Abstract
The acute phase response is a well-known clinical phenomenon consisting of leukocytosis, fever, alterations in metabolism of many organs and changes in plasma concentrations of various so-called acute phase proteins [1–3]. The acute phase response is preserved throughout vertebrate evolution and can be induced by numerous immunological and non-immunological events. It is now well established that the acute phase response is orchestrated by cytokines released by the macrophages, endothelial cells and fibroblasts of the threatened tissue.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Stadnyk AW, Gauldie J (1991) The acute phase protein response during parasitic infection. Immunol Today 2: A7–A12.
Baumann H, Gauldie J (1994) The acute phase response. Immunol Today 15:74–80.
Steel DM, Whitehead AS (1994) The major acute phase reactants: C-reactive protein, serum amyloid P component and serum amyloid A protein. Immunol Today 15:81–88.
Gauldie J, Richards C, Harnish D, Lansdorp PM, Baumann H (1987) Interferon β2/B-cell stimulatory factor type 2 shares identity with monocyte-derived hepatocyte-stimulating factor and regulates the major acute phase protein response in liver cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:7251–7255.
Geiger T, Andus T, Klapproth J, Hirano T, Kishimoto T, Heinrich PC (1988) Induction of rat acute-phase proteins by interleukin 6 in vivo. Eur J Immunol 18:717–721.
Heinrich PC, Castell JV, Andus T (1990) Interleukin-6 and the acute phase response. Biochem J 269 (suppl): 51–66.
Wong GG, Clark SC (1988) Multiple actions of interleukin 6 within a cytokine network. Immunol Today 9:137–139.
Fey GH, Gauldie J (1990) The acute phase response of the liver in inflammation. In: Popper H, Schaffner F (eds) Progress in liver disease, Vol 9. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, pp 89–116.
Redl H, Schlag G, Schiesser A, Davies J (1993) Tumor necrosis factor is a mediator of phospholipase release during bacteremia in baboons. Am J Physiol 264: H2119–H2123.
Fourcade O, Simon MF, Viode C, et al (1995) Secretory phospholipase A2 generates the novel lipid mediator lysophospatidic acid in membrane vesicles shed from activated cells. Cell 80:919–927.
Baltz ML, de Beer FC, Feinstein A, et al (1982) Phylogenetic aspects of C-reactive protein and related proteins. Ann NY Acad Sci 389:49–75.
Tilg H, Vannier E, Vachino G, Dinarello CA, Mier JW (1993) Antiinflammatory properties of hepatic acute phase proteins: preferential induction of interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist over IL-1-beta synthesis by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Exp Med 178: 1629–1636.
Heuertz RM, Piquette CA, Webster RO (1993) Rabbits with elevated serum C-reactive protein exhibit diminished neutrophil infiltration and vascular permeability in C5a-induced alveolitis. Am J Pathol 142:319–328.
Volanakis JE (1982) Complement activation by C-reactive protein complexes. Ann NY Acad Sci 389:235–249.
Kilpatricks JM, Volanakis JE (1991) Molecular genetics, structure, and function of C-reactive protein. Immunol Res 10:43–53.
Jiang H, Robey FA, Gewurz H (1992) Localization of sites through which C-reactive protein binds and activates complement to residues 14-26 and 76-92 of the human Clq A chain. J Exp Med 175:1373–1379.
Kushner I, Rakita L, Kaplan MH (1993) Studies of acute-phase protein. II. Localization of Cx-re-active protein in heart in induced myocardial infarction in rabbits. J Clin Invest 42:286–292.
Kushner I, Kaplan MH (1961) Studies of acute-phase protein. I. An immuno-histochemical method for the localization of Cx-reactive protein in rabbits. Association with necrosis in local inflammatory lesions. J Exp Med 114: 961–974.
Vigushin DM, Pepys MB, Hawkins PN (1993) Metabolic and scintigraphic studies of radioiodinated human C-reactive protein in health and disease. J Clin Invest 91:1351–1357.
Volanakis JE, Wirtz KWA (1979) Interaction of C-reactive protein with artificial phosphatidylcholine bilayers. Nature 281:155–157.
Narkates AJ, Volanakis JE (1982) C-reactive protein binding specificities: artificial and natural phospholipid bilayers. Ann NY Acad Sci 389:172–182.
Hack CE, Wolbink GJ, Schalkwijk C, Speijer H, Hermens WT, van den Bosch H (1997) A role for secretory phospholipase A2 and C-reactive protein in the removal of injured cells. Immunol Today 18:111–115.
Crowl RM, Stoller JT, Conroy RR, Stoner CR (1991) Induction of phospholipase A2 gene expression in human hepatoma cells by mediators of the acute phase response. J Biol Chem 226:2647–2651.
Wolbink GJ, Schalkwijk C, Baars JW, Wagstaff J, van den Bosch H, Hack CE (1995) Therapy with interleukin-2 induces the systemic release of phospholipase-A2. Cancer Immunol Immunother 41:287–292.
Pruzanski W, Vadas P (1991) Phospholipase A2—a mediator between proximal and distal effectors of inflammation. Immunol Today 12:143–146.
Nevalainen TJ (1993) Serum phospholipases A2 in inflammatory diseases. Clin Chem 39:2453–2459.
Zachowski A (1993) Phospholipids in animal eukaryotic membranes: transverse asymmetry and movement. Biochem J 294:1–14.
Higgins CF (1994) Flip-flop the transmembrane translocation of lipids. Cell 79:393–395.
Ransac S, Aarsman AJ, van den Bosch H, Gancet C, de Haas GH, Vergeer R (1992) Rat platelet phospholipase A2: Kinetic characterization using the monomolecular film technique. Eur J Biochem 204:793–797.
Glaser KB, Mobilio D, Chang JY, Senko N (1993) Phospholipase A2 enzymes: regulation and inhibition. Tends Pharmacol Sci 141:92–98.
Mold C, Du Clos TW, Nakayama S, Edwards KM, Gewurz H (1982) C-reactive protein reactivity with complement and effects on phagocytosis. Ann NY Acad Sci 389:251–259.
Schwalbe RA, Dahlback B, Coe JE, Nelsestuen GL (1992) Pentraxin family of proteins interact specifically with phosphorylcholine and/or phosphorylethanolamine. Biochemistry 31:4907–4915.
Ying SC, Gewurz AT, Jiang H, Gewurz H (1993) Human serum amyloid P component oligomers bind and activate the classical complement pathway via residues 14-26 and 76-92 of the A chain collagen-like region of C1q. J Immunol 150:169–176.
Pepys MB, Booth SE, Tennent GA, Butler PJG, Williams DG (1994) Binding of pentraxins to different nuclear structures: C-reactive protein binds to small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles, serum amyloid P component binds to chromatin and nucleoli. Clin Exp Immunol 97:152–157.
Hicks PS, Saunero-Nava L, Du Clos TW, Mold C (1992) Serum amyloid P component binds to histones and activates the classical complement pathway. J Immunol 149:3689–3694.
Hill JH, Ward PA (1971) The phlogistic role of C3 leukotactic fragment in myocardial infarcts of rats. J Exp Med 133:885–900.
Langlois PF, Gawryl MS (1988) Detection of the terminal complement complex in patient plasma following acute myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis 70:95–105.
Yasuda M, Takeuchi K, Hiruma M, et al (1990) The complement system in ischemic heart disease. Circulation 81:156–163.
Vakeva A, Laurila P, Meri S (1993) Regulation of complement membrane attack complex formation in myocardial infarction. Am J Pathol 143:65–75.
Pinckard RN, O’Rourke RA, Crawford MH, Storrs SB, Olson MS (1980) Complement localization and mediation of ischemic injury in baboon myocardium. J Clin Invest 66:1050–1056.
McManus LM, Kolb WP, Crawford MH, O’Rourke RA, Grover FL, Pinckard RN (1983) Complement localization in ischemic baboon myocardium. Lab Invest 48:436–447.
Rossen RD, Swain JL, Michael LH, Weakley S, Giannini E, Entman ML (1985) Selective accumulation of the first component of complement and leukocytes in ischemic canine heart muscle. A possible initiator of an extra myocardial mechanism of ischemic injury. Circ Res 57:119–130.
Vakeva A, Morgan BP, Tikkanen I, Helin K, Laurila P, Meri S (1994) Time course of complement activation and inhibitor expression after ischemic injury of rat myocardium. Am J Pathol 144:1357–1368.
Schafer H, Methey D, Hugo F, Bhakdi S (1986) Deposition of the terminal C5b-9 complement complex in infarcted areas of human myocardium. J Immunol 137:1945–1949.
Hugo F, Hamdoch T, Methey D, Schafer H, Bhakdi S (1990) Quantitative measurement of SC5b-9 and C5b-9(m) in infarcted areas of human myocardium. Clin Exp Immunol 81:132–136.
Crawford MH, Grover FL, Kolb WP, et al (1988) Complement and neutrophil activation in the pathogenesis of ischemic myocardial injury. Circulation 78:1449–1458.
Vakeva A, Laurila P, Meri S (1992) Loss of expression of protectin (CD59) is associated with complement membrane attack complex deposition in myocardial infarction. Lab Invest 67:608–616.
Lagrand WK, Niessen HWM, Wolbink GJ, et al (1997) C-reactive protein and complement colocalize in the human heart after ischemia. Circulation 95:97–103.
Ito BR, Roth DM, Engler RL (1990) Thromboxane A2 and peptidoleukotrienes contribute to myocardial ischemia and contractile dysfunction in response to intracoronary infusion of C5a in pigs. Circ Res 66:596–607.
Hachfeld del Balzo UH, Levi R, Polley MJ (1985) Cardiac dysfunction caused by purified human C3a anaphylatoxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:886–890.
Entman ML, Michael L, Rossen RD, et al (1991) Inflammation in the course of early myocardial ischemia. FASEB J 5:2529–2537.
Maroko PR, Carpenter CB, Chiariello M, et al (1978) Reduction by cobra venom factor of myocardial necrosis after coronary artery occlusion. J Clin Invest 61:661–670.
Dreyer WJ, Michael LH, Nguyen T, et al (1992) Kinetics of C5a release in cardiac lymph of dogs experiencing coronary artery ischemia-reperfusion injury. Circ Res 71:1518–1524.
Weisman HF, Bartow T, Leppo MK, et al (1990) Soluble human complement receptor type 1: in vivo inhibitor of complement suppressing post-ischemic myocardial inflammation and necrosis. Science 249:146–151.
Gaynor ER, Vitek L, Sticklin L, et al (1988) The hemodynamic effects of treatment with interleu-kin-2 and lymphokine activated killer cells. Ann Intern Med 109:953–958.
Ognibene FP, Rosenberg SA, Lotze M, et al (1988) Interleukin-2 administration causes reversible hemodynamic changes and left ventricular dysfunction similar to those seen in septic shock. Chest 94:750–754.
Stieh J, Harding P, Scheewe J, Dutschke P, Kramer HH (1996) Capillary leak syndrome after open heart surgery for congenital heart defects: therapy with C1-inhibitor. Biomed Progress 9:13–16.
Nurnberger W, Michelmann I, Petrik K, et al (1993) Activity of C1 esterase inhibitor in patients with vascular leak syndrome after bone marrow transplantation. Ann Hematol 67:17–21.
Baars JW, Hack CE, Wagstaff J, et al (1992) The activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and the complement system during immunotherapy with recombinant interleukin-2. Br J Cancer 65:96–101.
Damle NK, Doyle LV (1989) IL-2-activated human killer lymphocytes but not their secreted products mediate increase in albumin flux across cultured endothelial monolayers. Implications for vascular leakage syndrome. J Immunol 142:2660–2669.
Damle NK, Doyle LV, Bender JR, Bradley EC (1987) Interleukin-2 activated human lymphocytes exhibit enhanced adhesion to normal vascular endothelial cells and cause their lysis. J Immunol 138:1779–1785.
Boccoli G, Masciulli R, Ruggeri EM, et al (1990) Adoptive immunotherapy of human cancer: The cytokine cascade and monocyte activation following high-dose interleukin 2 bolus treatment. Cancer Res 50:5795–5800.
Gemlo BT (1988) Circulating cytokines in patients with metastatic cancer treated with recombinant interleukin 2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells. Cancer Res 48:5864–5867.
Thijs LG, Hack CE, Strack van Schijndel RJM, et al (1989) Complement activation and high-dose of interleukin-2. Lancet 2:395.
Thijs LG, Hack CE, Strack van Schijndel RJM, et al (1990) Activation of the complement system during immunotherapy with recombinant interleukin-2: Relation to the development of side effects. J Immunol 144:2419–2424.
Vachino G, Gelfand JA, Atkins MB, Tamerius JD, Demchak P, Mier JW (1991) Complement activation in cancer patients undergoing immunotherapy with interleukin-2 (IL-2): Binding of complement and C-reactive protein by IL-2-activated lymphocytes. Blood 78:2505–2513.
Baars JW, De Boer JP, Wagstaff J, et al (1992) Interleukin-2 induces activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis: resemblance to the changes seen during experimental endotoxaemia. Br J Haematol 82:295–301.
Hack CE, Wagstaff J, Strack van Schijndel RJM, et al (1991) Studies on the contact system of coagulation during therapy with high doses of recombinant IL-2: implications for septic shock. Thromb Haemost 65:497–503.
Ogilvie AC, Baars JW, Eerenberg AJM, et al (1994) A pilot study to evaluate the effects of CI esterase inhibitor on the toxicity of high-dose interleukin 2. Br J Cancer 69:596–598.
Niessen HWM, Lagrand WK, Visser CA, Meijer CJL, Hack CE (1999) Upregulation of ICAM-1 and its relation to complement depositions and neutrophil degranulation in jeopardized human myocardium during infarction. Cardiovasc Res (in press).
Lagrand WK, Visser CA, Hermens WT, et al (1999) C-reactive protein as a cardiovascular risk factor: more than an epiphenomenon? Circulation (in press).
Wolbink GJ, Brouwer MC, Buysmann S, Ten Berge RJM, Hack CE (1996) CRP-mediated activation of complement in vivo: Assessment by measuring circulating complement complexes. J Immunol 157:473–479.
Wolbink GJ, Bossink AWJ, Groeneveld ABJ, de Groot MCM, Thijs LG, Hack CE (1998) Complement activation in patients with sepsis is in part mediated by C-reactive protein. J Infect Dis 177:81–87.
De Graaf TW, Van der Stelt ME, Anbergen MG, Van Dijk W (1993) Inflammation-induced expression of sialyl lewis X-containing glycan structures on alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (orosomu-coid) in human sera. J Exp Med 177:657–666.
Alcorn JM, Fierer J, Chojkier M (1992) The acute-phase response protects mice from D-galactosamine sensitization to endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Hepatology 15:122–129.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Hack, C.E., Lagrand, W.K., Wolbink, G.J. (1999). Complement Activation by C-Reactive Protein: An Inflammatory Mechanism in Human Disease?. In: Vincent, JL. (eds) Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 1999. Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, vol 1999. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-13453-5_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-13453-5_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-65288-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-13453-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive