Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
SpringerLink
Log in

Herz- und Gefäßkrankheiten

  • Chapter
Pädiatrie

  • 161 Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Angeborene Herzfehler manifestieren sich mit den Zeichen der Herzinsuffizienz, Zyanose und Herzgeräuschen, sehr selten mit Synkopen oder mit plötzlichem Herztod ohne warnende Hinweise. Herzthoraxschmerzen, vor allem unter Belastung, können Symptome einer Kardiomyopathie, einer Koronargefäßfehlbildung oder einer Krankheit des Perikards sein. Weitaus häufiger haben sie extrakardiale Ursachen, wobei psychosomatische Vorgänge in der Häufigkeit dominieren. Eine charakteristische, tageszeitliche Änderung des Aktivitätsrhythmus („Morgenmuffel“) mit morgendlicher Übelkeit, Frühstücksverweigerung, erheblichen Anlaufschwierigkeiten, abendlicher Leistungszunahme („Abendaktivisten“ mit großer Ausdauer) sowie der Situation unangemessen hohe Herzfrequenzen, Leistungsschwäche, Ohnmachtsanfälle weisen auf Kreislaufregulationsstörungen hin.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  • American Academy of Pediatrics (1997) Athletic participation by children and adolescents who have systemic hypertension. Pediatrics 99: 637–638

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Apitz J (1998) Pädiatrische Kardiologie. Steinkopff, Darmstadt

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Berger S (1999) The Pediatric Clinics of North America. Vol 46, No 2, Saunders, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutheil H (1998) EKG im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Thieme, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Hebestreit H, Lawrenz W, Zelger O, Kienast W, Jüngst B-K (1997) Ergometrie im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 145: 1326–1336

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Netter FH (1976) Farbatlanten der Medizin Bd 1: Herz. Thieme, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann V, Deeg KH, Hoyer PF (1996) Ultraschalldiagnostik in Pädiatrie und Kinderchirurgie. Thieme, Stuttgart New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Park MK (1996) Pediatric cardiology for practitioners. 3rd ed. Mosby, St. Louis

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelech AN (1999) Evaluation of the pediatric patient with a cardiac murmur. Ped Clin North Am 46: 167–188

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters H, Deeg H-K, Weitzel D (1987) Ultraschalluntersuchung des Kindes. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Schmailzl KJG (1994) Kardiale Ultraschalldiagnostik. Blackwell Wissenschaft, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumacher G, Bühlmeyer K, Hess J (2000) Angeborene Herzfehler, 3. Aufl. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Snider AR, Serwer GA, Ritter AB (1997) Echocardiography in Pediatric Heart Disease, 2nd ed. Mosby-Year Book, St. Louis

    Google Scholar 

  • Soergel M, Kirschstein M, Busch C, Danne T, Gellermann J, Holl R, Krull F, Reichert H, Reusz GS, Rascher W (1997) Oscillometric twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure values in healthy children and adolescents: a multicenter trial including 1141 subjects. J Pediatr 130: 167–169

    Google Scholar 

  • Coceani F, Olley PM (1980) Role of prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxanes in the control of prenatal patency and postnatal closure of the ductus arteriosus. Semin Perinatol 4: 109–113

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rudolph AM (1974) Congenital diseases of the heart. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, pp 1–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudolph AM (1985) Distribution and regulation of blood flow in the fetal and neonatal lamb. Circ Res 57: 811–821

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benitz WE, Malachowski N, Cohen RS, Stevenson DK, Ariagno RL, Sunshine P (1985) Use of sodium nitroprusside in neonates: efficacy and safety. J Pediatr 106: 102–110

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourgeois M, Liersch R, Kramer HH (1996) Herzinsuffizienz. In: Reinhardt D (Hrsg) Therapie der Krankheiten des Kindesalters, 6. Aufl. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 594–609

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunner HR, Nussberger J, Waeber B (1994) Dose-response relationship of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II blockers. Eur Heart J 15 (Suppl D): 123–128

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohn JN (1993) Efficacy of vasodilators in the treatment of heart failure. JACC 22 (Suppl A): 135A - 138A

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colucci WS, Wright RF, Braunwald E (1986a) New positive inotropic agents in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Mechanisms of action and recent clinical developments (part 1). N Engl J Med 314: 290–299

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colucci, WS, Wright, RF, Braunwald, E (1986b) New positive inotropic agents in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Mechanisms of action and recent clinical developments (part 2). N Engl J Med 314: 349–358

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Kardiologie (Hrsg) (1998) Leitlinien zur rationalen Diagnostik und Therapie von Erkrankungen des Herzens und des Kreislaufs bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Steinkopff, Darmstadt

    Google Scholar 

  • Garg R, Yusuf S for the Collaborative Group on the ACE Inhibitor Trials (1995) Overview of randomized trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. JAMA 273: 1450–1456

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu DT, Quaegebeur JM, Michler RE, Smith CR, Rose EA, Kichuk MR, Gersony WM, Douglas JF, Addonizio LJ (1995) Heart transplantation in children with congenital heart disease. JACC 263: 743–749

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jayais P, Mauriat P, Pouard P, Journois D (1990) Enoximone et chirurgie cardiaque pediatrique. Arch Mal Coeur 83: 109–117

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly RA, Smith TW (1993) Digoxin in heart failure: Implications of recent trials. JACC (Suppl A): l07–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Koren G (1985) Interaction between digoxin and commonly coadministered drugs in children. Pediatrics 75: 1032–1037

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer HH (1998) Herzinsuffizienz. In: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Kardiologie (Hrsg) Leitlinien zur rationalen Diagnostik und Therapie von Erkrankungen des Herzens und des Kreislaufs bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Steinkopff, Darmstadt, S 27–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Packer M (1986) Neurohormonal interactions and adaptations in congestive heart failure. Circulation 77: 721–730

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park MK (1986) Use of digoxin in infants and children with specific emphasis on dosage. J Pediatr 108: 871–877

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid JL, MacFadyen RJ, Squire IB, Lees KR (1993) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in heart failure: blood pressure changes after the first dose. Am Heart J 126: 794–797

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor SH (1985) Diuretics in cardiovascular therapy. Perusing the past, practising in the present, preparing for the future. Z Kardiol 74 (Supp12): 2–12

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Witte, MK, Stork, JE, Blumer, JL (1986) Diuretic therapeutics in the pediatric patient. Am J Cardiol 57: 44–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaritsky, A, Chernow, B (1984) Use of catecholamines in pediatrics. J Pediatr 105: 341–350

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beekman RH, Tuuri DT (1985) Acute hemodynamic effects of increasing hemoglobin concentration in children with a right to left ventricular shunt and relative anemia. J Am Coll Cardio115: 357–362

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadas AS (1992) Hypoxemia. In: Fyler DC (ed) Nadas` Pediatric Cardiology. Hanley and Belfus, Philadelphia, pp 73–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Paridon SM (1990) Consequences of chronic hypoxemia and pulmonary vascular resistance. In: A Garson, JT Bricker, McNamara DG (eds) The Science and Practice of Peditatric Cardiology. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia London, pp 1996–2006

    Google Scholar 

  • Boughman JA, Berg KA, Astemborski JA et al. (1987) Familial risks of congenital heart disease in a population based epidemiologic study. Am J Med Genet 26: 839–850

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dallapiccola B, Marino B, Digilio MC et al. (1996) The mendelian basis of congenital heart defects. Cardiol Young 6: 264–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferencz C, Rubin JD, McCarter RJ et al. (1987) Cardiac and noncardiac malformations: Observations in a population-based study. Teratology 35: 367–378

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson M, Walsh KP, Peart I et al. (1996) Epidemiology of congenital heart disease in Merseyside–1979 to 1988. Cardiol Young 6: 272–280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nora JJ, Nora AH (1987) Maternal transmission of congenital heart disease: New recurrence risk figures and the questions of cytoplasmic inheritance and vulnerability to teratogens. Am J Cardiol 59: 459–463

    Google Scholar 

  • Samanek M, Slavik Z, Zborilova B et al. (1989) Prevalence, treatment, and outcome of heart disease in live-born children: a prospective analysis of 91,823 live-born children. Pediatr Cardiol 10: 205–211

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Apitz J (1998) Pädiatrische Kardiologie. Steinkopff, Darmstadt

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Castaíieda AR, Jonas RA, Mayer JE, Hanley FL (1994) Cardiac Surgery of the neonate and infant. Saunders, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmanouilides GC, Riemenschneider TA, Allen HD, Gutgesell HP (1995) Heart disease in infants children and adolsmcents, 5th ed. Wllliaïris and Wilkins, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  • Freedom RM, Benson LN, Smallhorn JF (1992) Neonatal heart disease. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Eyler DC (1992) Nadas` Pediatric Cardiology. Hanley and Belfus, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Garson A Jr, Bricker JT, Fisher DJ, Neish SR (1998) The Science and Practice of Pediatric Cardiology, Voll, 2nd ed. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirklin JW, Barratt-Boyes BG (1993) Cardiac Surgery, 2nd ed. Churchill Livingstone, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Mavroudis C, Backer CL (1994) Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, 2nd ed. Mosby, St Louis

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmaltz AA, Singer H (1994) Herzoperierte Kinder und Jugendliche. Wiss Verl Ges, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Balzer DT, Spray TL, McMullin D, Cottingham W, Canter CE (1993) Endarteritis associated with a clinically silent ductus arteriosus. Am Heart J 125: 1192–1993

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bink-Boelkens MTHE, Menzelaar KJ, Eygelaar A (1988) Arrhythmias after repair of secundum atrial septal defect: The influence of surgical modification. Am Heart J 115: 629–633

    Google Scholar 

  • Breitwieser C, Schmaltz AA, Neudorf U, Hentrich F, Brecher AM, Urban AE, Doetsch N, Reidemeister, C (1996) Nicht-invasive Diagnostik bei angeborenen Herzfehlern. Ein Vergleich von prä- und intraoperativen Befunden. Mschr Kinderheilk 144: 520–525

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell M (1970) Natural history of atrial septal defect. Br Heart J 32: 820–822

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cockerham JT, Martin TC, Gutierrez FR, Hartmann AF, Goldring D Jr, Strauss AW (1983) Spontaneous closure of secundum atrial septal defect in infants and young children. Am J Cardiol 52: 1267–1271

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fournier A, Young, ML, Garcia OL, Tamer DF, Wolff GS (1986) Electrophysiologic cardiac function before and after surgery in children with atrioventricular canal. Am J Cardiol 57: 1137–1141

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frontera-Izquierdo P, Cabezuelo-Huerta G (1990) Natural and modified history of complete atrioventricular septal defect–a 17 years study. Arch Dis Childh 65: 964–967

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galal MO, Wobst A, Halees Z et al. (1994) Peri-operative complications following surgical closure of atrial septal defect type II in 232 patients–a baseline study. Eur Heart J 15: 1381–1384

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Houyel L, Vaksmann G, Fournier A, Davignon A (1990) Ventricular arrhythmias after correction of ventricular septal defects: Importance of surgical approach. J Am Coll Cardiol 16: 1224–1228

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirklin JW, Barrat-Boyes BG (1986) Cardiac surgery. Curchill Livingstone, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Latson LA (1998) Per-catheter ASD closure. Pediatr Cardiol 19: 86–93

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kutsche LM, Mierop LHS van (1987) Anatomy and pathogenesis of aorticopulmonary septal defect. Am J Cardiol 59: 443–447

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meijboom F, Hess J, Szatmari A, Utens EMWJ, McGhie J, Deckers JW, Roelandt JRTC, Bos E (1993) Long-term follow-up (9 to zo years) after surgical closure of atrial septal defect at a young age. Am J Cardiol 72 1431–1434

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meijboom F, Szantmari A, Utens E, Deckers JW, Roelandt JRTC, Bos E, Hess J (1994) Long-term follow-up after surgical closure of ventricular septal defect in infancy and childhood. Am J Cardiol 24: 1358–64

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meskishvili AV, Ishino K, Dähnert I, Uhlemann F, Weng Y, Lange PE, Hetzer R (1996) Correction of complete artioventricular septal defects with the double-patch technique and cleft closure. Ann Thorac Surg 62: 519–524

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mierop LHS van (1976) Embryology of the atrioventricular canal region and pathogenesis of endocardial cushion defects. In: Feldt RH, Mc-Goon DC, Ongley PA, Rastelli GC, Titus JL, Van Mierop LHS (eds) Atrioventricular canal defects. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Najm HK, Williams WG, Coles JG, Rebeyka IM, Freedom RM (1996) Scimitar syndrome: twenty years’ experience and results of repair. J Thorac Surg 112: 1161–1168

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Otterstadt JE, Erikssen J, Froysaker T, Simonsen S (1986) Long term results after operative treatment of isolated ventricular septal defect in adolescents and adults. Acta Med Scand Suppl 108: 1–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Piccoli GP, Gerlis LM, Wilkinson JL, Lozsadi K, Macartney FJ, Anderson RH (1979) Morphology and classification of atrioventricular defects. Br Heart J 32: 621–626

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pozzi M, Remig J, Fimmers R, Urban AE (1991) Atrioventricular septal defects. J Thorac Cardiovac Surg 101: 138–142

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rigby ML, Redington AN (1994) Primary transcather umbrella closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect. Br Heart J 72: 368–371

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmaltz AA (1994) Rezirkulationsfehler. In: Schmaltz AA, Singer H (Hrsg) Herzoperierte Kinder and Jugendliche. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, S 117–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmaltz AA, Reidemeister C, Neudorf U, Doetsch N, Hentrich F (1994) Restshunts nach chirurgischer Ductusligatur. Z Herz Thorax Gefäßchir 8: 91–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharafuddin MJA, Gu X, Titus JL, Urness M, Cervera-Ceballos JJ, Am-platz K (1997) Transvenous closure of secundum atrial septal defects. Preliminary results with a new self-expanding nitinol prothesis in a swine model. Circulation 95: 2162–2168

    Google Scholar 

  • Shirali GS, ()Train Smith E, Geva T (1995) Quantitation of echocardiographic predictors of outcome in infants with isolated ventricular septal defect. Am Heart J 130: 1228–1235

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thilén U, Aström Olsson K (1997) Does the risk of infective endarteritis justify routine patent ductus arteriosus closure? Eur Heart J 18: 506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tkebuchava T, Segesser LK v, Vogt PR, Bauersfeld U, Jenni R, Kunzli A, Lachat M, Turnina M (1997) Congenital aortopulmonary window: diagnosis, surgical technique and long-term results. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 11: 293–297

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trowitzsch E, Braun W, Stute M, Pielemeier W (1990) Diagnosis, therapy, and outcome of ventricular septal defects in the first year of life: a two dimensional colour Doppler echocardiography study. Eur J Pediatr. 149: 758–761

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tulloh RM, Rigby ML (1997) Transcather umbrella closure of aorto-pulmonary window. Heart 77: 479–480

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward C (1994) Secundum atrial septal defect: routine surgical treatment ist not of proven benefit. Br Heart J 71: 219–223

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zellers TM, Zehr R, Weinstein E, Leonard S, Ring WS, Nikaidoh H (1994) Two-dimensional and doppler echocardiography alone can adequately define preoperative anatomy and hemodynamic status before repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect in infants 1 year old. J Am Coll Cardiol 24: 1565–1570

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abid F, Fekih M, Khayati A, Drissa H, Fehri W, Abid A (1995) Replacement of the mitral valve in children–an analysis of 130 cases. Cardiol Young 5: 225–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aharon AS, Laks H, Drinkwater DC et al. (1994) Early and late results of mitral valve repair in children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 107: 1262–71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alday LE, Juaneda E, Spillmann A, Ruiz E (1994) Early and late results of balloon dilatation for congenital mitral stenosis. Cardiol Young 4: 122–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aotsuka H, Tobita K, Hamada H et al. (1996) Validation of the proximal isovelocity surface area method for assessing mitral regurgitation in children. Pediatr Cardiol 17: 351–359

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brieger DB, Ward C, Cooper StG, Nunn GR, Cartmill TB, Sholler GF (1995) Double orifice left atrioventricular valve–diagnosis and management of an unexpected lesion. Cardiol Young 5: 267–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chauvaud S, Fuzellier JF, Houel R, Berrebi A, Mihaileanu S, Carpentier A (1998) Reconstructive surgery in congenital mitral valve insufficiency (carpentier’s techniques): long-term results. J Thorac Surg 12: 84–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Devereux RB (1995) Recent developments in the diagnosis and management of mitral valve prolapse. Curr Op Cardiol 10: 107–116

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glesby MJ, Pyeritz RE (1989) Association of mitral valve prolapse and systemic abnormalities of connective tissue. JAMA 262: 523–528

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gudinchet F, Rodoni P, Sarraj A, Payot M, Schnyder P (1998) Pulmonary oedema associated with mitral regurgitation: prevalence of predominant right upper lobe involvement in children. Pediatr Radiol 28: 260–262

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jonas RA (1993) Replacement of the mitral valve in children. Cardiol Young 3: 168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore P, Adatia I, Spevak PJ, Keane JF, Perry SB, Castaneda AR, Lock JE (1994) Severe congenital mitral stenosis in infants. Circulation 89: 2099–2106

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Obeid AI, Carlson RJ (1995) Evaluation of pulmonary vein stenosis by transeophageal echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 8: 888–896

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohara N, Mikajima T, Tagaki J, Kato H (1991) Mitral valve prolapse in childhood: the incidence and clinical presentations in different age groups. Acta Paediatr Jpn 33: 467–475

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmaltz AA, Ibrahim ZI, Apitz J (1978) Clinical and angio- and echo-cardiographic findings in 45 children with mitral valve prolapse syndrome. Europ J Cardiol 7: 49–58

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shuler CO, Fyfe DA, Sade R, Crawford FA (1995) Transeophageal echocardiographic evaluation of cor triatratum in children. Am Heart J 129: 507–510

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Son JAM van, Danielson GK, Schaff HV, Puga FJ, Seward JB, Hagler DJ, Mair DD (1993) Cor triatriatum: diagnosis, operative approach, and late results. Mayo Clin Proc 68: 854–859

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart WJ (1994) Choosing the „golden moment“ for mitral valve repair. J Am Coll Cardiol 24: 1544–1545

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tulloh RMR, Bull C, Elliott MJ, Sullivan ID (1995) Supravalvar mitral stenosis: risk factors for recurrence or death after resection. Br Heart J 73: 164–168

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uva MS, Galletti L, Gayet FL, Piot D, Serraf A, Bruniaux J, Comas J, Roussin R, Touchot A, Binet JP (1995) Surgery for congenital mitral valve disease in the first year of life. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 109: 164–174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogt J, Eckhardt R, Beuren AJ (1975) Die kongenitale Mitralstenose. Eine Übersicht über 33 Patienten. Z Kardiol 64: 516–535

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards JE (1948) Anomalies of the derivatives of the aortic arch system. Med Clin North Am 32: 925–949

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman JIE (1995) Congenital anomalies of the coronary vessels and the aortic root. In: Emmanouillides GC, Riemenschneider TA, Allen HD, Gutgesell HP (eds) Heart disease in infants, children and adolescents. Including the fetus and young adult, 5th ed Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg PM (1995) Aortic arch anomalies. In: Emmanouillides GC, Riemenschneider TA, Allen HD, Gutgesell HP (eds) Heart disease in infants, children and adolescents. Including the fetus and young adult, 5th ed. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  • White RT, Lynch-Nyhan A, Terry P et al. (1988) Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation: technics and long-term outcome of embolotherapy. Radiology 169: 663–669

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wooley MM, Stanley P, Wesley JR (1977) Peripherically located congeni- tal fistulae in infancy and childhood. J Pediatr Surg 12: 165–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson RH, Becker AE, Luccese FE, Meier MA, Rigby ML, Soto B (1983) Morphology of congenital heart disease. University Park Press, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker AE, Connor M, Anderson RH (1975) Tetralogy of Fallot: A morphometric and geometric study. Am J Cardiol 35: 402–412

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheatham JP, Latson LA, Gutgesell P (1982) Echocardiographic pulsed doppler features and absent pulmonary valve syndrom in the neonate. Am J Cardiol 49: 1773–1777

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cullen S, Celermajer DS, Franklin RC et al. (1994) Prognostic significance of ventricular arrhythmia after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: a 12-year prospective study. J Am Coll Cardiol 23: 1151–1155

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cullen S, Shore D, Redington A (1995) Characterization of right ventricular diastolic performance after complete repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Restrictive physiology predicts slow postoperative recovery. Circulation 91: 1782–1789

    Google Scholar 

  • Digilio MC, Marino B, Gianotti A et al. (1997) Recurrence risk figures for isolated tetralogy of Fallot after screening for zzgii microdeletion. J Med Genet 34: 188–190

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francannet C, Lancaster PA, Pradat P et al. (1993) The epidemiology of three serious cardiac defects. A joint study between five centers. Eur J Epidemiol 9: 607–616

    Google Scholar 

  • Gatzoulis MA, Till JA, Somerville J, Redington AN (1995) Mechanoelectrical interaction in tetralogy of Fallot. QRS prologation relates to right ventricular size and predicts malignant ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. Circulation 92: 231–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Godart F, Rey C, Breviere GM et al. (1995) Agenesis of the pulmonary valves. Experience over 20 years. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 88: 673–679

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Helbing WA, Niezen RA, Le Cessie Set al. (1996) Right ventricular diastolic function in children with pulmonary regurgitation after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: volumetric evaluation by magnetic resonance velocity mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol 28: 1827–1835

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoerstkotte D, Paselk C, Bircks W, Loogen F (1993) Klinische Langzeitergebnisse nach Korrekturoperation einer Fallotschen Tetralogie. Z Kardiol 82: 552–562

    Google Scholar 

  • John S, John C, Bashi VV et al. (1993) Tetralogy of Fallot: intracardiac repair in 84o subjects. Cardiovasc Surg 1: 285–290

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirklin NM, Blackstone EH, Jonas RH et al. (1992) Morphologic and surgical determinants of outcome events after repair of tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary stenosis: A two-institution study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 103: 706–723

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller-Scholden J, Bürsch J, Wessel A et al. (1993) Quantifizierung der postoperativen Pulmonalinsuffizienz: Schweregrad and klinische Symptomatik. Z Kardiol 82: 692–699

    Google Scholar 

  • Nollert G, Fischlein T, Bouterwek S et al. (1997) Longterm survival in patients with repair of tetralogy of Fallot: 36year follw-up of 490 survivors of the first year after surgical repair. 30: 1374–1383

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piechaud JF, Delogu AB, Iserin L et al. (1994) Palliative treatment of tetralogy of Fallot by percutaneous dilatation of the right ventricular outflow tract. 4o cases. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 86: 573–579

    Google Scholar 

  • Gittenberger-De Groot AC, Sauer U, Oppenheimer-Dekker A et al. (1983) Coronary arterial anatomy in transposition of the great arteries: A morphologic study. Ped Cardiol 4 (suppl 1): 15

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirklin JW, Blackstone EH, Tchervenkov CI, Castaneda AR (1992) Clinical outcomes after the arterial switch operation for transposition. Patient, support, procedural, and institutional risk factors. Circulation 86: 1501–1515

    Google Scholar 

  • Massin MM, Nitsch GB, Dabritz S et al. (1997) Angiographic study of aorta, coronary arteries, and left ventricular performance after neonatal arterial switch operation for simple transposition of the great arteries. Am Heart J 134: 298–305

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rashkind WJ, Miller WW (1966) Creation of an atrial septal defect without the thoracotomy: A palliative approach to complete transposition of the great arteries. JAMA 196: 991–992

    Google Scholar 

  • Vouhe PR, Tamisier D, Leca F et al.: (1992) Transposition of the great arteries, ventricular septal defect, and pulmonary outflow tract obstraction. Rastelli or Lecompte procedure? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 103: 428–436

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wernovsky G, Hougen TJ, Walsh EP et al. (1988) Midterm results after the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum: Clinical hemodynamic, echocardiographic and electrophysiologic data. Circulation 77: 1333–1344

    Google Scholar 

  • Yacoub MH (1983) Anatomic correction of tranposition of the great arteries: Surgical technique. Ped Cardiol 4 (suppl 1): 61–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allwork SP, Bentall HH, Becker AF et al. (1976) Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries: Morphologic study of 32 cases. Am J Cardiol 38: 910–923

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson RH, Becker RM, Freedom FJ et al. (1985) Sequential segmental analysis of congenital heart disease. Pediat Cardiol 5: 281–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Imai Y (1997) Double-Switch operation for congenitally corrected transposition. Adv Card Surg 9: 65–86

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy VM, McElhinney DB, Silverman NH, Hanley FL (1997) The double switch for anatomical repair of congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries in infants and children. Eur Heart J 18: 1470–1477

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aoki M, Forbess JM, Jonas RA et al. (1994) Result of biventricular repair for double outlet right ventricle. J Thorac Cardiovasc Suurg 107: 338–349

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borrommee L, Lecompte Y, Batisse et al. (1988) Anatomic repair of anomalies of ventricular connection associated with ventricular septal defect. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 95: 96–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinert S, Sano T, Weintraub RG et al. (1997) Anatomic features and surgical strategies in double-outlet right ventricle. Circulation 96: 1233–1239

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kosaki K, Mendoza A, Jones KL (1996) Cervical flexion: its contribution to normal and abnormal cardiac morphogenesis. Teratology 54: 135–144

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lui RC, Williams WG, Trusler GA et al. (1993) Experience with the DamusKay-Stansel procedure for children with Taussig-Bing hearts or uni-ventricular hearts with subaortic stenosis. Circulation 88: 1170–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Mavroudis C, Backer CL, Muster AJ et al. (1996) Taussig-Bing anomaly: arterial switch versus Kawashima intraventricular repair. Ann Thorac Surg 61: 1330–1338

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders SP, Bierman FZ, Williams RG (1982) Conotruncal malformations: Diagnosis in infancy using subxiphoid two-dimensional echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 50: 1361–1367

    Google Scholar 

  • Calder L, Praagh R van, Praagh S van et al. (1976) Truncus arteriosus communis. Clinical, angiographic and pathologic findings in too patients. Am Heart J 92: 23–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinemann MK, Hanley FL, Fenton KN et al. (1993) Fate of small homo-graft conduits after early repair of truncus arteriosus. Ann Thorac Surg 55: 1409–1411

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McElhinney DB, Reddy VM, Rajasinghe HA et al. (1998) Trends in the management of truncal valve insufficiency. Ann Thorac Surg 65: 517–124

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajasinghe HA, McElhinney DB, Reddy VM et al. (1997) Long-term follow-up of truncus arteriosus repaired in infancy: a twenty-year experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 113: 869–878

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riggs TW, Paul MH (1982) Two-dimensional echocardiographic prospective diagnosis of common truncus arteriosus in infants. Am J Cardiol 50: 1380–1384

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turley K (1992) Current method of repair of truncus arteriosus. J Card Surg 7: 1–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weipert J, Meisner H, Mendier N et al. (1995) Allograft implantation in pediatric cardiac surgery: surgical experience from 1982 to 1994. Ann Thorac Surg 60: 10l - 104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson KR (1978) Pathologic anatomy of Ebstein’s anomaly revisited. Am J Cardiol 41: 739

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Becker AE, Becker MJ, Edwards JE (1971) Pathologic spectrum of dysplasia of the tricuspid valve. Archs Path 91: 167

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Celermajer DS, Bull C, Till JA et al. (1994) Ebstein’s anomaly: Presentation and outcome from fetus to adult. JACC 23: 170–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Danielson GK, Maloney JD, Devloo RAE (1979) Surgical repair of Ebstein’s anomaly. Mayo Clin Proc 54: 185

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quaegebeur JM, Sreeram N, Fraser AG et al. (1991) Surgery for Ebstein’s anomaly: The clinical and echocardiographic evaluation of a new technique. JACC 17: 722–728

    Google Scholar 

  • Shina A, Seward JB, Edwards WD et al. (1984) Two-dimensional echo-cardiographic spectrum of Ebstein’s anomaly: Detailed anatomic assessment. JACC 3: 356–370

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson H (1974) Natural history of Ebstein’s anomaly of the tricuspid valve in childhood and adolescens. An international co-operative study of 5o5 cases. Br Heart J 36: 417

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson RH, Webb S, Brown NA (1998) Defective lateralisation in children with congenitally malformed hearts. Cardiol Young 8: 512–531

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bichell DP (1999) Evaluation and management of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum. Curr Opin Cardiol 14: 60–66

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bove EL (1998) Current status of staged reconstruction for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Pediatr Cardiol 19: 208–315

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen DM, Allen HD (1997) New developments in the treatment of hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Curr Opin Cardiol 12: 44–58

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dapper F, Bauer J, Kroll J, Zickmann B, Bohle RM, Hagel KJ, Schranz D (1998) Clinical experience with heart transplantation in infants. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 14: 1–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franklin R (1998) The Fontan circulation. In: Redington AN, Brawn WJ, Deanfield JE,. Anderson RH (eds) The right heart in congenital heart disease. Greenwich Med Media, London, pp 137–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Geggel RL (1997) Update on the modified Fontan procedure. Curr Opin Cardiol 12: 57–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofbeck M, Rauch A, Leipold G, Singer H (1998) Diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect. Progr Ped Cardiol 9: 113–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knott-Craig CJ, Danielson GK, Schaff HV, Puga FJ, Weaver AL, Driscoll DD (1995) The modified Fontan operation. Analysis of risk factors for early postoperative death or take down in 702 consecutive patients from one institution. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 109: 1237–43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neill CA, Zuckerberg AL (1995) Syndromes and congenital heart defects. In: Nichols DG, Cameron DE, Greeley WJ, Lappe DG, Ungerleider RM, Wetzel RC (eds) Critical heart disease in infants and children. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 987–1012

    Google Scholar 

  • Okanlami O, DG Nichols, SC Nicolson, JN Meliones, DE Cameron (1995) Tricuspidatresia and the Fontan operation. In: Nichols DG, Cameron DE, Greeley WJ, Lappe DG, Ungerleider RM, Wetzel RC (eds) Critical heart disease in infants and children. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 737–768

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinzobahamvy N,Arenz C, Brecher AM, Blaschzok HC, Urban AE (1996) Early and long-term results of total pulmonary venous drainage in neonates and infants. Eur Cardiothorac Surg 10: 433–438

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulmer HE (1998) Total fehleinmündende Lungenvenen. In: Apitz J (Hrsg) Pädiatrische Kardiologie. Steinkopff, Darmstadt, S 381–387

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuckering AL (1995) Double-inlet-ventricle. In: Nichols DG, Cameron DE, Greeley WJ, Lappe DG, Ungerleider RM, Wetzel RC (eds) Critical heart disease in infants and children. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 769–797

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernuth G von, Bernsau U, Gutheil H et al. (1982) Tachyarrhythmic syncopes in children with structurally normal hearts with and without QT prolongation in the electrocardiogram. Eur J Pediatr 138: 206–210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernuth G von, Engelhardt W, Kramer HH et al. (1992) Atrial automatic tachycardia in infancy and childhood. Eur Heart J 13: 1410–1415

    Google Scholar 

  • Flinn CJ, Wolff GS, Dick M et al. (1984) Cardiac rhythm after the Mustard operation for complete transposition of the great arteries. N Engl J Med 310: 1635–1638

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garson A, Randall DC, Gillette PC et al. (1985) Prevention of sudden death after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol 6: 221–227

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garson A, Bink-Boelkens M, Hesslein PS et al. (1985) Atrial flutter in the young: a collaborative study of 38o cases. J Am Coll Cardiol 6: 871–878

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garson A, Dick M, Fournier A (1993) The long QT syndrome in children: an international study of 287 patients. Circulation 87: 1866–1872

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kugler JD, Danford DA, Deal BJ et al. (1994) Radiofrequency catheter ablation for tachyarrhythmias in children and adolescents. N Engl J Med 330: 1481–1487

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liberthson RR, Coland SD (1982) Multifocal or chaotic atrial rhythm. Ped Cardiol 2: 179–184

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindinger A, Heisel A, Bernuth G von et al. (1998) Permanent junctional re-entry tachycardia: a multicentre long-term follow-up study in infants, children and young adults. Eur Heart J 19: 936–942

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ludomirsky A, Garson A (1990) Supraventricular Tachycardia. In: Gillette PC, Garson A, Pediatric Arrhythmias: Electrophysiology and Pacing. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 380–426

    Google Scholar 

  • Massin M, Bernuth G von (1996) Übersicht über die Verwendung von Antiarrhythmika für die Behandlung tachykarder Herzrhythmusstörungen im Kindesalter. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 144: 11–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry JC, Garson A (1990) Supraventricular tachycardia due to WolffParkinson-White syndrome in children: early disappearance and late recurrence. J Am Coll Cardiol 16: 1215–1220

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfammatter JP, Paul T, Kallfelz HC (1995) Recurrent ventricular tachycardia in asymptomatic young children with an apparently normal heart. Eur J Pediatr 154: 513–517

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfammatter JP, Stocker FP (1998) Results of a restrictive use of antiarrhythmic drugs in the chronic treatment of atrioventricular reentrant tachycardias in infancy and childhood. Am J Cardiol 82: 72–75

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pinsky WW, Gillette PC, Garson A et al. (1981) Diagnosis, management, and long-term results of patients with congenital complete atrioventricular block. Pediatrics 69: 728–733

    Google Scholar 

  • Villain E, Bonnet D, Trigo C et al. (1996) Outcome of, and risk factors for, second degree atrioventricular block in children. Cardiol Young 6: 315–319

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adwani SS, Whitehead BF, Rees PG, Whitmore P, Fabre JW, Elliott MJ, Leval MR de (1995) Heart transplantation for dilated cardiomyopathy. Arch Dis Child 73: 447–452

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akagi T, Benson LN, Lightfood NE, Chin K, Wilson G, Freedom RM (1991) Natural history of dilated cardiomyopathy in children. Am Heart J 121: 1502–1506

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arola A, Jokinen E, Ruuskanen O, Saraste M, Pesonen E, Kuusela AL, Tikanoja T, Paavilainen T, Simell O (1997) Epidemiology of idiopathic cardiomyopathies in children and adolescents. A nationwide study in Finland. Am J Epidemiol 146: 385–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Arola A, Touminen J, Ruuskanen O, Jokinen E (1998) Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in children: Prognostic indicators and outcome. Pediatrics 101: 369–376

    Google Scholar 

  • Baum D, Bernstein D, Starnes VA, Oyer P, Pitlick P, Stinson E, Shumway N (1991) Pediatric heart transplantation at Stanford: results of a 15-year experience. Pediatrics 88: 203–214

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burch M, Siddiqi SA, Celermejer DS, Scott C, Bull C, Deanfield JE (1994) Dilated cardiomyopathy in children: determinants of outcome. Br Heart J 72: 246–250

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen SC, Noury S, Balfour I, Jureidini S, Appleton S (1990). Clinical profile of congestive cardiomyopathy in children. J Am Coll Cardiol 15: 189–193

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Codd MB, Sugrue DD, Gersh BJ, Melton LJ (1989) Epidemiology of idiopathic dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 80: 564–572

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Digitalis Investigation Group (DIG) (1997) The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med 306: 525–533

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman RA, Moak JP, Garson A (1991) Clinical course of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in children. J Am Coll Cardiol 18: 152–156

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuster V, Gersh EJ, Giuliani ER, Tajik AJ, Brandenburg OA, Frye RL (1981) The natural history of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 47: 523–530

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin ML, Hernandez A. Martin TC, Goldring D, Bolman R M, Spray TL, Strauss AW (1988) Dilated cardiomyopathy in infants and children. J Am Coll Cardiol 11: 139–144

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grüning E, Tasman J A, Kücherer H, Franz W, Kübler W, Katus H A (1998) Frequency and phenotypes of familial dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 31: 186–194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Günthard J, Stocker F, Bolz D, Jäggi E, Ghisla R, Oberhänsli I, Wyler F (1997) Dilated cardiomyopathy and thrombo-embolism, Eur J Pediatr 156: 3–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu DT, Addonizio LJ, Hordof AJ, Gersony WM (1991) Acute pulmonary embolism in pediatric patients awaiting heart transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 17: 1621–1625

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kallenberg R, Andelfinger V, Barth H et al. (1995) Myokarditis/DCM im Kindesalter. Z Kardiol 84: 782

    Google Scholar 

  • Kandolf R (1995) Molekulare Pathogenese der Enterovirusmyokarditis. Internist 36: 430–438

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kandolf R, Hofschneider PH (1985) Molecular cloning of the genome of a cardiotropic coxackie B 3 virus in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 4818–4822

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kasper EK,Agema WRP, Hutchins GM, Deckers JW, Hare JM, Baughman KL (1994) The causes of dilated cardiomyopathy: a clinicopathologic review of 673 consecutive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 23: 586–590

    Google Scholar 

  • Koniaris LS, Goldhaber SZ (1998) Anticoagulation in dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 31: 745–748

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kreuder J (1998) Genetisch bedingte Kardiomyopathien im Kindes- and Jugendalter. Mschr Kinderheilkd 146:158–168, 257–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Krogmann ON, Kries R, Rammos S, Kramer HH, Heller F, Bourgeois M, Göbel U (1990) Effektivität, Komplikationen and Dosierung der Phenprocumontherapie im Kindesalter. Mschr Kinderheilkd 138: 530–538

    Google Scholar 

  • Kühl U, Seeberg B, Schultheiss HP, Strauer BE (1994) Immunohistological characterization of infiltrating lymphocytes in biopsies of patients with clinically suspected dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J (Suppl C) 15: 62–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kunkel B, Schneider M, Kober G, Bussmann WD, Hopf R, Kaltenbach M (1982). Die Morphologie der Myokardbiopsie and ihre klinische Bedeutung. Z Kardiol 71: 787–794

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kupferschmidt Ch, Schmaltz AA, Tacke E, Apitz J, Lange D (1984) Left ventricular thrombi in three children with dilated cardiomyopathy: diagnostic procedure and clinical course. Pediatr Cardiol 5: 65–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis AB (1994) Prognostic value of echocardiography in children with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J 128: 133–136

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis AB, Chabot M (1993) The effect of treatment with angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors on survial of pediatric patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Pediatr Cardiol 14: 9–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis AB, Neustein HB, Takahasi M, Lurie PR (1985) Findings on endomyocardial biopsy in infants and children with dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 55: 143–145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loebe M, Hummel M, Müller J, Lieback E, Uhlemann F, Lange PE, Hetzer R (1994) Moderne Abstoßungsdiagnostik nach orthotoper Herztransplantation im Kindesalter. Z Kardiol 83: 697

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin AB, Garson A, Perry JC (1994) Prolonged QT interval in hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy in children. Am Heart J 127: 64–70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matitiau, A, Perez-Atayde A, Sanders StP, Sluysmans Th, Parness IA, Spe-yak, PJ, Colan SD (1994) Infantile dilated cardiomyopathy–Relation of outcome to left ventricular mechanics, hemodynamics, and histology at the time of presentation. Circulation 90: 1310–1318

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michels VV, Moll PP, Miller FA et al. (1992) The frequency of familial dilated cardiomyopathy in a series of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 326: 77–82

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Packer M, Gheorghiade M, Young JB et al. (1993) Withdrawal of digoxin from patients with chronic heart failure treated with angiotensinconverting-enzyme inhibitors. N Engl J Med 329: 1–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson P, McKenna W, Bristow M et al. (1996) Report of the 1995 World health organization/International society and federation of cardiology task force on the definition and classification of cardiomyopathies. Circulation 93: 841–842

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmaltz AA (1999) Herzinsuffizienz im Kindesalter. Klin Pädiatr 211: 1–10

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmaltz AA, Apitz J, Hort W (1987) Dilated cardiomyopathy in childhood: problems of diagnosis and long-term follow-up. Eur Heart J 8: 100–105

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schultheiß HP (1993) Die dilatative Kardiomyopathie–eine chronische Myokarditis? Neue Aspekte zur Diagnostik and Therapie. Z Kardiol (Suppl 4 ) 82: 25–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, ML, Cox GF, Lin AE, Korson MS, Perez-Atayde A, Larco RV, Lipshultz SE (1996) Clinical approach to genetic cardiomyopathy in children. Circulation 94: 2021–2038

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sieverding L, Schmaltz AA, Hassberg D,Apitz J, Horst W (1989) Sekundäre Herzmuskelerkrankungen and ihre Differentialdiagnose im Kindesalter. Wien Klin Wochenschr 101: 39–44

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern H, Weil J, Genz T, Vogt W, Bühlemeyer K (1990) Captopril in children with dilated cardiomyopathy: Acute and long-term effects in a prospective study of hemodynamic and hormonal effects. Pediatr Cardiol 11: 22–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Taliercio CP, Seward JB, Driscoll DJ, Fisher LD, Gersh BH, Tajik AJ (1985) Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in the young: clinical profile and natural history. J Am Coll Cardiol 6: 1126–1131

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, SH (1995) Refocus on diuretics in the treatment of heart failure. Eur Heart J 16 (Suppl F): 7–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • The Consensus trial study group (1987) Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 316: 1429–1435

    Google Scholar 

  • Waagstein F (1995) The role of ß-blockers in dilated cardiomyopathy. Curr Opin Cardiol 10: 322–331

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Werner GS, Schaefer C, Dirks R, Figulla HR, Kreuzer H (1994) Prognostic value of doppler echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular filling in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 15: 792–798

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiles HB, McArthur PD, Taylor AB, Gilette PC, Fyfe DA, Matthews JP, Shelton LW (1991) Prognostic features of children with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 15: 1372–1376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balaji S, Wiles HB, Sens M A, Gillette PC (1994) Immunosuppressive treatment for myocarditis and borderline myocarditis in children with ventricular ectopic rhythm. Br Heart J 72: 354–359

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drucker NA, Colan SD, Lewis AB et al. (1994) Gamma-globulin treatment of acute myocarditis in the pediatric population. Circulation 89: 252–257

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neuspiel DR, Kuller LH (1985) Sudden and unexpected natural death in childhood and adolescence. JAMA 254: 1321–1325

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmaltz AA, Demel KP, Kallenberg R, Neudorf U, Kandolf R, Klingel K, Bultmann B (1998) Immunosuppressive therapy of chronic myocarditis in children: Three cases and the design of a randomized prospective trial of therapy. Pediatr Cardiol 19: 235–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Dupuis C, Gronnier P, Kachaner J, Farru O, Hernandez I, Ducoulombier H, Viiers A (1994) Bacterial pericarditis in infancy and childhood. Am J Cardiol 74: 807–809

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson N J, Webber S A, Patterson MWH, Sandor SGS, Tipple M, LeBlanc J (1994) Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of corticosteroids in children with postpericardiotomy syndrome. Pediatr Cardiol 15: 62–65

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zayas R, Anguita M, Torres F et al. (1995) Incidence of specific etiology and role of methods for specific etiologic diagnosis of primary acute pericarditis. Am J Cardiol 75: 378–382

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association (1993) Diagnosis and therapy of Kawasaki disease in children. Circulation 87: 1776–1780

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujiwara H, Hamashima Y (1978) Pathology of the heart in Kawasaki disease. Pediatrics 61: 100–107

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawasaki T, Kosaki F, Okawa S, Shigematsu I, Yanagawa HJ (1974) A new infantile acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome ( MLNS) prevailing in Japan. Pediatrics 54: 271–276

    Google Scholar 

  • Newburger JW, Takahashi M, Burns IC et al. (1986) The treatment of Kawasaki syndrome with intravenous gammaglobulins. N Eng J Med 315: 341–347

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ayoub EM (1992) Resurgence of rheumatic fever in the United States. The changing picture of a preocutable disease. Postgrad Med 92: 133–142

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caeiro F, Michielson FM, Bernstein R, Hughes GR, Ansell BM (1981) Systemic lupus erythematosus in childhood. Ann Rheum Dis 40: 325–331

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dajani AS, Ayoub EM, Biermann FZ (1993) Guidelines for the diagnosis of rheumatic fever: Jones Criteria, Updated 1992. Circulation 87: 302–307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg MJ (1993) Rheumatic heart disease in the developing world: prevalence, prevention, and control. Eur Heart J 14: 122–128

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fish AJ, Blau EB, Westberg NG, Burke, BA, Vernier RL, Michael AF (1977) Systemic lupus erythematosus within the first two decades of life. Am J Med 62: 99–117

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldenberg J, Ferraz MB, Pessoa AP, Fonseca AS, Carvalho AC, Hilario MO,Atra E (1992) Symptomatic cardiac involvement in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Cardiol 34: 57–62

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schollin J, Wesström G (1985) Acute rheumatic fever in swedish children 1971–80. Acta Paediatr Scand 74: 749–754

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman ED (1993) Congenital heart block and neonatal lupus erythematosus: prevention is the goal. J Rheumatol 20: 7–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Awadallah SM, Kavey RE, Byrum CJ, Smith FC, Kveselis DA, Blackman MS (1991) The changing pattern of infective endocarditis in childhood. Am J Cardiol 61: 90–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baddour LM CG Lowrance JH, Simpson WA (1989) Pathogenesis of experimental endocarditis. Rev Infect Dis 10: 452–463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baltimore RS (1992) Infective endocarditis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 14: 907–912

    Google Scholar 

  • Dajani AS, Taubert KA, Wilson W et al. (1997) Prevention of bacterial endocarditis. Recommendations by the American Heart Association. Circulation 96: 358–366

    Google Scholar 

  • Del Pont JM, De Cicco LT, Vartalitis C et al. (1995) Infective endocarditis in children: clinical analyses and evaluation of two diagnostic criteria. Pediatr Infect Dis J 14: 1079–1086

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen D, Schmiegelow K, Jacobsen JR (1992) Bacterial endocarditis in children: trends in its diagnosis, course, and prognosis. Pediatr Cardiol 13: 198–203

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson DH, Rosenthal A, Nadas AS (1975) A forty-year review of bacterial endocarditis in infancy and childhood. Circulation 51: 581–588

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer HH, Henschel W, Hentrich F et al. (1991) Prophylaxe der bakteriellen Endokarditis im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Deutsches Ärzteblatt 88: 798–801

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer HH, Horstkotte D, Rammos S (1991) Bacterial endocarditis in infants, children and adolescents. In: Horstkotte D, Bodnar E (eds) Infective endocarditis. ICR Publishers, London, pp 137–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin JM, Neches WH, Wald ER (1997) Infective endocarditis: 35 years of experience at a children’s hospital. Clin Infect Dis 24: 669–675

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nager F (1987) Pathogenese und Epidemiologie der infektiösen Endokarditis. In: Rudolph W, Adam D (Hrsg) Infektiöse Endokarditis. Fortschritte der antimikrobiellen und antineoplastischen Chemotherapie. Futuramed, Münschen, S 687–698

    Google Scholar 

  • Nomura F, Penny DJ, Menahem S, Pawade A, Karl TR (1995) Surgical intervention for infective endocarditis in infancy and childhood. Ann Thorac Surg 60: 90–95

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosin H, Naumann P, Horstkotte D, Budde T, Loogen F (1984) Bacteriological assistance for optimal antibiotic therapy of endocarditis. Eur Heart J 5: 21–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saiman L, Prince A, Gersony WM (1993) Pediatric infective endocarditis in the modern era. J Pediatr 122: 847–853

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Böhler T, Klaus G (1997) Bluthochdruck (Arterielle Hypertonie). In: Dörner K, Böhler T (Hrsg) Diagnostische Strategien in der Pädiatrie. GIT Verlag, Darmstadt, S 117–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Brouhard BH (1995) Hypertension in children and adolescents. Cleve Clin J Med 62: 21–28

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faulhaber H-D (1997) Hypertonietherapie 1997. Diagn Ther 6–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Krull F (1995) Arterielle Hypertonie im Kindesalter. Monatsschr Kinderheilk 143: 300–314

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahan JD, Turman MA, Mentser MI (1997) Evaluation of hematuria, proteinuria and hypertension in adolescents. Pediatr Clin North Am 44: 1573–1589

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miiller-Wiefel DE (1988) Die hypertensive Krise im Kindesalter. Wien klin Wochenschr 100: 547–555

    Google Scholar 

  • Rascher W (1997) Blood pressure measurement and standards in children. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12: 868–870

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sadowski RH, Falkner B (1996) Hypertension in pediatric patients. Am J Kidney Dis 27: 305–315

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scholze J, Rautenberg B (1994) Niere und Hochdruck. Z ärztl Fortbild 88: 31–36

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soergel M, Kirschstein M, Busch C et al. (1997) Oscillometric twenty-four hour ambulatory blood pressure measurement in healthy children and adolescents: a multicenter trial including 1141 subjects. J Pediatr 130: 178–184

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spieker C, Barenbrock M, Rahn KH (1996) Differentialdiagnose und Therapie der essentiellen Hypertonie. Z ärztl Fortbild 90: 213–220

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Task Force on Blood Pressure Control in children (1987) Report of the second task force on blood pressure control in children 1987. Pediatrics 79: 1–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Tepel M (1997) Einfluß des Oberarmumfangs auf die RR-Messung. Internist 38: 862–868

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trepel M, Giet M van der, Zidek W (1997) Praktische Therapie der chronischen Niereninsuffizienz durch Progressionshemmung. Dt Ärzte-b 194: 2648–2652

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber F, Phillip T (1992) Diagnostik der nephrogenen Hypertonie. Dt Ärztebl 89: 3445–3453

    Google Scholar 

  • Abenhaim L, Moride Y, Rich S et al. (1994) The International Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Study. Chest 105: 379

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adatia I, Wessel DL (1994) Therapeutic use of inhaled nitric oxide. Curr Opin Pediatr 6: 583–590

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barst RJ (1999) Recent advances in the treatment of pediatric pulmonary artery hypertension. Pediatr Clin North Am 46: 331–345

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bush A, Busst CM, Haworth SG et al. (1988) Correlations of lung morphology, pulmonary vascular resistance, and outcome in children with congenital heart disease. Br Heart J 59: 480–485

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin VV, Genthner DE, Panella MM, Rich S (1998) Reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance with long-term epoprostenol (prostacyclin) therapy in primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 338: 273–277

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabinovitch M (1989) Structure and function of the pulmonary vascular bed: an update. Cardiol Clin 7: 895–914

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sandoval J, Bauerle O,Gomez A, Palomar A, Martinez Guerra ML, Furuya ME (1995) Primary pulmonary hypertension in children: clinical characteristisation and survival. J Am Coll Cardiol 25: 466–474

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turanlahti MI, Laitinen PD, Sarna SJ, Pesonen E (1998) Nitric oxide, oxygen, and prostacyclin in children with pulmonary hypertension. Heart 92: 169–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Benditt DG (1999) Cardiac pacing for prevention of vasovagal syncope. JACC 33: 21–23

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berkowitz JB,Auld D, Hülse E, Campell R M (1995) Tilt fable evaluation for control pediatric patients: comparison with symptomatic patients. Clin Cardio 18: 521–525

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Sayed H, Hainsworth R (1996) Salt supplement increases plasma volume and orthostatic tolerance in patients with unexplained syncope. Heart 75: 134–140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grubb BP, Kosinski D C (1996) Current trends in etiology, diagnosis, and management of neurocardiogenic syncope. Curr Opin Cardiol 10: 32–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grubb BP, Karas B (1998) Diagnosis and management of neurocardiogenic syncope. Curr Opin Cardiol 13: 29–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lord St, McComb JM (1996) Syncope and salt. Heart 75: 114–115

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathias ChH, Deguchi K, Bleasdale-Barr K, Kimber JR (1998) Frequency of family history in vasovagal syncope. Lancet 352: 33–34

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strieper MJ, Auld DO, Hulse E, Campell RM (1994) Evaluation of recurrent pediatric syncope. Pediatrics 93: 660–662

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. G. Buheitel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. H. Singer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. G. von Bernuth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. H. H. Kramer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. J. Apitz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. A. A. Schmaltz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. D. Lang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. J. H. Bürsch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. W. Kienast
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. R. Schille
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. P. Schneider
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Universitäts-Kinderklinik, Adenauerallee 119, 53113, Bonn, Deutschland

    Michael J. Lentze

  2. Universitäts-Kinderklinik, Schwanenweg 20, 24105, Kiel, Deutschland

    Jürgen Schaub

  3. Universitäts-Kinderklinik, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Deutschland

    Franz J. Schulte

  4. Universitäts-Kinderklinik, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101, Mainz, Deutschland

    Jürgen Spranger

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Buheitel, G. et al. (2001). Herz- und Gefäßkrankheiten. In: Lentze, M.J., Schaub, J., Schulte, F.J., Spranger, J. (eds) Pädiatrie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-12660-8_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-12660-8_18

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-12661-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-12660-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation