Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie Immunitätsforschung und Experimentellen Therapie pp 27–119Cite as

Über den Entwicklungsstand der in der Immunbiologie gebräuchlichen Adjuvantien

  • Chapter

Zusammenfassung

Die nähere Erforschung des immunologischen Adjuvanseffektes und seine ausgedehnte Verwendung für die Immunisierungspraxis setzte nach den grundlegenden Veröffentlichungen von Ramon (1925a—c), Ramon und Descombey (1925a,b) und Glenny und ihren Mitarbeitern (1926) ein. Den Anstoß zu Ramons Untersuchungen hatten einige Beobachtungen an Pferden, die zur Antitoxingewinnung immunisiert worden waren, gegeben. Derartige Pferde hatten, wie es schien, überzufällig häufig, dannbesonders hohe Antitoxinkonzentrationen erreicht, wennam Applikationsort der Antigene lokale entzündliche Veränderungen auf getreten waren. Um diesen Zusammenhang zu prüfen, suchte Ramon nach Substanzen, die er Toxoiden (Anatoxinen) beimischen konnte und die sowohl die begrenzten lokalen entzündlichen Veränderungen als auch eine Steigerung der Antitoxinkonzentration im Blut bewirkten. Von den verschiedenen untersuchten Stoffen erwies sich ihm pulverisiertes, sterilisiertes Tapioca als besonders geeignet. Sowohl bei der Gewinnung des Diphtherieantitoxins als auch des Tetanusantitoxins wurden bei Verwendung von Tapioca Antitoxinkonzentrationen im Blut der Pferde erreicht, die um ein Vielfaches höher lagen als jene Titer, die durch die gleichen Mengen Anatoxin allein zu erzielen waren. Sehr bald erwies sich dann Tapioca auch bei anderen Antigenen als wirksames Adjuvans (Ramon et al. 1937, 1938, 1939).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  • Achard, Ch., et Ch. Foix: Sur l’emploi des corps gras comme véhicules des vaccines microbiens. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 79, 209 (1916).

    Google Scholar 

  • Amies, C. R. : The use of topically formed calcium alginate as a depot substance in active immunization. J. Path. Bact. 77, 435 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. R. : Iso-immunization of rabbits by means of Freund-McDermott adjuvants. Brit. J. exp. Path. 36, 137 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. R. R. J. : The chemistry of the lipoids of tubercle bacilli. IV. Concering the socalled tubercle bacilli wax. Analysis of the purified wax. J. biol. Chem. 83, 505 (1929).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Askonas, B. A., and J. H. Humphrey: Antibody formation in slices of granulomata produced by adjuvant. Biochem. J. 60, X (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Askonas, B. A., and J. H. Humphrey: Formation of specific antibodies and γ-globulin in vitro. A study of the synthetic ability of various tissues from rabbits, immunized by different methods. Biochem. J. 68, 252 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Askonas, B. A., and R. G. White: Sites of antibody production in the Guinea-pig. The relation between in vitro synthesis of antiovalbumin and yglobulin and distribution of antibody containing plasma cells. Brit. J. exp. Path. 37, 61 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asselineatj, J.: Acides mycoliques et cires du bacille tuberculeux. Thèse Paris 1951. — Lipides du bacille tuberculeux: Composition chimique et activité biologique. Fortschr. Tuberk.-Forsch. 5, 1 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Asselineatj, J. N. Choucroitn et E. Lederer: Sur la constitution chimique d’un lipo-polysaccharide antigénique extrait de m. tub. var. horn. Biochim. biophys. Acta 5, 197 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayres, W. W. : Formation of myelin forms in brain. Armed Forces H. J. 9, 17 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayres, W. W. : Siehe auch Kiess u. Alvord 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barr, M., C. H. Pope, A. T. Glenny and F. V. Linggard: Preparation of alumprecipitated toxoid for use as an immunizing agent. Lancet 1941 I, 301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behar, A. J., and Chl. Tal: Experimental liver necrosis produced by the injection of homologous whole liver with adjuvant. J. Path. Bact. 77, 591 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benacerraf, B., M. M. Sebestyen and St. Schlossman: A quantitative study of the kinetics of blood clearance of P32-labelled E. coli and staphylococci by the reticulo endothelial system. J. exp. Med. 110, 27 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bessau, G. : Die Tuberkulinüberempfindlichkeit und die durch Tuberkulindarreichung zu erzielende Tuberkulinunempfindlichkeit. Jb. Kinderheilk. 81, 371 (1915).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bessau, G. Über die Hervorrufung der lokalen Tuberkuloseempfindlichkeit. Berl. klin. Wschr. 1916, 801. Ref. Zbl. Bakt., I. Abt. Ref. 66, 206 (1918).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bessau, G., u. C. Detering: Über spezifische Zellumstimmung. Zbl. Bakt., I. Abt. Orig. 106, 11 (1928).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biltz, W., u. A. Lemke: Über Molekular- und Atomvolumina. 22. Über Tonerde und Spinelle. Z. anorg. u. allg. Chem. 186, 376 (1930).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bodian, D.: Viremia in experimental poliomyelitis. II. Viremia and the mechanism of the provoking-effect of injections or trauma. Ann. J. Hyg. 60, 358 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boivin, A., et L. Mesrobeanit: Contribution à l’étude de la composition chimique des bactériens. Substances azotées et phosphorées , , acido solubles”. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 112, 76 (1933).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bousfield, G. : Holt’s diphtheria toxoid (P.T.A.P.) A1PO4content, purity, ageing and durability of immunity. Lancet 1947II, Nr 6485, 867.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bousfield, G., and L. B. Holt: P.T.A.P. determination of the essential Lf dosage. Brit. med. J. 1950 II, 73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bousfield, G., and L. B. Holt: Diphtheria prophylaxis : Immunization of very young children. VI. Internat. Congr. of Microbiol. Rome 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brocard, H., et J. V. Harispe: Sur l’action biologique respective des graisses du bacille tuberculeux et des bacilles dégraisses. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 138, 975 (1944).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brocard, H., et A. Mangeot : Sur les proprietés de l’huile de vaseline ayant été en contact avec des bacilles tub. morts. C. R. Roc. Biol. 139, 975 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cannon, P. R., and K. L. Burt: The mechanism of antibody formation after exstirpation of the antigendepot. J. Immunol. 27, 173 (1934).

    Google Scholar 

  • Casals, J., and J. Freund: Sensitization and antibody formation in monkeys injected with tubercle bacilli in paraffin oil. J. Immunol. 36, 399 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase, M. W. : The cellular transfer of cutaneous hypersensitivity to tuberculin. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 59, 134 (1945).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase, M. W. : Experimental sensitization with particular reference to picryl-chloride. Int. Arch. Allergy 5, 163 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chase, M. W. : In Dubos, Bacterial and mycotic infections of man, 3. Auf. 1958. Choucroun, N.: Sur un antigène sensibilisant extrait du bacille tuberculeux. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 208, 1757 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase, M. W. : Les lésions de la tuberculose peuvent être engendrées par une substance extraite du bacille. C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 210, 511 (1940a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase, M. W. : Lésions tuberculeuse produites à distance par une substance chimique définie extraite du bacille. Premières données sur la constitution de cette substance. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 210, 749 (1940b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase, M. W. : Biological effects of a toxic and sensitizing substance isolated from paraffin oil extract of dead tubercle baciUi. Science 98, 327 (1943).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase, M. W. : Sur un antigène lipiodique extrait du bacille tuberculeux. C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 223, 104(1946).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase, M. W. : Tubercle bacillus antigens. Biological properties of two substances isolated from paraffin oil extract of dead tubercle bacilles. Amer. Rev. Tuberc. 56, 203 (1947a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase, M. W. : Antigenic carbohydrate-lipid isolated from paraffin oil extract of dead tubercle bacilli. Science 105, 46 (1947b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase, M. W. : Sur les antigènes du bacille tuberculeux. Bull. Acad. nat. Méd. (Paris) 132, 414 (1948a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase, M. W. : Rôle joué par le lipo-polysaccharide du bacille tuberculeux dans l’hypersensibilité à la tuberculine et dans Facido-résistance du bacille. C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 226, 1477 (1948b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase, M. W. : Precipitin test for carbohydrate antibodies in human tuberculosis. Amer. Rev. Tuberc. 59, 710 (1949a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase, M. W. : Réactions de précipitation permettant de déseler dans le serum de tuberculeux et aussi de l’epreux des anticorps précipités par un polysaccharide du bacille tuberculeux. C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 229, 145 (1949b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase, M. W. : The role of the lipocarbohydrat of tubercle bacillus in hypersensitivity, acid fastness and acquired resistence. Tuberculology 11, 25 (1949 c).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase, M. W. : Antigenic components of the tubercle bacillus in relation to tuberculin hypersensitivity and immunity. Int. Arch. Allergy 9, 291 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohrs, P., u. F. Schulte: Zur differentialdiagnostischen Bedeutung der Aluminium hydroxy dgranulome. Mh. Vet.-Med. 6, 105 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, L. R., and C. B. Favour: Correlation between plasma protein fractions, antibody titers and the passive transfer of delayed and immediate cutaneous reactivity to tuberculin PPD and tuberculopolysaccharides. J. exp. Med. 101, 391 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, R. C.: Further experimental studies on sympathetic ophthalmia. Amer. J. Ophthal. 36, 150 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colover, J.: Tubercle bacillus fractions in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Brain 77, 435 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colover, J., and R. Consden: The chemistry of the tubercle bacillus in relation to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Proc. 2nd Internat. Congr. Neuropath. London. Excerpta med. (Amst.), Sect. IV 1, 217 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Colover, J., and R. Consden: Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis induced by tubercle bacillary residues. Nature (Lond.) 177, 749 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coons, A. H., E.H. Leduc and J.M. Connolly: Studies on antibody production. I. A method for the histochemical demonstration of specific antibody and its application to a study of the hyperimmune rabbit. J. exp. Med. 102, 49 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coulaud, E.: Bacilles morts et réactions tuberculiniques. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 89, 1023 (1923).

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulaud, E.: Etat allergique durable obténu chez les animaux de laboratoire par injection sous-cutanée de bacilles tuberculeux morts, enrobés dans la paraffine solide. Rev. Tuberc. (Paris) 2, 851 (1934).

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulaud, E.: Caractères de l’état allergique observés chez les animaux de laboratoire après injections de bacilles de Koch enrobés dans la paraffine. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 119, 368 (1935a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulaud, E.: Caractères de l’immunité relative obtenu chez les animaux de laboratoire par injection de bacilles de Koch tués, enrobés dans le paraffine. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 119, 463 (1935b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulaud, E.: Essays de vaccination du cobaye et du lapin contre la tuberculose avec des bacilles tuberculeux morts enrobés dans la paraffine solide. Rev. Tuberc. (Paris) 1, 1181 (1935c).

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulaud, E.: Allergie réalisée avec des bacilles tuberculeux et morveux morts enrobés dans la paraffine. Pouvoir vaccinant des bacilles de Koch ainsi préparés. Bull. Acad. Méd. (Paris) 115, 232 (1936a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulaud, E.: Etude expérimentale des rapports entre l’allergie et l’immunité. Rev. Tuberc. (Paris) 2, 1190 (1936b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulaud, E.: Allergie et immunité produites par les bacilles morts émulsionnés dans les hile végétales. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 61, 350 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulaud, E.: Etat allergique obtenu chez le cobaye par application, sur scarifications cutanées, de bacilles morts enrobés dans l’huile de paraffine. Rev. Tuberc. (Paris) 5, 1232 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulaud, E.: Quantité et durée de l’état allergique conféré au cobaye par applications cutanées de bacilles tuberculeux morts enrobés ou non dans l’huile de paraffine. Rev. Tuberc. (Paris) 6, 76 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulaud, E.:, et Mlle Trocmé: Essay de vaccination complète du cobaye vis-à-vis de la tuberculose. Bull. Acad. Méd. (Paris) 117, 368 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowle, A. J. : A study of the immunizing factors of the tubercle bacillus. Doctor Diss. Stanford Univ. 1954. — Immunizing constituents of the tubercle bacilles. Bact. Rev. 22, 183 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crowle, A. J. Delayed hypersensitivity in mice. Its detection by skin-tests and its passive transfer. Science 130, 159 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’Antona, A., et S. Piazzi: Effects de la variation quantitative et qualitative des stimuli antigéniques primaires et secondaires. Mécanisme d’action des adjuvants de l’immunité. Rev. Immunol. (Paris) 20, 316 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dienes, L. : Local hypersensitiveness. II. The transfer of local hypersentitiveness to tuberculous guinea pigs with the blood serum. J. Immunol. 14, 43 (1927a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dienes, L. : Local hypersensitiveness. III. Hypersensitiveness of guinea pigs treated with egg-white during smallpox vaccination. J. Immunol. 14, 53 (1927b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dienes, L. : The immunological significance of the tuberculose tissue. J. Immunol. 15, 141 (1928a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dienes, L. : Further observations concerning sensitization of tuberculous guinea pigs. J. Immunol. 15, 153 (1928b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dienes, L. : Technic of producing tuberculin type of sensitization with egg white in tuberculous guinea pigs. J. Immunol. 17, 531 (1929).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dienes, L. : Über die Wirkung des tuberkulösen Krankheitsherdes auf die Immunitätsreaktionen des Organismus. Z. Immun.-Forsch. 68, 13 (1930).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dienes, L. : Comparative study of the anaphylactic and tuberculin type of hypersensitiveness. II. The influence exerted by the nature of the antigen, on the development of different types of hypersensitiveness. J. Immunol. 20, 333 (1931).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dienes, L. , and E. W. Schoenheit: Local hypersensitiveness in tuberculous guinea pigs. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 24, 32 (1926).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dienes, L. , and E. W. Schoenheit: Local hypersensitiveness. I. Sensitization of tuberculous guinea pigs with egg white and timothy pollen. J. Immunol. 14, 9 (1927a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dienes, L. , and E. W. Schoenheit: Local sensitiveness of tuberculous guinea pigs against egg white similar to Arthus phenomenon. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 24, 606 (1927b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dienes, L. , and E. W. Schoenheit: The reproduction of tuberculin hypersensitiveness in guinea pigs with various protein substances. Ann. Rev. Tuberc. 20, 92 (1929).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dienes, L. , and E. W. Schoenheit: Certain characteristics of the infectious process in connection with the influence exerted on the immunity response. J. Immunol. 19, 41 (1930).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, F. J., D. W. Talmage and P. H. Maurer: Radiosensitive and radioresistent phases in the antibody response. J. Immunol. 68, 693 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drescher, J. : Untersuchungen über Depotimpfstoffe. 2. Mitteilung. Beschreibung einer Methodik zur Virusgehaltsbestimmung in exstirpierten Depots von PR 8-Influenzavirus- γ-Aluminiumoxyd-Impfstoffen. Zbl. Bakt., I. Abt. Orig. 168, 181 (1957a).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drescher, J. : Adsorptionsvorgänge bei Virusarten. 1. Mitteilung. Aufnahme der Adsorptions-isotherme und Prüfung des Einflusses des pn-Wertes und der Molarität für das System PR 8-Influenzavirus-Aluminiumoxyd. Zbl. Bakt., I. Abt. Orig. 168, 217 (1957b).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drescher, J. u. H. Raettig: Adsorptionsvorgänge bei Virusarten. 2. Mitteilung. Aufnahme der Adsorptionsisotherme und Untersuchung des Einflusses des pH-Wertes für das System T 3-Bakteriophagen-Aluminiumoxyd. Zbl. Bakt., I. Abt. Orig. 168, 235 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dubos, R. J., D. W. Weiss and R. W. Schaedler: Enhancing effect of adjuvants on the antituberculous immunity elicited in mice by methanol extracts of tubercle bacilli. Ann. Rev. Tuberc. 74, 781 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrenkranz, N. J., and B. H. Waksman: Failure to transfer tuberculin sensitivity passively with plasma fractions containing globulin. J. exp. Med. 104, 935 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrich, W. E., S. P. Halbert, E. Mertens and P. Mudd: Mechanism of the augmenting action of mineral oil on antibody production. J. exp. Med. 82, 343 (1945).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrich, W. E., T.N. Harris and E. Mertens: The absence of antibody in the macrophages during maximum antibody formation. J. exp. Med. 83, 373 (1946).

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisler, M.: Über die Wirkungsweise der Adjuvantia. Z. Immun.-Forsch. 117, 294 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisler, M., u. H. Eibl: Über die Wirkungsweise der Aluminium-Diphtherieimpf Stoffe. Klin. Med. 4, 441 (1949).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisler, M., u. F. Gottdenker: Über die Entgiftung des Diphtherietoxins durch Lanolin und Sterine, sowie über die Beeinflussung seines Immunisierungsvermögens durch Cholesterin. I. Mitt. Z. Immun.-Forsch. 90, 427 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisner, H. : Verwendung von Adjuvanten zur Gewinnung von Antikörpern gegen das Kapsel- polypeptid des Bac. anthracis. Schweiz. Z. allg. Path. 22, 129 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farago, F.: Über das Schicksal und die Wirksamkeit des Anatoxin-Präcipitat-Depots im Organismus. Z. Immun.-Forsch. 86, 191 (1935).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farago, F., and S. Pusztai: An investigation into the effect of combined diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis prophylactic. Brit. J. exp. Path. 30, 572 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fichtelius, K. E., and O. Hassler : Influence of pertussis vaccine on the lymphocyte production in adrenalectomized rats. Acta path, microbiol. scand. 42, 189 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischel, E. E., E. A. Kabat, S. C. Staerk and A. E. Bezer: The role of tubercle bacilli in adjuvant emulsion on antibody production to egg albumin. J. Immunol. 69, 611 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freund, J.: Some aspects of active immunization; immunization with the aid of adjuvants. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 1, 291 (1947).

    Google Scholar 

  • Freund, J. The effect of paraffin oil and mycobacteria on antibody formation and sensitization. Ann. J. clin. Path. 21, 645 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freund, J. The mode of action of immunologic adjuvants. Fortschr. Tuberk.-Forsch. 7, 130 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Freund, J., and M. V. Bonanto: Antitoxin-formation after intravenous or subcutaneous injection of plain or alum diphtherie toxoid. J. Immunol. 40, 437 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  • Freund, J., and M. V. Bonanto: The effect of paraffin oil, lanolin like substance and killed tubercle bacilli on immunization with diphtheria toxoid and bact. typhosum. J. Immunol. 48, 325 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Freund, J., and M. V. Bonanto: The duration of antibody formation after injection of killed typhoid bacilli in water-in-oil-emulsion. J. Immunol. 52, 231 (1946).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freund, J. J. Casals and E. P. Hosmer: Sensitization and antibody formation after injection of tubercle bacilli and paraffin oü. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 37, 509 (1937).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freund, J. J. Casals-Ariet and D. Genghof: The synergistic effect of paraffin-oil combined with heat-küled tubercle bacilli. J. Immunol. 38, 67 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  • Freund, J., and R. Y. Gottschall : Standardization of tuberculin with the aid of guinea pigs sensitized by killed T.B. in liquid petroleum. Arch. Path. (Chicago) 34, 73 (1942).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freund, J., and M. M. Lipton: Experimental allergic encephalo-myelitis after excision of the injection site of antigen-adjuvantemulsion. J. Ummunol. 75, 454 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freund, J., and K. McDermott: Sensitization to horse serum by means of adjuvants. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 49, 548 (1942).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freund, J. E. M. Schryver, M. B. McGuiness and M. P. Geitner: Diphtheria antitoxin formation on the horse at the site of injection of toxoid and adjuvants. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 81, 657 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freund, J., E. R. Stern and T. M. Pisani: Iso-allergic encephalomyelitis and radiculitis in guinea pigs after one injection of brain and mycobacteria in water-in-oil-emulsion. J. Immunol. 57, 179 (1947).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freund, J., and S. H. Stone: The effectiveness of tuberculo-glycolipid as an adjuvant in eliciting allergic encephalomyelitis and aspermatogenesis. J. Immunol. 82, 560 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freund, J., and K. J. Thompson: A simple, rapid technic of preparing water-in-oil-emulsions of penicillin drugs and biologies. Science 101, 468 (1945).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freund, J., and K. J. Thompson: H. B. Hugh, H. E. Sommer and T. M. Pisani: Antibody formation and sensitization with the aid of adjuvants. J. Immunol. 10, 383 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  • Freund, J., and K. J. Thompson: H. E. Sommer, A. W. Walter and T. M. Pisani: Immunization of monkeys against malaria by means of killed parasites or adjuvants. Amer. J. trop. Med. 27, 79 (1947); 28, 1 (1948).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freund, J., and K. J. Thompson: H. E. Sommer, A. W. Walter and T. M. Pisani and E. L. Schenkein: Immunization of rhesus monkeys against malaria infection (p. knowlësi) with killed parasites and adjuvants. Science 102, 202 (1945).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freund, J., and A. W. Walter: Sapohytic acid fast bacilli and paraffin oil as adjuvants in immunization. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 56, 47 (1944).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freundlich, H. : Kapillarchemie. Leipzig 1923.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fricke, R. F., F. Niemann u. Ch. Feichtner: Über die Primärteilchengröße und Sekundärstruktur sowie den Wärmeinhalt verschieden aktiver Aluminiumoxyde. XXII. Über Struktur, Wärmeinhalt und sonstige Eigenschaften aktiver Stoffe von R. Fricke u. Mitarb. Chem. Ber. 70, 2318 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedewald, W. F. : Enhancement of the immunizing capacity of influenza virus vaccines with adjuvants. Science 99, 453 (1944a).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedewald, W. F. Adjuvants in immunization with influenza vaccine virus. J. exp. Med. 80, 477 (1944b).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geffen, D.H.: The incidence of paralysis occuring in London children within four weeks after immunization. Med. Offr. 83, 137 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gell, P. G. H., and I. I. Hinde: Observations on the histology of the Arthus reaction and its relation to other known types of skin hypersensitivity. Int. Arch. All. (N.Y.) 5, 23 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glenny, A. T., and M. Barr: Alum-toxoid precipitates as antigens. J. Path. Bact. 34, 118(1931).

    Google Scholar 

  • Glenny, A. T. G. A. H. Buttle and M. F. Stevens : Rate of disappearance of diphtheria toxoid injected into rabbits and guinea pigs: Toxoid precipitated with alum. J. Path. Bact. 34, 267 (1931).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glenny, A. T. C. G. Pope, H. Waddington and U. Wallace : The antigenic value of toxoid precipitated by potassium alum. J. Path. Bact. 29, 38 (1926).

    Google Scholar 

  • Glenny, A. T., and H. J. Sudmersen : Notes on the production of immunity to diphtheria toxin. J. Hyg. (Lond.) 20, 176 (1921).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, J.: Post-inoculation poliomyelitis. Brit. med. J. 1953 II, 66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grassberger, G. : Über die nach intraperitonealer Injektion von Marktbutter bei Meerschweinchen entstehenden Veränderungen. Münch. med. Wschr. 46, 341 (1899).

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, L., and D. S. Fleming: The immunizing efficiency of diphtheria toxoid when combined with various antigens. Canad. J. publ. Hlth 39, 131 (1948).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, M., H. Abramson, H.M. Cooper and H. Solomon: The relation between recent injections and paralytic poliomyelitis in children. Amer. J. publ. Hlth 42, 142 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haas, R., u. V. Dostal: Ein Beitrag zur Frage der inaktivierenden Wirkung von Aluminiumhydroxyd auf Poliomyelitis virus. Behring-Werk-Mitt. 36, 11 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Haas, R. W. Keller u. W. Kikuth: Grundsätzliches zur aktiven Schutzimpfung gegen Poliomyelitis. Dtsch. med. Wschr. 1955, 273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haefliger, E.: Über die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit intracutan verimpfter Tuberkel-bazillen im Körper von Meerschweinchen, die mit abgetöteten Bazillen in Vaselin-Öl vorbehandelt waren. Z. Tuberk. 82, 91 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagan, W. H., and P. Levine : The pathogenicity of the saprophytic acid fast bacilli. J. Amer. vet. med. Ass. 81, 723 (1932).

    Google Scholar 

  • Halbert, S. P., S. Mudd and J. Smolens: The increased antigenicity of Shigella para-dysenteriae (Flexner) in saline-in-mineral-oil emulsion. J. Immunol. 53, 291 (1946).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hallatjer, C., u. R. Regamey: Über einen modifizierten Typhus-Paratyphus-Tetanus (TPT)-Impfstoff. Schweiz. Z. allg. Path. 4, 350 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, A. : Adsorption de la toxine dysentérique au moyen de l’hydrate d’aluminium. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 106, 316 (1931).

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, W. T. : Some observations on the use of alum, precipitated diphtheria toxoid. Amer. J. publ. Hlth 25, 298 (1935).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Havas, H. F., and J. Andre: A study of the enhancing effect of adjuvants on antibody formation in mice. Brit. J. exp. Path. 36, 171 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hehre, E.: The preparation and properties of aqueous suspensions of oil-coated tubercle bacilli. I. Immunol. 36, 285 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Henle, W., and G. Henle: Effect of adjuvants on vaccination of human beings against influenza. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 59, 179 (1945).

    Google Scholar 

  • Henneberg, G., u. J. Drescher: Untersuchungen über Depotimpfstoffe. 1. Mitteilung. Untersuchungen über den Verlauf der γ-Aluminiumoxydresorption aus Depots von PR 8-Influenzavirus-γ-Aluminiumoxydimpfstoff en. Zbl. Bakt., I. Abt. Orig. 167, 310 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hennessen, W., L. Körner u. R. Mauler: Erfahrungen über Kombinationsimpfstoffe mit Poliomyelitis-Virus. 6. Europ. Symposium über Poliomyelitis, München, Sept. 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herdegen, M., S. P. Halbert and S. Mtjdd: Persistence of antigen at the site of inoculation of vaccine emulsified in oil. J. Immunol. 56, 357 (1947).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, A. B., and J. Knowelden: Inoculation and poliomyelitis. A statistical investigation in England and Wales in 1949. Brit. med. J. 1950 II, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt, L. B. : Purified precipitated diphtheria toxid of constant composition. Lancet 19471, 282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt, L. B. The preparation of purified and concentrated diphtheria toxoid from a semisynthetic medium. Brit. J. exp. Path. 29, 335 (1948).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, L. B. Quantitative studies in diphtheria prophylaxis: The primary response. Brjt. J. exp. Path. 30, 289 (1949).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, L. B. Quantitative studies in diphtheria prophylaxis : The secondary response. Brit. J. exp. Path. 31, 233 (1950a).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, L. B. Developments in diphtheria prophylaxis. London 1950 b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt, L. B. Quantitative studies in diphtheria prophylaxis: Some observations on the correlation in identified guinea pigs between their responses to more than one inoculation of diphtheria prophylaxis. Brit. J. exp. Path. 32, 157 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, L. B. Quantitative studies in diphtheria prophylaxis: An attempt to derive a mathematice of the antigenic of diphtheria prophylaxis. Biomet. 11, 83 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt, L. B. A re-assessment of the risk of provoking paralytic poliomyelitis by making prophylactic inoculation against diphtheria and pertussis. J. Hyg. (Lond.) 57, 150 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, L. B., and J. M. Barrnes : Quantitative studies in diphtheria prophylaxis : The determination of the antigenicity characteristics of purified diphtheria toxoid in simple solution and as P.T.A.P. Brit. J. exp. Path. 36, 407 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, L. B., and G. Bousfield: P.T.A.P.: The present position. Brit. med. J. 19491, 695, 715.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey, J. H., and A. S. McFarlane : Fate of homologous antibody in the rabbit. Biochem. J. 57, 195 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, L. B., and G. Bousfield: P.T.A.P.: Incorporation of 14C aminoacids into antibody and other Serumglobulins in vivo. Biochem. J. 60, 10 (1955). (Proc. Biochem. Soc. X.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ikawa, M., J. B. Koepfli, S. G. Mtjdd and C. Niemann: An agent from escherichia coli causing hemorrhage and regression of an experimental mouse tumor. IV. Some nitrogenous components of the phospholipide moiety. J. Amer. chem. Soc. 75, 3439 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishizaka, K., T. Ishizaka and D. H. Campbell: The biological activity of soluble antigen antibodγ-complexes. II. Physical properties of soluble complexes having skin-irrating activity. J. exp. Med. 109, 127 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaroslow, B., and W. H. Taliaferro: Effect of nucleic acid digests in restoration of hemolysin production in irradiated rabbits. Fed. Proc. 17, 519 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jerne, N. K., and E. C. Wood: The validity and meaning of the results of biological assays. Biometrics 5, 273 (1949).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jespersen, A., and M. Magntjsson : Immunization of red mice against tuberculosis bγ-vaccination with killed vaccines. I. Comparison of vivin BCG with various killed vaccines administered in aqueous and liquid paraffin suspensions. Acta path, microbiol. scand. 39, 431 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, A. G., S. Gaines and M. Landy: Studies an O-Antigen of S. typhosa, V. Enhancement of antibody response to protein antigens by the purified lipopolysaccharide. J. exp. Med. 103, 225 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, T. D., and J. R. Mote: The phases of foreign protein sensitizations in human beings. New Engl. J. Med. 210, 120 (1934).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabat, E. A., and M. Mayer: Experimental immunochemistry. Springfield/Ill., USA: Ch. C. Thomas 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabat, E. A. A. Wolf and A. E. Bezer: The rapid production of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in rhesus monkeys by injection of heterologous and homologous brain tissue with adjuvants. J. exp. Med. 85, 117 (1947).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kajihava, I. : Studies on vaccination with dead tubercle bacilli. IV. Paraffin extracted vaccine and charcoal-vaccine. Jap. J. Bact. 11, 1041 (1956). Abstr. Biol. Abstr. 31, 35194 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalberlah, Fr. : Über die Behandlung akuter Infektionskrankheiten mit intravenösen Injektionen von Bakterienimpfstoffen. Ther. Mh. 32, 328 (1918).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kass, E., and M. Finland: Adrenocortical hormones in infection and immunity. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 7, 361 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiess, M. W., and E. C. Alvord: „ Allergic” encephalomyelitis. Proceedings of a symposium: Experimental „ allergic” encephalomyelitis and its relation to other diseases of man and animals. Springfield/III., USA: Ch. C. Thomas 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiess, M. W., and E. C. Alvord u. E. Roboz: Hervorrufung experimenteller allergischer Encephalitis bei Meerschweinchen durch Fraktionen aus Rinderrückenmark und abgetöteten Tuberkelbakterien. Nature (Lond.) 182, 104 (1958a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiess, M. W., and E. C. Alvord u. E. Roboz: The allergic encephalomyelitic activity of a collagen-like compound isolated from bovine spinal cord II. J. Neurochem. 2, 261 (1958b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kind, L. S. : Relationsship of the anaphylaxis sensitivity and adjuvant properties of hemophilus pertussis vaccine. J. Immunol. 79, 238 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kind, L. S. : The altered reactivity of mice after inoculation with Bordetella pertussis vaccine. Bact. Rev. 22, 173 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kind, P., and A. G. Johnson: Studies on the adjuvant action of bacterial endotoxins on antibody formation. I. Time limitation of enhancing effect and restoration of antibody formation in x-irradiated rabbits. J. Immunol. 52, 415 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kind, P. Y. Mei and A. G. Johnson: Adjuvant action on antibody production of bacterial endotoxins. Fed. Proc. 16, 419 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopeloff, L. M., and N. Kopeloff: Neurological manifestations in laboratory animals produced by organ (adjuvant) emulsion. J. Immunol. 57, 229 (1947).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korns, R. F., R. M. Albrecht and F. R. Locke: The association of parenteral injections with poliomyelitis. Amer. J. publ. Hlth 42, 153 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landsteiner, K., and M. W. Chase: Studies on the sensitization of animals with simple chemical compounds. VII. Skin sensitization by intraperitoneal injections. J. exp. Med. 71, 237 (1940a).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landsteiner, K., and M. W. Chase: Skin sensitization to a simple compound by injections of conjugates. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 44, 559 (1940b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Landsteiner, K., and M. W. Chase: Experiments on transfer of cutaneous sensitivity to simple compounds. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 49, 688 (1942).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landy, M., A. G. Johnson and S. Gaines: Enhancement of antibody response to protein antigenes by a lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) derived from S. typhosa. Fed. Proc. 13, 499 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lange, B., R. Freund u. E. Jochimsen: Über Versuche, bei Meerschweinchen durch Vorbehandlung mit abgetöteten Tbc.-Bazillen Tuberkulinempfindlichkeit und Immunität zu erzeugen. II. Mitteilung. Z. Hyg. Infekt.-Kr. 107, 426 (1927).

    Google Scholar 

  • Laporte, R. : Fixation in vivo des bacilles tuberculeux ou paratuberculeux morts et vivants au niveau des foyers contenant de l’huile de paraffine. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 130, 1170 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Laporte, R., et J. Bretey: Sur la libération de particles non acidorésistence par les cultures du bacille tuberculeux mises en suspension dans une huile minerai. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 135, 169 (1941).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laufer, A., Ch. Tal and A. J. Behar: Effect of adjuvants (Freund’s type) and its components on the organs of various animal species. A comparative study. J. exp. Path. 40, 1 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lederer, E.: Diskussionsbem. in: Allergic encephalomyelitis. Ch. C.Thomas 1959 p. 398ff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leduc, E. H., A. H. Coons and J. M. Connolly: Studies on antibody production. II. The primary and secondary responses in the popliteal lymph node of the rabbit. J. exp. Med. 102, 61 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. M., and P. K. Olitsky: Simple method for enhancing developement of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in mice. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 89, 263 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le Moignic et Pinoy: Les vaccines en emulsion dans le corps gras ou „lipovaccine”. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 79, 201 (1916).

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Moignic et Pinoy: Applications à l’homme des vaccins en émulsions dans les corps gras (lipovaccins). C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 79, 352 (1916).

    Google Scholar 

  • Leskowitz, S., and B. H. Waksman: Studies in immunization: The effect of route of injection of bovine serum albumin in Freund adjuvant on production of circulating antibody and delayed hypersensitivity. J. Immunol. 84, 58 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, L., L. Joseph, L. Stone and L. Wymann: Factors affecting the efficiency of the aluminium adjuvant in diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. J. Immunol. 75, 301 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, L., and J. L. Stone : Factors effecting the efficiency of combines prophylactics. I. Effect of diphtheria toxoid and pertussis vaccine on tetanus toxoid. J. Immunol. 72, 258 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, P.A., and D. Loomis: Allergic irritability. The formation of antisheep hemolytic amboceptor in the normal and tuberculous guinea pig. J. exp. Med. 40, 503 (1924).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, P.A., and D. Loomis: Allergic irritability. III. The influence of chron. infections and of trypanblue on the formation of specific antibodies. J. exp. Med. 43, 263 (1926).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linderström-Lang, K., u. S. Schmidt: Über die Reinigung von Toxinen und Antitoxinen. Kolloid-Z. 51, 152 (1930).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipton, M. M., and J. Freund: The formation of complementfixing and neutralizing antibodies after the injection of inactivated rabies virus — with adjuvants. J. Immunol. 64, 297 (1950).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lipton, M. M., and J. Freund: The transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the rat by means of parabiosis. J. Immunol. 71, 380 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lipton, M. M., and A. J. Steigman: Allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol. 82, 409 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lüderitz, O., D. Hammer, F. Goebel, K. Sievers u. O. Westphal: Die Inaktivierung der endotoxischen Wirksamkeit bakterieller Lipopolysaccharide im Serum, Plasma und Vollblut vom Pferd. Z. Naturforsch. 13b, 566 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lüderitz, O., u. O. Westphal: Über bakterielle Reizstoffe. II. Mitt. Qualitative und quantitative papierchromatographische Bestimmung der Zuckerbausteine eines hochgereinigten Polysaccharid-Pyrogens aus Colibakterien. Z. Naturforsch. 7 b, 548 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lüderitz, O., u. O. Westphal : E. Eichenberger u. E. Neter: Über die Komplexbildung von bakteriellen Lipo- polysacchariden mit Proteinen und Lipoiden. Biochem. Z. 330, 21 (1958).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malkiel, S., B. J. Hargis and S. M. Feinberg: Anaphylactic shock in the mouse inoculated with H. pertussis. J. Immunol. 71, 311 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J. K. : Local paralysis in children after injections. Arch. Dis. Childh. 25, 1 (1950).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matheka, H. D. : Über das Verhalten des Maul- und Klauenseuchevirus bei Adsorption an Aluminiumhydroxyd und nachfolgende Elution. 1. Mitteilung. Untersuchung der Faktoren die die Adsorption und Elution beeinflussen. Zbl. Bakt., I. Abt. Orig. 174, 473 (1959a).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matheka, H. D. : Über das Verhalten des Maul- und Klauenseuchevirus bei Adsorption an Aluminiumhydroxyd und nachfolgende Elution. 2. Mitteilung. Der Einfluß von Fremdeiweiß auf den Adsorptions- und Elutionsvorgang. Zbl. Bakt., I. Abt. Orig. 174, 493 (1959b).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matheka, H. D. : Über das Verhalten des Maul- und Klauenseuchevirus bei Adsorption an Aluminiumhydroxyd und nachfolgende Elution. 3. Mitteilung. Reinigung und Konzentrierung von Maul- und Klauenseuchevirus durch Aluminiumhydroxyd. Zbl. Bakt., I. Abt. Orig. 175, 40 (1959 c).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCloskey, B. P. : The relation of prophylactic inoculations to the onset of poliomyelitis. Lancet 1950 1, 659.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLean, I.H., and L.B. Holt: Combined immunization with tetanus-toxoid and TAB. Lancet 1940 11, 581.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMaster, P. D., and J. G. Kidd: Lymph nodes as a source of neutralizing principles for vaccinia. J. exp. Med. 66, 73 (1937).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, I. M. : Allergic encephalomyelitis in monkeys in response to injection of normal monkey nervous tissue. J. exp. Med. 85, 131 (1947).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, I. M. W. T. J. : Studies in immunochemistry. II. The isolation and properties of a specific antigenic substance from B. dysenteriae (Shiga). Biochem. J. 31, 2003 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, I. M. The human ABO blood group substances. Experientia (Basel) 3, 257 (1947).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, I. M., and S. M. Partridge : Studies in immunochemistry. 4. The fractionation and nature of antigenic material isolated from Bact. dysenteriae (Shiga). Biochem. J. 34, 169 (1940).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, I. M., and S. M. Partridge : Studies in immunochemistry. 6. The uso of phenol and alkali in the degradation of antigenic material isolated from Bact. dysenteriae (Shiga). Biochem. J. 35, 1140 (1941).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moro, E., u. W. Keller: Tuberkulöse Hautallergie nach intracutaner Simultanimpfung von Tuberkulin und Kuhpockenlymphe. Dtsch. med. Wschr. 1925, 1015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mudd, S., and E. Mudd: Certain interfacial tension relations and the behavior of bacteria in films. J. exp. Med. 40, 647 (1924).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munoz, J., E. Ribi and C. L. Larson: Antigens of Bordetella pertussis. I. Activities of cell walls and protoplasm. J. Immunol. 83, 496 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noll, H., and J. S. Youngner: Virus-lipid interactions. II. The mechanism of adsorption of lipophilic viruses to water-insoluble polar lipids. Virology 8, 319 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olitsky, P. K., J. Casals and Ch. Tal: Relative susceptibility of various stocks of mice to exipermental disseminated E.-M. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 75, 276 (1950).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olitsky, P. K., and R. M. Yager : Experimental disseminated encephalomyelitis in white mice. J. exp. Med. 90, 213 (1949).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oshikawa, K., u. E. Friedberger: Beziehungen zwischen Antigen und Antikörperbildung. Z. Immun.-Forsch. 33, 306 (1922).

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, J. W., and T. D. Gerlough: A simple method for preparing antigenic substances from the typhoid bacillus. Science 92, 155 (1940).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parfentjev, I. A., and M. A. Goodline: Histamine shock in mice sensitized with H. pertussis vaccine. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 92, 411 (1948).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parfentjev, I. A. and E. E. Manuelidis: Hemopoietic response in mice injected with pertussis vaccine. Fed. Proc. 15, 607 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Patocka, F., and D. Slonim: Attempt at immunization against influenza with the use of lipoid adjuvants. CU1. Hyg. Epid. Mikr. Immun. 3, 121 (1954a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Patocka, F., and D. Slonim: Nové moznosti aktivni immunisace chripce. New possibilities of active immunization against influenza. Prakt. Lék. (Praha) 34, 463 (1954b).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, W. F. : Protein therapy and non-specific resistance. New York : Macmillan & Co. 1922.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrovic, D. : Recherches comparés sur la valeur du Tétalpan et du vaccin combiné contre le tétanos, la typhoide et la paratyphoide A et B, aussi bien que sur l’effect des injections de rappel des mêmes vaccines. Rev. Immunol. (Paris) 20, 231 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pittman, M.: Effect of H. pertussis on immunological and physiological reactions. Fed. Proc. 16, 867 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pontecorvo, M., e L. Picciotto: Esperimenti di vaccinazione anti-influenzale con vaccini emulsionati. Riv. Ist. sieroter ital. 28, 390 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pontecorvo, M., e L. Picciotto: Esperimenti di vaccinazione anti-influenzale con vaccini emulsionati. Nota preliminare. Ann. Med. nav. trop. 61, 551 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pontecorvo, M., e L. Picciotto: e V. La Rocca: I vaccini contro Finfluenza. Ann. Med. nav. trop. 61, 10 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pound, A. W. : The effect of a tubercle bacillary „wax” on the response of guinea pigs to the injection of tubercle bacillary protein. J. Path. Bact. 70, 119 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pound, A. W.: The effect of a tubercle bacillary lipid on antibody production to ovalbumin and horse serum albumin in the guinea pig. J. Path. Bact. 75, 55 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prigge, R. : Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Wirksamkeit von Diphtherieimpfstoffen. II. Mitt. Dtsch. med. Wschr. 1937, 894. Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie, Bd. 34 #

    Google Scholar 

  • Prigge, R. : Diphtherie-Schutzimpfung mit hochaktiven Impfstoffen. Ergebn. Hyg. Bakt. 22, 1 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Prigge, R. : Beziehung zwischen dem Antigengehalt der Diphtherieimpfstoffe und ihrer Wirksamkeit. Klin. Wschr. 1949, 685

    Google Scholar 

  • Prigge, R. : Standardization of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 9, 843 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prigge, R. :, u. W. Schäfer: Methoden der Wertbemessung biologisch wirksamer Substanzen. Nau-nyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak. 191, 281 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pritsa, M. : Immunization des cotages par une seule injection d’anatoxine diphthérique de Ramon précipitée par diverses solutions colloidales. Rev. Immunol. (Paris) 3, 472 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyl, G. : Die Prüfung von Aluminiumhydroxyd auf seine Eignung für die Maul- und Klauenseuchevakzine. Arch. exp. Vet.-Med. 7, 9 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabinowitsch, L. : Zur Frage des Vorkommens von Tbc.-Bazillen in der Marktbutter. Z. Hyg. Infekt.-Kr. 26, 90 (1897).

    Google Scholar 

  • Raffel, S. : The components of tubercle bacillus responsible for the delayed type of „infections allergy”. J. infect. Dis. 82, 267 (1948).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raffel, S.: Chemical factors involved in the induction of infections allergy. Experientia. 6, 410 (1950).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raffel, S.: L. E. Arnaud, C. D. Dukes and J. S. Huang: The rate of the „wax” of the tubercle bacilles establishing delayed hypersensitivity. II. Hypersensitivity to a protein antigen, egg albumin. J. exp. Med. 90, 53 (1949).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raffel, S.: J. Asselineau and E. Lederer: The chemical nature of the lipoidal factor of the tubercle bacillus responsible for the induction of tuberculous hypersensitivity. Ciba Found. Symp. on Exp. Tuberculosis, Bacillus and Host. 174 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Raffel, S., and J. E. Forney: The rate of the „wax” of the tubercle bacillus in establishing delayed hypersensitivity. I. Hypersensitivity a simple chemical substance, picrylchlorid. J. exp. Med. 88, 485 (1948).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raffel, S., E. Lederer and J. Asselineau: Lipoidal factors in induction of tuberculous hypersensi-tiveness. Fed. Proc. 13, 509 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Raffel, S., and J.M. Newel: The „delayed hypersensitivity” induced by antigen-antibody complexes. J. exp. Med. 108, 823 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raistrick, H., and W. W. C. Topley: Immunizing fractions isolated from B. aertrycke. B.it. J. exp. Path. 15, 113 (1934).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramon, G.: Sur la production des antitoxines. C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 181, 157 (1925a).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramon, G. Sur la production de l’antitoxine diphthérique. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 93, 506 (1925b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramon, G. Sur un procédé d’immunisation antitoxique et de production des antitoxines. Bull. Mém. Soc. Centr. Méd. vét. 101, 348 (1925c).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramon, G. Les vaccinations associées. Etude théorique résultat d’ensemble. Indications pratiques. Rev. Immunol. (Paris) 2, 415 (1938a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramon, G. Essais sur l’immunité antitoxique. Les facteurs adjuvants et leur intervention dans la résistance non spécifique à l’intoxication et dans l’augmentation de l’immunité spécifique. Rev. Immunol. (Paris) 4, 1 (1938b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramon, G., et P. Descombey : Sur l’immunisation antitétanique et sur la production de l’antitoxine tétanique. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 93, 508 (1925a).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramon, G., et P. Descombey: Sur l’immunisation et sur la production de l’antitoxine tétanique. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 93, 898 (1925b).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramon, G., et E. Lemetayer: Sur une méthode de production rapide et intensive de l’immunité et de l’antitoxine tétanique chez les animaux; son intérêt pratique et théorique. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 119, 248 (1935a).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramon, G., et E. Lemetayer: Recherches comparatives sur le sort de la toxine tétaniques injectée à l’animal soit seule, soit enrobée dans la lanoline. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 119, 906 (1935b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramon, G., et E. Lemetayer: et R. Richou: D l’influence de diverses substances ajoutées à l’antigène anatoxique dans production de l’immunité antitoxique. Rev. Immunol. (Paris) 1, 199 (1935).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramon, G., et R. Richou : Sur la production de l’antitoxine staphylococcique chez le cheval. L’influence de l’état d’immunité naturelle et du rapprochement des injections d’antigène. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 124, 315 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramon G., et R. Richotj: Sur la production rapide d’un sérum antistaphylococcique de valeur antitoxique élevée. Rev. Immunol. (Paris) 5, 427 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramon G., et R. Richotj: J. P. Thiery et C. Gerberaux: De l’influence compareé de diverses substances stimulantes sur l’accroisement de l’immunité. Rev. Immunol. (Paris) 13, 301 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramon G., et Chr. Zoeller: Les , , Vaccins associés” par union anatoxine et d’un vaccin microbien (TAB) on par mélanges d’anatoxines. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 94, 106 (1926).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramshorst, J. D. v. : The adsorption of diphtheria toxoid on aluminium phosphate. Rec. Trav. chim. Pays-Bas 68, 169 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramshorst, J. D. v. De Bereiding van Diphtherie-Entstoffen. Utrecht 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rauss, K., I. Kétyi u. L. Réthy: Untersuchung über die Entgiftung und Adjuvierung von enteralen Impfstoffen. Z. Immun.-Forsch. 116, 282 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rauss, K., I. Kétyi u. L. Réthy: u. J. Joo: Über die Herstellung, Impfreaktionen und Immunisierungsfähigkeit des kombinierten Typhus-Dysenterie-Tetanus-Impfstoffes. Z. Immun.-Forsch. 116, 287 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiner, L. : Adsorption of diphtheria toxid by cellulose derivatives and iron hydroxyde gel. J. Immunol. 24, 221 (1933).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rhoads, C. P. : Immunization with mixtures of poliomyelitis virus and aluminium hydroxide. J. exp. Med. 63, 399 (1931).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ribi, E., B. H. Hoyer, K. C. Milner, Th. D. Perrine, C.L. Larson and G. Goode: Physical and chemical analysis of endotoxin from Salmonella enteritidis. J. Immunol. 84, 32 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ribi, E. C.L. Larson, R. List and W. Wicht: Immunologic significance of the cell wall of mycobacteria. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 98, 263 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rich, A. R.: The pathogenesis of tuberculosis, 2nd edit. Springfiels/IU. USA: Ch. C. Thomas 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rich, A. R., and M.R. Lewis: The nature of allergy in tuberculosis as revealed by tissue culture studies. Bull. Johns Hopk. Hosp. 50, 115 (1932).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rist, N. : Lésions ganglionaires et pulmonaires produites chez le cobaye par inoculation de bacilles tuberculeux morts, enrobés dans la paraffin ou l’huile de vaseline. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 126, 185 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rich, A. R. Les lésions métastatiques produites par les bacilles tuberculeux morts enrobés dans les paraffines. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 61, 121 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rich, A. R. Le pouvoir pathogène et allergisant des bacilles tuberculeux morts, enrobés dans l’huile de paraffine. Fortsch. Tuberk.-Forsch. 4, 91 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivers, T. M., and F. F. Schwentker: Encephalomyelitis accompanied by myelin destruction experimentally produced in monkeys. J. exp. Med. 61, 689 (1935).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rivers, T. M. D. H. Sprunt and G. P. Berry: Observations on attempts to produce acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in monkeys. J. exp. Med. 58, 39 (1933).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, E. F. : Exstirpation of the antigenic depot and antibody production. J. Immunol. 20, 291 (1931).

    Google Scholar 

  • Roboz, E., N. Henderson and M.W. Kies: A collagen-like compound isolated from bovine cord-I. J. Neurochem. 2, 254 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, V. : Preparation and immunizing properties of protamine diphtheriae toxoid. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 68, 172 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothbard, S., and R. F. Watson: Amyloidosis and renal lesion induced in mice by injection with Freund type of adjuvant. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 85, 133 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothbard, S., and R. F. Watson: Renal glomerular lesions induced by rabbit antirat collagen serum in rats prepared with adjuvant. J. exp. Med. 109, 633 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roux, E., et A. Yersin: Contribution à l’étude diphthérie. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 2, 629 (1888).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabin, F. R., and A. L. Joyner: Cellular reactions to defatted tubercle bacilli and their products. J. exp. Med. 68, 853 (1938).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saenz, A. : Acroissement de l’état allergique et tirage de la sensibilité tuberculinique conférés au cobaye par l’inoculation sous-cutanée de bacilles tuberculeux morts enrobés dans l’huile de vaseline. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 120, 1050 (1935).

    Google Scholar 

  • Saenz, A. : Acroissement de l’état allergique conféré au cobaye par l’inoculation de bacilles paratuber-culeux, morveux, de malassez et vignal et brucella morts, enrobés dans de l’huile de vaseline. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 122911 (1936).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saenz, A. : Degré d’allergie conféré au cobaye par l’inoculation de bacilles tuberculeux morts enrobés dans des excipients gras d’origine végétale ou animale. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 124, 338 (1937a).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saenz, A. : Retard de la dispersion des germes de sur- infection chez des cobayes préparés avec des tuberculeux morts enrobés dans de l’huile de vaseline. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 124, 1161 (1937b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Saenz, A. : Contribution à l’étude de l’allergie et de l’immunité produites chez le cobaye par l’inoculation de bacilles tuberculeux morts enrobés dans l’huile de vaseline. Rev. Immunol. (Paris) 3, 530 (1937c).

    Google Scholar 

  • Saenz, A. : Caractères de l’allergie et de l’immunité produites chez le cobaye par l’inoculation de bacille tuberculeux morts enrobés dans l’huile de vaseline. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 60, 58 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Saenz, A. : Influence de la désensibilisation sur la dispersion des germes de sur-infection chez des cobaye rendus hyperallergiques au moyen de bacilles tuberculeux morts enrobés dans l’huile de vaseline. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 130, 219 (1939a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Saenz, A. : Problême de la virulence du bacille de Koch et résultats de son étude dans les tuberculoses externes et internes. Acquisitions récentes sur le pouvoir pathogène des bacilles tuberculeux morts. Rev. Immunol. (Paris) 5, 491 (1939b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Saenz, A. Le problême de la virulence du bacille de Koch. Rev. Tuberc. (Paris) 5, 1030 (1939/40).

    Google Scholar 

  • Saenz, A. Pleurésie séro-fibrineuse consécutive à l’inoculation intrapéritoneale de bacilles tuberculeux ou saprophytes acido-résistants morts, enrobés dans l’huile de vaseline. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 135, 108 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  • Saenz, A., et G. Canetti: Caractères différentiels des lésions pulmonaires produites chez le lapin par injection intratesticulaire de bacilles tuberculeux bovins ou humains morts enrobés dans l’huile de vaseline. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 129, 922 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Saenz, A., et G. Canetti : Caractéres et déterminisme des lésions pulmonaires produites, chez le cobaye par injection intratesticulaire de bacilles tuberculeux morts, enrobés dans l’huile de vaseline. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 131, 436 (1939a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Saenz, A., et G. Canetti : Lésions et troubles morbides singuliers engendrés par les bacilles tuberculeux morts enrobés dans l’huile de vaseline. Presse méd. 42, 849 (1939b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Saenz, A., et G. Canetti : Les propriétés pathogènes des bacilles tuberculeux morts enrobés dans l’huile de vaseline et injection par voie testiculaire. Leur apport aux notions de spécifité et de virulence du bacille tuberculeux. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 65, 13 (1940a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Saenz, A., et G. Canetti : L’allergisation préalable supprime-t-elle chez le cobaye les migrations pulmonaires engendrées par les bacilles tuberculeux morts enrobés dans l’huile de vaseline ? C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 134, 355 (1940b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Saenz, A., et C. A. Urquijo: Propriétés pathogènes du BCG mort ou vivant enrobés dans l’huile vaseline. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 133, 641 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  • Salk, J. E.: The partial purification of the virus of epidemic influenza by adsorption on calciumphosphate. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 46, 709 (1941).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salk, J. E.: The immunizing effect of calcium phosphate adsorbed influenza virus. Science 101, 122 (1945).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salk, J. E.: Studies on the antigenicity in man of calcium-phosphate adsorbed influenza virus with comments on the question of dose of virus needed in vaccines for human use. J. Immunol. 57, 301 (1947).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salk, J. E.: Studies in human subjects on active immunization against poliomyelitis. I. A preliminary report of experiments in progress. J. Amer. med. Ass. 151, 1081 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salk, J. E.: M. L. Bailey and A. M. Laurent: The use of adjuvants on studies on influenza immunization. II. Increased antibody formation in human subjects inoculated with influenza virus yaccine in a water-in-oil-emulsion. Amer. J. Hyg. 55, 439 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salk, J. E.: M. Contakos, A. M. Laurent, M. Serensen, A. J. Rapalsky, I. H. Simmons and H. Sandberg: Use of adjuvants in studies on influenza immunization. 3. Degree of resistence of antibody a human subjects two yours after vaccination. J. Amer. med. Ass. 151, 1169 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salk, J. E. and A.M. Laurent: The use of adjuvants on studies an influenza immunization. I. Measurements in monkeys of the dimensions of antigenicity of virus-mineral-oil. J. exp. Med. 95, 429 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salk, J. E., A. M. Laurent and M. L. Bailey : Direction of research on vaccination against nfluenza. New studies with immunologic adjuvants. Amer. J. publ. Hlth 41, 669 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salvin, S. B. : Occurence of delayed hypersensitivity during the developement of Arthus type hypersensitivity. J. exp. Med. 107, 109 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salvin, S. B. and R. F. Smith: Delayed hypersensitivity in the developement of circulating antibody. The effect of x-irradiation. J. exp. Med. 109, 325 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, S. : L’action de l’hydrate d’aluminium sur des toxines et anatoxines (diphthérie et tétanos). Acta path, microbiol. scand. 9, 269 (1932).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, S., u. A. Hansen: Über die Reinigung und Konzentrierung von Diphtherietoxin und Diphthe-rieanatoxin mit besonderem Hinblick auf die aktive Immunisierung von Menschen. Biochem. Z. 228, 263 (1930).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, S., u. A. Hansen: Sur l’adsorption de la toxine et de l’anatoxine tétanique au moyen de l’hydrate d’aluminium. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 106, 314 (1931).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, S., u. A. Hansen: et K. A. Poulsen: Adsorption de la toxine scarlatineuse au moyen de l’hydrate alu- minique. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 106, 319 (1931).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, S. C. Jensen u. J. Fjord-Nielsen: Immunisierung von Kaninchen durch eine einzige Injektion von Diphtherieimpfstoff (Anatoxine Ramon), welchem kleine Mengen Aluminiumhydroxyd zugesetzt sind. Z. Immun.-Forsch. 85, 276 (1935).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, M. P., and H. F. Swift: The effect of antecedent infection and immunization with streptococci upon the reactivity of rabbits to horse serum. J. exp. Med. 60, 323 (1934).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwentker, F. F., and T. M. Rivers: The antibody response of rabbits to injections of emulsions and extracts of homologous brain. J. exp. Med. 60, 559 (1934).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seibert, F.: Progress in the chemistry of tuberculin. Fortsch. Tuberk.-Forsch. 3, 1 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, N. F. : Biological properties of polysaccharide and lipoid fractions from a pathogenic strain of Aspergillus fumigatus. Aust. J. exp. Biol. med. Sci. 28, 109 (1950).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staub, A.M., R. Tinelli, O. Lüderitz et O. Westphal: Etude immunochimique sur les Salmonella. V. Rôle de quelques sucres et en particulair des 3, 6-Didesoxyhexoses dans la specifitè des antigènes du tableau des Kauffmann-White. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 96, 303 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stöckle, W. : Die Verteilung des Aluminiums im Blut von Pferd, Rind und Schwein. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 289, 107 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stöckle, W. M. Zacherl u. K. Lebeda: Über die Wirkungsweise von Aluminium-Adsorbatvakzinen. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 289, 233 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Swift, H. F., and C. C Derick: Reaction of rabbits to non-hemolytic streptococci. J. exp. Med. 49, 883 (1929).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swift, H. F., and M. P. Schultz : The synergistic action of staphylotoxin and beef lens extract in rabbits. J. exp. Med. 63, 703 (1936).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeda, Y., and K. Kiuchi : Studies on the constituents of M. tuberculosis responsible for the etablishement of resistance against infection. Jap. J. Tuberc. 3, 87 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tal, Chl., A. Laufer and A. J. Behar: An experimental demyelinative disease in the Syrian hamster. Brit. J. exp. Path. 39, 158 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taliaferro, W. H., and L. G. Taliaferro: Effect of x-rays on immunity: a review. J. Immunol. 66, 181 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Talmage, D. W., and F. J. Dixon: The influence of adjuvants on the elimination of soluble protein antigens and the associated antibody response. J. infect. Dis. 93, 176 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, L. : The physiological disturbances produced by endotoxins. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 16, 467 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, L. The role of epinephrine in the reactions produced by the endotoxins of gram-negatives bacteria. I. Hemorrhagic necrosis produced by epinephrine in the skin of endotoxin treated rabbits. J. exp. Med. 104, 865 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, L. P. Y. Paterson and B. Smithwick: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following immunization with homologous brain extracts; studies on role of circulating antibody in the production of the condition in dogs. J. exp. Med. 92, 133 (1950).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Topley, W. W. C., and G. S. Wilson: Principles of bacteriology and immunology, 4. Aufl. London 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Traub, E.: Über einen Adsorbatimpfstoff zur aktiven Immunisierung gegen die atypische Geflügelpest. Berl. Münch. tierärztl. Wschr. 1943, 39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhr, J. W., and M. W. Brandiss : Delayed hypersensitivity. IV. Systemic reactivity of guinea pigs sensitized to protein-antigens. J. exp. Med. 108, 905 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uhr, J. W., and A. M. Pappenheimer jr.: Delayed hypersensitivity: III. Specific desensitization of guinea pigs sensitized to protein antigens. J. exp. Med. 108, 891 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uhr, J. W., and A. M. Pappenheimer jr.: and M. Yoneda: Delayed hypersensitivity: I. Induction of hypersensitivity to diphtheria toxin in guinea pigs by infection with Corynebacterium diphtheriae. J. exp. Med. 105, 1 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uhr, J. W. S. B. Salvin and A. M. Pappenheimer jr. : Delayed hypersensitivity. II. Induction of hypersensitivity in guinea pigs by means of antigen-antibody complexes. J. exp. Med. 105, 11 (1957).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ungar, J. : The effect of added vaccines on diphtheria antitoxin production. Proc. roy. Soc. Med. 10, 674 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vallée, H., et P. Rinjard: Etudes sur l’entérite hyperthrophiante des bovidés. Rev. gén. Med. Vet. 35, 1 (1926).

    Google Scholar 

  • Waksman, B. H. : The toxic effects of the antigen-antibody reaction on the cells of hypersensitive reactors in Cellular and humoral aspects of hypersensitive states. New York : J. S. Laurence 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waksman, B. H., and R. B. Adams: Allergic neuritis: An experimental disease of rabbits induced by the injection of peripheral nervous tissue and adjuvants. J. exp. Med. 102, 213 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waksman, B. H., and H. Byron: A histologic study of the auto-allergic testis lesion in the guinea pig. J. exp. Med. 109, 311 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waldmann, O., G. Pyl, K. O. Hobohm u. H. Möhlmann: Die Entwicklung des Riemser Adsorbatimpfstoffes gegen Maul- und Klauenseuche und seiner Herstellung. Zbl. Bakt., I. Abt. Orig. 148, 1 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, P. A., and A. G. Johnson: Studies on adjuvant action of bacterial endotoxin on antibody formation. II. Antibody formation in cortisone-treated rabbits. J. Immunol. 82, 428 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, P. A., and A. G. Johnson: and M. R. Abell: Studies on the adjuvant action of bacterial endotoxins on antibody formation. III. Histological response of the rabbit spleen to a single injection of a purified protein antigen. J. exp. Med. 109, 463 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, P. A. D. Rader, M. M. Lipton and J. Freund : Formation of neutralizing antibody on monkeys injected with poliomyelitis-virus. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 74, 536 (1950).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, M. E., J. F. Sagin, M. Landy and A. G. Johnson: Studies on the O-antigen of Salmonella typhosa. I. Purification of the antigen. J. Immunol. 74, 455 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, D. W., and P. J. Dttbos: Antituberculous immunity induced in mice by vaccination with killed tubercle bacilli or with a soluble bacillary extract. J. exp. Med. 101, 313 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, D. W., and P. J. Dttbos: Antituberculous immunity induced by methanol extracts of tubercle bacilli. Its enhancement by adjuvants. J. exp. Med. 103, 73 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wesslén, T. : Passive transfer of tuberculin hypersensitivity by variable lymphocytes from the thoracic duct. Acta tuberc. scand. 26, 38 (1952).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Westphal, O., D. Hammer, O. Lüderitz, A. Nowotny, E. Eichenberg er u. F. Goebel: Die Inaktivierung der endotoxischen Lipoid-Komponente (Lipoid A) bakterieller Lipo-polysaccharide durch Pferdeserum. Naturforsch. 13b, 572 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Westphal, O., u. O. Lüderitz: Chemische Erforschung von Lipopolysacchariden gramnegativer Bakterien. Angew. Chem. 66, 407 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westphal, O., u. O. Lüderitz: u. F. Bister: Über die Extraktion von Bakterien mit Phenol/Wasser. Z. Naturforsch. 7b, 148 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Westphal, O., u. O. Lüderitz: u. F. Bister: E. Eichenberger u. W. Keiderling: Über bakterielle Reizstoffe. I. Mitt. Reindarstellung eines Polysaccharid-Pyrogens aus Bact. coli. Z. Naturforsch. 7 b, 536 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Westwater, J. O. : Antibody formation in a tuberculous lesion at the site of inoculation. J. exp. Med. 71, 455 (1940a).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westwater, J. O. : Antibody formation in a lesion produced by tubercle bacilli suspended in paraffin oil. Excision of the antigenic depot. J. Immunol. 38, 267 (1940b).

    Google Scholar 

  • White, R. G., L. Bernstock and R. G. S. Johns: Immunology 1, 54 (1958). Zit. nach Freund u. Stone 1959.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White, R. G., A. H. Coons and J. H. Connolly: Studies on antibody production: III. The alumgranuloma. J. exp. Med. 102, 73 (1955a).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White, R. G., A. H. Coons and J. H. Connolly: Studies on antibody production : IV. The role of a wax fraction of M. tuberculosis in adjuvant emulsions on the production of antibody to egg-albumin. J. exp. Med. 102, 83 (1955b).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White, R. G., and A. H. E. Marshall: The role of various chemical fractions of M. tuberculosis and other mycobacteria in the production of allergic encephalomyelitis. Immunology 1, 111(1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willstätter, R., u. H. Kraut: Zur Kenntnis der Tonerdehydrate. I. Mitt. Chem. Ber. 56, 149 (1923a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Willstätter, R., u. H. Kraut: Über ein Tonerdegel von der Formel Al(OH)3. II. Mitt. Chem. Ber. 56, 1117 (1923b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Willstätter, R., u. H. Kraut: Über wasserarme Tonerde-Hydrate. III. Mitt. Chem. Ber. 57, 58 (1924).

    Google Scholar 

  • Willstätter, R., u. H. Kraut: u. O. Erbacher: Über isomere Hydrogele der Tonerde. VII. Mitt. Chem. Ber. 58, 2448 (1925).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wunderli, H. K. : Untersuchungen über die Adsorption des Maul- und Klauenseuchevirus an Aluminiumhydroxyd. Diss. Bern 1950a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wunderli, H. K. : Untersuchungen über die Adsorption des Maul- und Klauenseuchevirus an Aluminiumhydroxyd. Z. Hyg. Infekt.-Kr. 132, 1 (1950b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yanagisawa, K., and K. Kanai: Studies on the antigenicity of oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsion consisted of purified tuberculin solution and paraffin-oil. Jap. J. med. Sci. Biol. 5, 171 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yanagisawa, K., and K. Kanai, Y. Shiga and F. Iter : Biological properties of the paraffinoil extract of dried heat-killed BCG. Jap. med. J. 4, 87 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Youngner, J. S., and H. Noll: Virus-lipid interactions. I. Concentration and purification of viruses by adsorption to a cholesterol column and studies of the biological properties of lipid-adsorbed virus. Virology 6, 157 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zilliken, Fr.: Chemistry of bacterial cell walls. Fed. Proc. 18, 966 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zinsser, H. : Studies on the tuberculin reaction and on specific hypersensitiveness in bacterial infection. J. exp. Med. 34, 495 (1921).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zinsser, H., and S. A. Petroff: Tuberculin hypersensitiveness without infection in guinea pigs. J. Immunol. 9, 85 (1924).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zweifach, B.W., H.A. Gordon, M. Wegner and J. A. Reyniers: Irreversible hemorrhagie shock in germfree rats. J. exp. Med. 107, 437 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berichte I. Poliomyelitis and prophylactic inoculation against diphtheria, whooping-cough and smallpox. Brit. Medical Research Council Commitee. Lancet 1956 II, 1223

    Google Scholar 

  • Berichte II. Antibody responses and clinical reactions with saline and oil adjuvant influenza virus vaccines. Second progress report by the medical research council’s commitee on clinical trials of influenza vaccine. Brit. Medical Research Council Commitee. Brit. med. J. 1955, 1229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berichte III. Clinicals of influenza vaccine. Third progress report to the medical research council by its committee on clinical trials of influenza vaccine. Brit. Medical Research Council Commitee. Brit. med. J. 1957, 5035.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hygiene-Institut, Universität Freiburg i. Br., Deutschland

    R. Haas & R. Thomssen

Authors
  1. R. Haas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. R. Thomssen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Philadelphia, USA

    W. Henle

  2. Düsseldorf, Deutschland

    W. Kikuth

  3. San Francisco, USA

    K. F. Meyer

  4. Hamburg, Deutschland

    E. G. Nauck

  5. Basel, Deutschland

    J. Tomcsik

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1961 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Haas, R., Thomssen, R. (1961). Über den Entwicklungsstand der in der Immunbiologie gebräuchlichen Adjuvantien. In: Henle, W., Kikuth, W., Meyer, K.F., Nauck, E.G., Tomcsik, J. (eds) Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie Immunitätsforschung und Experimentellen Therapie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-38352-0_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-38352-0_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-37573-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-38352-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation