Abstract
The history of apple goes back 8000 years, when prehistoric men utilized the fruits of wild apple trees as food. Carbonized apple fruits, dating from 6500 b.c., were found in Anatolia, and seemed to have been cut into pieces and dried. From Asia Minor, the Caucasus and adjoining areas, improved forms of apple had reached the Holy Land by 2000 b.c., while both Greek literature and wall murals in the Roman ruins show the importance of apple for these ancient civilizations (Roach 1985). The bulk of the early apple varieties, some of which still exist today, date from the sixteenth century as do the first records on the use of dwarfing rootstocks for apple (Hall and Crane 1933). On the other hand, many of the apple varieties as grown today were raised during the nineteenth century, and most originated as chance seedlings, whereas there was increased confusion, at this time, with respect to the naming and performance of several rootstocks used by nurserymen, until this was resolved early this century (Ferree and Carlson 1987).
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© 1994 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
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Patat-Ochatt, E.M. (1994). Regeneration of Plants from Protoplasts of Malus Xdomestica Borkh. (Apple). In: Bajaj, Y.P.S. (eds) Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering V. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, vol 29. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09366-5_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09366-5_7
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