J. Med., 66, 1063, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. de F., Deery, E. M., and Hagman, G. L. Herniation of the Nucleus Pulposus: A Study of 100 Cases Treated by Operation. J. Bone Joint Surg., 26, 821, 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. H. Cervical Spondylosis and Its Neurological Complications. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. W. and Robinson, R. A. The Treatment of Certain Cervical Spine Disorders by Anterior Removal of the Intervertebral Disc and Interbody Fusion. J. Bone Joint Surg., 40-A, 607, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soule, A. B., Gross, S. W., and Irving, J. G. Myelography by the Use of Pantopaque in the Diagnosis of Herniations of the Intervertebral Discs. Am. J. Roentgen. Rad. Ther., 53, 319, 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spurling, R. G. and Bradford, F. K. Neurologic Aspects of Herniated Nucleus Pulposus at the Fourth. and Fifth Lumbar Interspaces. J.A.M.A., 113, 2019, 1939.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spurling, R. G. and Thompson, T. C. Notes on the Diagnosis of Herniated Nucleus Pulposus in the Lower Lumbar Region. Army Med. Bull., 68, 142, 1943.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spurling, R. G. and Scoville, W. B. Lateral Rupture of the Cervical Intervertebral Discs; A Common Cause of Shoulder and Arm Pain. Surg. Gynec. Obstet., 78, 350, 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spurling, R. G. and Grantham, E. G. The End Results of Surgery for Ruptured Lumbar Intervertebral Discs. A Follow-up Study of 327 Cases. J. Neurosurg., 6, 57, 1949.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spurling, R. G. Lesions of the Lumbar Intervertebral Disc. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas, 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spurling, R. G. Lesions of the Cervical Intervertebral Disc. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steindler, A. An Analysis and Differentiation of Low-back Pain in Relation to the Disc Factor. J. Bone Joint Surg., 29, 455, 1947.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steindler, A. and Luck, J. V. Differential Diagnosis of Pain Low in the Back. Allocation of the Source of Pain by the Procaine Hydrochloride Method. J.A.M.A., 110, 106, 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinhausen, T. B., Dungan, C. E., Furst, J. B., Plati, J. T., Smith, S. W., Darling, A. P., Wolcott, E. C., Jr., Warren, S. L., and Strain, W. H. Iodinated Organic Compounds as Contrast Media for Radiographic Diagnosis; Experimental and Clinical Myelography with Ethyl lodophenylundecylate (Pantopaque). Radiology, 43, 230, 1944.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinke, C. R. Spinal Tumors: Statistics on a Series of 330 Collected Cases. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 47, 418, 1918.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stookey, B. Compression of the Spinal Cord Due to Ventral Extradural Cervical Chondromas. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 20, 275, 1928.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stookey, B. Compression of Spinal Cord and Nerve Roots by Herniation of the Nucleus Pulposus in the Cervical Region. Arch. Surg., 40, 417, 1940.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoops, W. L. and King, R. B. Chronic Myelopathy Associated with Cervical Spondylosis. Its Response to Laminectomy and Foraminotomy. J.A.M.A., 192, 281, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strain, W. H., Plati, J. T., and Warren, S. L. Iodinated Organic Compounds as Contrast Media for Radiographic Diagnosis. I. Iodinated Aracyl Esters. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 64, 1436, 1942.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Symon, L. Surgical Treatment. In M. Wilkinson (Ed.), Cervical Spondylosis. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1971. P. 154–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Symonds C. P. Sciatica. Internat. Med. Ann., 61, 310, 1943.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taveras, J. M. and Wood, E. H. Diagnostic Neuroradiology. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tovi, D. and Strang, R. R. Thoracic Intervertebral Disk Protrusions. Acta Chirurg. Scand. Suppl., 267, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uebermuth, H. Die Bedeutung der Altersveränderungen der menschlichen Bandscheiben für die Pathologie der Wirbelsäule. Arch. f. klin. Chir., 156, 567, 1929.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uihlein, A. and Baker, H. L. Centrally Herniated Intervertebral Disks. Minnesota Med., 51, 1229, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uihlein, A., Kenefick, T. P., and Holman, C. B. Symposium Low Back and Sciatic Pain. Neurologic Changes, Surgical Treatment, and Postoperative Evaluation. J. Bone Joint Surg., 50-A, 182, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verbiest, H. A Radicular Syndrome from Developmental Narrowing of the Lumbar Vertebral Canal. J. Bone Joint Surg. 36-B, 230, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vesalius, A. De humani corporis fabrica libri septem, Basilae, per J. Oporinum, 1555.

    Google Scholar 

  • Virchow, R. Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung des Schädelgrundes im Gesunden und Krankhaften Zustande und über den Einfluss derselben auf Schädelform, Gesichsbildung und Behirnbau. Berlin: G. Reimer, 1857.

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Luschka, H. Die Halbgelenke des menschlichen Körpers. Berlin: G. Reimer, 1858.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, E. Personal Communication to R. B. Cloward. The Anterior Approach for Removal of Ruptured Cervical Disks. J. Neurosurg., 15, 602, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, J. C. Results in Surgical Treatment of Herniated Lumbar Intervertebral Discs: Investigation of the Late Results in Subjects With and Without Supplementary Spinal Fusion: A Preliminary Report. Clin. Neurosurg., 13, 42, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, H. A., LeMay, M. L., and Ferris, E. J. Clinical-Radiographic Correlations in Cervical Spondylosis. J. Neurosurg., 30, 213, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, M. The Morbid Anatomy of Cervical Spondylosis and Myelopathy. Brain, 83, 589, 1960.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, M. Cervical Spondylosis. Its Early Diagnosis and Treatment. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, L. W. The Later Development of the Notochord in Mammals. Am. J. Anat., 8, 251, 1908.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, D. H. and MacCarty, W. C. Discography: Its Role in the Diagnosis of Lumbar Disc Protrusion. J. Neurosurg., 31, 520, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodhall, B. Discussion of Symposium on Intervertebral Disc. J. Bone Joint Surg., 29, 470, 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, H. H. and Love, J. G. End Results of Removal of Protruded Lumbar Intervertebral Discs With and Without Fusion. Instruc. Course Lect., 16, 213, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuhl, E. T., Hanna, D., Rasmussen, T., and Richter, R. Diagnosis and Surgical Therapy of Chronic Midline Cervical Disc Protrusion. Neurology, 5, 494, 1955.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1974 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Echlin, F.A., Feiring, E.H. (1974). Herniation and Protrusion of Intervertebral Discs and Spondylotic Myeloradiculopathy. In: Feiring, E.H. (eds) Brock’s Injuries of the Brain and Spinal Cord and Their Coverings. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-39966-8_28

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-39966-8_28

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-38997-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-39966-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics