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Summary

Analysis of invasive malignancy focuses on the particularly high growth rate of tumor cells, and on the aggressive mechanisms of histolysis favoring the infiltration of the malignant cells into the surrounding tissue. Specific significance is attributed to a certain enzyme directed against type IV collagen, and to the auto-locomotion of tumor cells, properties that may also explain the highly selective process of metastazation in at least three consecutive steps: Tumor cells invade a blood or lymph vessel, they are transported along blood or lymphatic pathways, and they eventually infiltrate foreign tissue after penetration and destruction of blood or lymph vessel walls. Among the factors involved in the process of metastazation, special interest is due to blood coagulation and to the coexistenxe of different dumor cell subpopulations within a primary. These features of malignant growth are based on the loss of functional differentiation as manifested e.g. in the loss of tissue-specific nuclear chromatin structures. Tumor development is triggered by the so-called primary factors which always affect the DNA, i.e. the cell genome. Chemical carcinogens, viruses, and shortwave or ionizing irradiation induce DNA defects which, however, will be reversed and mended by special repair mechanisms in most cases. Thus, the actual development and spread of malignancy is ultimately due to deficient reparation. Co-factors favorizing and promoting carcinogenesis may shorten the latency period, among other several specific chemicals and hormones. Based on current knowledge of tumor dormany a new concept is proposed for the chronological and morphological sequence of carcinogenesis: Following the development of a primary tumor certain as yet undefined growth factors and especially immunological factors may be responsible for the development of a progressive tumor disease.

Zusammenfassung

Bei der Analyse der malignen Wucherungen steht außer der hohen Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit der Tumorzellen die Histolyse, d.h. aggressive, lytische Mechanismen, mit denen sich bösartige Tumorzellen in die Umgebung vorschieben, im Vordergrund. Ein spezifisch gegen Typ-IV-Kollagen gerichtetes Enzym spielt hier eine bevorzugte Rolle. Hinzu kommt eine Auto-Lokomotion der Tumorzellen. Diese Eigenschaften erklären auch die Metastasierung, die als hoch-selektiver Prozeß in mindestens drei Schritten abläuft: Invasion in ein Blut- oder Lymphgefäß, Verschleppung in Blut- oder Lymphbahnen und Infiltration in ein fremdes Gewebe nach Destruktion der Gefäßwand. Unter den Faktoren, welche die Metastasierung leiten, spielen die Blutgerinnung und die Zusammensetzung der Tumoren aus verschieden malignen Subpopulationen eine führende Rolle. Grundlage all dieser Kennzeichen des malignen Wachstums ist ein Verlust der differenzierten Funktionsleistung der Zellen, faßbar z.B. an einem Verlust der gewebsspezifischen Chromatinstruktur der Zellkerne. Die auslösenden Faktoren der Tumorentstehung, die sog. Primärfaktoren, greifen durchweg an der DNA, also am Genom an. Sowohl chemische Carcinogene als auch Viren und vor allem auch kurzwellige und ionisierende Strahlen verursachen DNA-Defekte, die allerdings in den meisten Fällen durch Reparationsmechanismen korrigiert werden. Danach ist die Entstehung eines bösartigen Tumors letztlich ein Versagen dieser DNA-Reparationsmechanismen. Begünstigende Cofaktoren der Carcinogene bewirken eine Verkürzung der Latenzphase. Hierzu gehören verschiedene spezifische chemische Substanzen und Hormone. Nachdem wir wissen, daß bösartige Tumoren lange Zeit „schlafend” im Gewebe ruhen können, ergibt sich eine neue Gliederung des zeitlich-gestaltlichen Ablaufes der Carcinogenese, wobei nach Ausbildung des Primärtumors im einzelnen noch nicht bekannte Wachstumsfaktoren und vor allem immunologische Faktoren für die Entstehung der eigentlichen Tumorkrankheiten verantwortlich zu sein scheinen.

Vortrag auf der 111. Versammlung der Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte in Hamburg, 21.-25. September 1980

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Grundmann, E. (1981). Das Wesen des Malignen Wachstums. In: Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-38057-4_19

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