Skip to main content

Modern telescope developments: pupil segmentation and techniques to reduce mass

  • Chapter
Reflecting Telescope Optics II

Part of the book series: Astronomy and Astrophysics Library ((AAL))

  • 1065 Accesses

Abstract

In Chap. 5 of RTO I an account was given of the evolution of the reflecting telescope from the optical point of view from Lord Rosse, about 1830, up to about 1980. From about this time, the evolution of telescope optics, which had retained certain essential features ever since Galileo’s telescopes in 1610, was supplanted by a revolution. A summary of this process was recently given by the author [3.1].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Wilson, R.N., 1992, “Homage to Galileo”, Ed. P. Mazzoldi, Invited Paper for Int. Conf. Univ. of Padua June 1992, Cleup Editrice, 359

    Google Scholar 

  2. Rule, B., 1971, Proc. ESO/CERN Conf. “Large Telescope Design”, ESO, Geneva, 283

    Google Scholar 

  3. Meinel, A.B., 1978, Proc. ESO Conf. “Optical Telescopes of the Future”, ESO, Geneva, 13

    Google Scholar 

  4. Meinel, A.B., 1979, Opt. Engin., 18(6), 645

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  5. Meinel, A.B., 1982, JOSA, 72(1), 14

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. Humphries, C.M., Reddish, V.C., Walshaw, D.J., 1984, IAU Colloq. No. 79, Proc. ESO Conf. “Very Large Telescopes, their Instrumentation and Programs”, ESO, Garching, 379

    Google Scholar 

  7. Couder, A., 1931, Bulletin Astron., 2me Série, Tome VII, Fasc. VI, 201

    Google Scholar 

  8. Mountain, M., Gillett, F., Kurz, R., 1997, Proc. Lund/ESU/SPIE Uont. “Optical Telescopes of Today and Tomorrow”, SPIE Vol. 2871, 15

    Book  Google Scholar 

  9. Ingalls, A.G., 1951, Sci. Am., Jan. 1951, 60

    Google Scholar 

  10. King, H.C., 1955, “The History of the Telescope”, Griffin, London, 206

    Google Scholar 

  11. Rosse, Lord, 1828, Edinb. J. Sci., 7, 25

    Google Scholar 

  12. Mertz, L., 1970, “Optical Instruments and Techniques”, Proc. Conf. at Reading 1969, Oriel Press, Newcastle, 507

    Google Scholar 

  13. Mertz, L., 1980, Proc. Conf. “Optical and IR Telescopes for the 1990s”, KPNO, Tucson, Vol. II, 957

    Google Scholar 

  14. Barr, L., 1980, Proc. Conf. “Optical and IR Telescopes for the 1990s”, Vol. I, 23

    Google Scholar 

  15. Ramsey, L.W., 1988, Proc. ESO Conf. “Very Large Telescopes and their Instrumentation”, ESO, Garching, 119

    Google Scholar 

  16. Ramsey, LW., 1984, Proc. IAU Colloq. No. 79, ESO Conf. “Very Large Telescopes, their Instrumentation and Programs”, ESO, Garching, 851

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ray, F.B., 1992, Proc. ESO Conf. “Progress in Telescope and Instrumentation Technologies”, ESO, Garching, 91

    Google Scholar 

  18. Sebring, T.A., Ramsey, L.W., 1996, Proc. Lund/ESO/SPIE Conf. “Optical Telescopes of Today and Tomorrow”, SPIE Vol. 2871, 32

    Google Scholar 

  19. Bash, F.N., Sebring, TA., Ray, F.B., Ramsey, L.W. , 1996, Proc. Lund/ESO/SPIE Conf. “Optical Telescopes of Today and Tomorrow”, SPIE Vol. 2871, 576

    Google Scholar 

  20. Ardeberg, A., Andersen, T., Owner-Petersen, M., Jessen, N.C., 1996, Proc. Lund/ESO/SPIE Conf. “Optical Telescopes of Today and Tomorrow”, SPIE Vol. 2871, 585

    Google Scholar 

  21. Owner-Petersen, M., 1996, Proc. Lund/ESO/SPIE Conf. “Optical Telescopes of Today and Tomorrow”, SPIE Vol. 2871, 607

    Google Scholar 

  22. Gillingham, P., 1996, Proc. Lund/ESO/SPIE Conf. “Optical Telescopes of Today and Tomorrow”, SPIE Vol. 2871, 2

    Google Scholar 

  23. Nelson, J.E., Mast, T.S., 1988, Proc. ESO Conf. “Very Large Telescopes and their Instrumentation”, ESO, Garching, Vol. I, 7

    Google Scholar 

  24. Nelson, J.E., Mast, T.S., 1992, Proc. ESO Conf. “Progress in Telescope and Instrumentation Technologies”, ESO, Garching, 3

    Google Scholar 

  25. Nelson, J.E., 1978, Proc. ESO Conf. “Optical Telescopes of the Future ”, ESO, Geneva, 133

    Google Scholar 

  26. Nelson, J.E., Mast, T.S., Faber, S.M., eds., 1985, Keck Observatory Report No. 90 “The Design of the Keck Observatory and Telescope (10m Telescope)”

    Google Scholar 

  27. Miller, J., 1992, ESO Conf. “Progress in Telescope and Instrumentation Technologies”, verbal presentation only. A revised and updated (1997) written version, including work for Keck II, is in preparation at the Lick Observatory

    Google Scholar 

  28. Mast, T.S., Nelson, J.E., 1992, Proc. ESO Conf. “Progress in Telescope and Instrumentation Technology”, ESO, Garching, 159

    Google Scholar 

  29. Smith, G.M., 1996, Proc. Lund/ESO/SPIE Conf. “Optical Telescopes of Today and Tomorrow”, SPIE Vol. 2871, 10

    Google Scholar 

  30. Hügenell, H., 1992, Proc. ESO Conf. “Progress in Telescope and Instrumentation Technologies”, ESO, Garching, 269

    Google Scholar 

  31. Appenzeller, I, 1988, Proc. ESO Conf. “Very Large Telescopes and their Instrumentation”, ESO, Garching, 177

    Google Scholar 

  32. Aikens, R.S., et al., 1977, NGT Report No. 4, KPNO, Tucson

    Google Scholar 

  33. Appenzeller, I., et al., 1992, Proc. ESO Conf. “Progress in Telescope and Instrumentation Technologies”, ESO, Garching, 109

    Google Scholar 

  34. Ardeberg, A., et al., 1992, Proc. ESO Conf. “Progress in Telescope and Instrumentation Technologies”, ESO, Garching, 75

    Google Scholar 

  35. Sytchev, V.V., et al., 1996, Proc. Lund/ESO/SPIE Conf. “Optical Telescopes of Today and Tomorrow”, SPIE Vol. 2871, 624

    Google Scholar 

  36. Rodriguez Espinosa, J.M., Alvarez Martin, P., 1996, Proc. Lund/ESO/SPIE Conf. “Optical Telescopes of Today and Tomorrow”, SPIE Vol. 2871, 69

    Google Scholar 

  37. Beckers, J.M., Williams, J.T., 1980, Proc. Conf. “Optical and IR Telescopes for the 1990s”, KPNO, Tucson, Vol. I, 108

    Google Scholar 

  38. Reed, M.A., 1978, Proc. ESO Conf. “Optical Telescopes of the Future”, ESO, Geneva, 209

    Google Scholar 

  39. Carleton, NP., 1980, Proc. Conf. “Optical and IR Telescopes for the 1990s”, KPNO, Tucson, Vol. I, 491

    Google Scholar 

  40. Beckers, J.M., et al., 1981, “Telescopes for the 1980s”, Annual Reviews Inc., Palo Alto, Cal., 63

    Google Scholar 

  41. Chaffee, F.H., 1991, Quarterly Summary Vol. 3, No. 4, of the MMT Conversion

    Google Scholar 

  42. West, S.C., et al., 1996, Proc. Lund/ESO/SPIE Conf. “Optical Telescopes of Today and Tomorrow”, SPIE Vol. 2871, 38

    Google Scholar 

  43. Baranne, A., Lemaître, G., 1986, Proc. “Workshop on Large Telescopes”, Hamburg, Mitt. der Astron. Gesellschaft No. 67, 1986, 226

    Google Scholar 

  44. Baranne, A., Lemaître, G., 1987, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 305, Série II, 445

    Google Scholar 

  45. Strittmatter, P.A., 1988, Proc. ESO Conf. “Very Large Telescopes and their Instrumentation”, ESO, Garching, 29

    Google Scholar 

  46. Salinari, P., 1992, ESO Conf. “Progress in Telescope and Instrumentation Technologies”, ESO, Garching, verbal communication only

    Google Scholar 

  47. Hill, J.M., 1996, Proc. Lund/ESO/SPIE Conf. “Optical Telescopes of Today and Tomorrow”, SPIE Vol. 2871, 57

    Google Scholar 

  48. Wang, S., Su, D.-Q., 1992, Proc. ESO Conf. “Progess in Telescope and Instrumentation Technologies”, ESO, Garching, 105

    Google Scholar 

  49. Wang, S.-G., et al., 1996, Appl. Opt., 35(25), 5155

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. Hill, J.M., Angel, J.R.P., 1992, Proc. ESO Conf. “Progress in Telescope and Instrumentation Technologies”, ESO, Garching, 57

    Google Scholar 

  51. Martin, H.M., et al., 1996, Proc. Lund/ESO/SPIE Conf. “Optical Telescopes of Today and Tomorrow”, SPIE Vol. 2871, 399

    Google Scholar 

  52. Shectman, S., 1992, Proc. ESO Conf. “Progress in Telescope and Instrumentation Technologies”, ESO, Garching, verbal communication only

    Google Scholar 

  53. Johns, M., 1996, Proc. Lund/ESO/SPIE Conf. “Optical Telescopes of Today and Tomorrow”, SPIE Vol. 2871, 49

    Google Scholar 

  54. Randall, L., 1992, Proc. ESO Conf. “Progress in Telescope and Instruumentation Technologies”, ESO, Garching, 39

    Google Scholar 

  55. Osmer, P.S., 1992, Proc. ESO Conf. “Progress in Telescope and Instrumentation Technologies”, ESO, Garching, 35

    Google Scholar 

  56. Huang, E.W., 1996, Proc. Lund/ESO/SPIE Conf. “Optical Telescopes of Today and Tomorrow”, SPIE Vol. 2871, 291

    Google Scholar 

  57. O’Dell, C R., 1981, “Telescopes for the 1980s”, Annual Reviews Inc., Palo Alto, Cal., 129

    Google Scholar 

  58. Waldrop, M.M., 1990, Science, 249, 13 July, 112

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  59. Chaisson, E.J., Villard, R., 1990, “Vistas in Astronomy”, 33, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 105

    Google Scholar 

  60. Schroeder, D.J., 1987, “Astronomical Optics”, Academic Press, Inc., California, 213–220

    Google Scholar 

  61. Fienberg, R.T. et al., 1990, Sky and Telescope, 80(4), October 1990, 340 and 352

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  62. Hecht, J., 1991, New Scientist, 129(1760), 16 March 1991, 30

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  63. Allen, L., et al. 1990, “The Hubble Space Telescope Optical Systems Failure Report”, NASA, November 1990

    Google Scholar 

  64. Hecht, J., 1990 New Scientist, 127(1730), 18 August 1990, 16

    Google Scholar 

  65. Brown, RA., Ford, H.C., eds., 1991, “Report of the HST Strategy Panel: A Strategy for Recovery”, Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  66. Benvenuti, P., Wilson, R.N., 1991, ST-ECF Newsletter, March 1991, 22 and 23

    Google Scholar 

  67. Fischer, D., Duerbeck, H., 1995, “Hubble: ein neues Fenster zum All”, Birkhäuser, Basel. (English translation “Hubble: a New Window to the Universe”, 1996, Copernicus, New York)

    Google Scholar 

  68. Tarenghi, M., Wilson, R.N., 1989, SPIE Conf. “Active Telescope Systems”, ed. Roddier, Orlando, SPIE Vol. 1114, 302

    Google Scholar 

  69. Wilson, R.N., Franza, F., Noethe, L., 1987, J. Mod. Optics, 34(4), 485

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  70. Wilson, R.N., et al., 1991, J. Mod. Optics, 38(2), 219

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  71. Wilson, R.N., et al., 1989, J. Mod. Optics, 36(11), 1415

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  72. Wilson, R.N., 1991, Contemporary Physics, 32(3), 157

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  73. Wilson, R.N., et al., 1992, Proc. ESO Conf. “Progress in Telescope and Instrumentation Technologies”, ESO, Garching, 199

    Google Scholar 

  74. Barbieri, C., 1997, TNG News No. 15 (Feb. 1997), 1

    Google Scholar 

  75. Barbieri, C., et al., 1993, Proc. Int. Conf. “From Galileo’s ‘Occhialino’ to Optoelectronics”, Padua, June 1992, World Scientific, Singapore, 808

    Google Scholar 

  76. Knohl, E.D., Schmidt, M., 1993, Proc. Int. Conf. “From Galileo’s ‘Occhialino’ to Optoelectronics”, 769

    Google Scholar 

  77. Knohl, E.D., et al., 1992, Proc. ESO Conf. “Progress in Telescope and Instrumentation Technologies”, ESO, Garching, 129

    Google Scholar 

  78. Barbieri, C., et al., 1994, SPIE Vol.2199, 10

    Google Scholar 

  79. Barbieri, C., 1996, Proc. Lund/ESO/SPIE Conf. “Optical Telescopes of Today and Tomorrow”, SPIE Vol. 2871, 244

    Google Scholar 

  80. Enard, D., 1988, Proc. ESO Conf. “Very Large Telescopes and their Instrumentation”, ESO, Garching, 17

    Google Scholar 

  81. Beckers, J.M., Tarenghi, M., 1992, Proc. ESO Conf. “Progress in Telescope and Instrumentation Technologies”, ESO, Garching, 13

    Google Scholar 

  82. Enard, D., 1992, Proc. ESO Conf. “Progress in Telescope and Instrumentation Technologies”, 25

    Google Scholar 

  83. Dierickx, P., et al., 1996, Proc. Lund/ESO/SPIE Conf. “Optical Telescopes of Today and Tomorrow”, SPIE Vol. 2871, 385

    Google Scholar 

  84. von der Lühe, O., et al., 1996, Proc. Lund/ESO/SPIE Conf. “Optical Telescopes of Today and Tomorrow”, SPIE Vol. 2871, 498

    Google Scholar 

  85. Zago, L., 1992, Proc. ESO Conf. “Progress in Telescope and Instrumentation Technologies”, ESO, Garching, 235

    Google Scholar 

  86. Schneermann, M., et al., 1996, Proc. Lund/ESO/SPIE Conf. “Optical Telescopes of Today and Tomorrow”, SPIE Vol. 2871, 650

    Google Scholar 

  87. Morian, H.F., et al., 1996, Proc. Lund/ESO/SPIE Conf. “Optical Telescopes of Today and Tomorrow”, SPIE Vol. 2871, 405

    Google Scholar 

  88. Enard, D., Maréchal, A., Espiard, J., 1996, Reports on Progress in Physics, 59(5), 601

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  89. Noethe, L., et al., 1988, J. Mod. Optics, 35(9), 1427

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  90. Kodaira, K., 1988, Proc. ESO Conf. “Very Large Telescopes and their Instrumentation”, ESO, Garching, 47

    Google Scholar 

  91. Subaru Project Office, 1991, Brochure “Subaru: An 8m optical-infrared telescope project”, National Astronomical Observatory, Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  92. Kodaira, K., 1992, Proc. ESO Conf. “Progress in Telescope and Instrumentation Technologies”, ESO, Garching, 43

    Google Scholar 

  93. Kodaira, K, 1991, JNLT Technical Report No.1

    Google Scholar 

  94. Meinel, A.B., Meinel, M.P., 1980, Proc. Conf. “Optical and IR Telescopes for the 1990s”, KPNO, Tucson, Vol. I, 95

    Google Scholar 

  95. Kaifu, N., 1996, Proc. Lund/ESO/SPIE Conf. “Optical Telescopes of Today and Tomorrow”, SPIE Vol. 2871, 24

    Google Scholar 

  96. Abt, B., et al., 1988, Proc. ESO Conf. “Very Large Telescopes and their Instrumentation”, ESO, Garching, 615

    Google Scholar 

  97. Mäder, H.F., et al., 1990, Technische Mitteilungen Krupp 1/1990, 27

    Google Scholar 

  98. Schnur, G.F.O., Stenvers, K.-H., 1988, Proc. ESO Conf. “Very Large Telescopes and their Instrumentation”, ESO, Garching, 151

    Google Scholar 

  99. Fellgett, P.B., 1970, “Optical Instruments and Techniques”, Proc. of Conf. at Reading 1969, Oriel Press, Newcastle, 475

    Google Scholar 

  100. Schnur, G.F.O., 1992, private communication

    Google Scholar 

  101. Pausch, K.,Stenvers, K.-H., 1992, VDI Berichte No. 917 (English translation)

    Google Scholar 

  102. von Appen-Schnur, G., Luks, T., 1996, Proc. Lund/ESO/SPIE Conf. “Optical Telescopes of Today and Tomorrow”, SPIE Vol. 2871, 520

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. King, H.C., 1955, “The History of the Telescope”, Griffin, London, 261–264

    Google Scholar 

  104. Riekher, R., 1990, “Fernrohre und ihre Meister”, Verlag Technik GmbH, Berlin, 285, 291

    Google Scholar 

  105. Couder, A., 1931, Bulletin Astron., 2me Série, Tome VII, Fasc. VI, 201

    Google Scholar 

  106. Maksutov, D.D., 1954, “Technologie der astronomischen Optik”, VEB Verlag Technik, Berlin, 22

    Google Scholar 

  107. Hopkins, H.H., 1950, “Wave Theory of Aberrations”, Oxford, 13

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  108. Riekher, R., 1990, “Fernrohre und ihre Meister”, Verlag Technik GmbH, Berlin, 295

    Google Scholar 

  109. Riekher, R., 1990, ibid, 376

    Google Scholar 

  110. Wilson, R.N., Mischung, K.N., 1986, “Future ground-based optical telescopes: mirror blank materials and fabrication, active optics”, Table 2, 30 (unpublished ESO report)

    Google Scholar 

  111. Müller, R., Höneß, H., 1988, Proc. ESO Conf. “Very Large Telescopes and their Instrumentation”, ESO, Garching, 313

    Google Scholar 

  112. Pfaender, H.G., 1986, Schott Glass Lexicon, mvg, Landsberg, 148

    Google Scholar 

  113. Morian, H., Müller, R., 1992, Proc. ESO Conf. “Progress in Telescope and Instrumentation Technologies”, ESO, Garching, 47

    Google Scholar 

  114. Maksutov, D.D., 1954, “Technologie der astronomischen Optik”, VEB Verlag Technik, Berlin, 47

    Google Scholar 

  115. Riekher, R., 1990, “Fernrohre und ihre Meister”, Verlag Technik GmbH, Berlin, 304

    Google Scholar 

  116. Van Dyke, N., 1988, Proc. ESO Conf. “Very Large Telescopes and their Instrumentation”, ESO, Garching, 319

    Google Scholar 

  117. Smith, H.J., Barnes, T.G., eds., 1982, “Report of the Optical Conference on the 7.6 m Telescope”, University of Texas, Publ. in Astronomy No. 22, 307 et seq.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Nather, R.E., 1980, Proc. Conf. “Optical and IR Telescopes for the 1990s”, KPNO, Tucson, Vol. I, 54

    Google Scholar 

  119. Angel, J.R.P., 1988, Proc. ESO Conf. “Very Large Telescopes and their Instrumentation”, ESO, Garching, 281

    Google Scholar 

  120. Cheng, A.Y.S., Angel, J.R.P., 1988, ibid, 467

    Google Scholar 

  121. Ballio, G., et al., 1988, ibid, 451

    Google Scholar 

  122. de Jonge, M.J., 1994, Proc. SPIE Conf. “Advanced Technology Optical Telescopes V”, SPIE Vol. 2199, 22

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  123. Hill, J.M., Salinari, P., 1994, ibid, 64

    Book  Google Scholar 

  124. Johnson, H.L., 1968, “Vistas in Astronomy”, 10, 149

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  125. Forbes, F.F., 1968, Appl. Opt., 7(7), 1407

    Google Scholar 

  126. Forbes, F.F., Johnson, H.L., 1971, Appl. Opt., 10(6), 1412

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  127. Forbes, F.F., 1969, Appl. Opt., 8(7), 1361

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  128. Mottoni, G. de, 1972, Sky and Telescope, 43(5), 296

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  129. Delabre, B., et al., 1982, ESO Report (unpubl.), May 1982

    Google Scholar 

  130. Mischung, K.N., 1984, IAU Colloq. No. 79, Proc. ESO Conf. “Very Large Telescopes, their Instrumentation and Programs”, ESO, Garching, 57

    Google Scholar 

  131. Noethe, L., et al., 1984, ibid, 67

    Google Scholar 

  132. Noethe, L., et al., 1986, Astron. and Astrophys., 156, 323

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  133. Yoder, P.R., 1986, “Opto-Mechanical Systems Design”, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 352

    Google Scholar 

  134. Enard, D., et al., 1986, Proc. SPIE Conf. “Advanced Technology Optical Telescopes III”, SPIE Vol. 628, Tucson, 518

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  135. Dierickx, P., Zigmann, F., 1991, The Messenger, ESO, No. 65, Sept. 1991, 66

    Google Scholar 

  136. Lemaître, G., Wilson, R.N., 1992, “A meniscus mirror aspherized by active optics”, proposal by the Observatoire de Marseille to ESO, October 1992

    Google Scholar 

  137. Dierickx, P., 1997, Private communication from ESO

    Google Scholar 

  138. Bingham, R.G., Walker, D.D., eds., 1993, Proc. SPIE Conf. “Metal Mirrors”, SPIE Vol. 1931

    Google Scholar 

  139. Rozelot, J.-P., 1993, ibid, 8 and 33

    Google Scholar 

  140. Dierickx, P., 1993, ibid, 78

    Google Scholar 

  141. Bingham, R.G., 1993, ibid, 100

    Google Scholar 

  142. Lemaître, G.R., Wilson, R.N., Mazzanti, S., 1993, ibid, 66

    Google Scholar 

  143. Bingham, R.G., et al., 1993, ibid, 150

    Google Scholar 

  144. Dierickx, P., Merkle, F., Stanghellini, S., 1992, Proc. ESO Conf. “Progress in Telescope and Instrumentation Technologies”, ESO, Garching, 223

    Google Scholar 

  145. United Technologies Optical Systems (UTOS), 1991, Feasibility Report on SiC for the VLT Secondaries, Oct. 1991

    Google Scholar 

  146. Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, 1991, Feasibility Report on figuring of SiC secondaries for the VLT

    Google Scholar 

  147. Wood, R.W., 1909, Astrophys. J., 29, 164

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  148. Ingalls, A.G., 1945, “Amateur Telescope Making”, Book 1, Munn & Co., Inc., New York, 319

    Google Scholar 

  149. Borra, E.F., et al., 1988, PASP, 100, 1015

    Google Scholar 

  150. Borra, E.F., et al., 1996, Proc. Lund/ESO/SPIE Conf. “Optical Telescopes of Today and Tomorrow”, SPIE Vol. 2871, 326

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  151. Richardson, EH., Morbey, C.L., 1987, Conf. “Instrumentation for Ground-Based Optical Astronomy: Present and Future”, Springer, New York, 720

    Google Scholar 

  152. Timoshenko, S., Woinowsky-Krieger, S., 1959, “Theory of Plates and Shells”, McGraw-Hill (reissued 1987), Ch. 3

    Google Scholar 

  153. Poisson, S.D., 1829, Mém. de l’Acad. Française, Vol. VIII, 357–627

    Google Scholar 

  154. Couder, A., 1931, Bulletin Astron., 2me Série, Tome VII, Fasc. VI, 219 et seq.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Saint-Venant, A.B. de, 1881, “Théorie de l’élasticité des corps solides”, Dunod, Paris, (a) 363, (b) 337;

    Google Scholar 

  156. translation with additions of the work by A.R.F. Clebsch, 1862, “Theorie der Elastizität fester Körper”, Teubner, Leipzig

    Google Scholar 

  157. Couder, A., 1931, Bulletin Astron., 2me Série, Tome VII, Fasc. VI, 266 and 275

    Google Scholar 

  158. Timoshenko, S., Woinowsky-Krieger, S., 1959, “Theory of Plates and Shells”, McGraw-Hill (reissued 1987), 245–253

    Google Scholar 

  159. Cheng, J., Humphries, C M., 1982, Vistas in Astronomy, 1.26, Pergamon Press, 15

    Google Scholar 

  160. Prescott, J., 1946, “Applied Elasticity”, Dover Publications, New York

    Google Scholar 

  161. Schwesinger, G., 1968, Proc. Symposium “Support and Testing of Large Astronomical Mirrors”, KPNO and UA, Tucson, 11

    Google Scholar 

  162. Schwesinger, G., 1954, JOSA, 44(5), 417

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  163. Reissner, E., 1945, J. Appl. Mech., 12, A-69

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  164. Reissner, E., 1947, Quart. Appl. Math., 5, 55

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  165. Selke, L.A., 1970, Appl. Opt., 9(1), 149

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  166. Selke, L.A., 1970, Appl. Opt., 9(6), 1453

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  167. Schwesinger, G., Knohl, E.D., 1972, Appl. Opt., 11(1), 201

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  168. Green, A.E., 1949, Quart. Appl. Math., 7, 223

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  169. Malvick, A.J., Pearson, E.T., 1968, Appl. Opt., 7(6), 1207

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  170. Day, A.S., 1965, The Engineer, 219, 218

    Google Scholar 

  171. Malvick, A.J., 1972, Appl. Opt., 11(3), 575

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  172. Schwesinger, G., 1979, ESO Technical Report No.9 (March 1979)

    Google Scholar 

  173. Mack, B., 1980, Appl. Opt., 19(6), 1001

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  174. Schwesinger, G., 1988, J. Mod. Optics, 35(7), 1117

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  175. Lassell, W., 1842, Mem. Roy. Astron. Soc., XII, 265

    Google Scholar 

  176. Bahner, K., 1967, “Teleskope” in “Handbuch der Physik”, Vol. XXIX, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 317

    Google Scholar 

  177. Meyer, F., 1930, Z. f. Instrumentenkde., 50, 58

    Google Scholar 

  178. Hindle, J.H., 1945, in “Amateur Telescope Making”, Book 1, A.G. Ingalls ed., Munn & Co., New York. 229

    Google Scholar 

  179. Yoder, P.R., 1986, “Opto-Mechanical Systems Design”, Marcel Dekker Inc., Ch.10, 302

    Google Scholar 

  180. Bowen, I.S., 1960, in “Telescopes”, Kuiper, and Middlehurst , eds., Univ. of Chicago, 3

    Google Scholar 

  181. Schwesinger, G., 1947, Dissertation “Über günstige Hohlspiegellagerungen hinsichtlich der Schwerewirkung senkrecht zur optischen Achse”, Techn. Hochsch. Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  182. Schwesinger, G., 1991, J. Mod. Optics, 38(8), 1507

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  183. Schwesinger, G., 1994, Appl. Opt., 33(7), 1198

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  184. Schott Glaswerke Mainz, 1992, Technical Note “ZERODUR — Precision from glass ceramics”, Ch. 3, 12

    Google Scholar 

  185. Pearson, J.E., Freeman, R.H., Reynolds, H.C., 1979, Applied Optics and Optical Engineering, Academic Press, New York, Vol. 7, 262

    Google Scholar 

  186. Woolf, N.J., 1984, IAU Colloq. No. 79, Proc. ESO Conf. “Very Large Telescopes, their Instrumentation and Programs”, ESO, Garching, 221

    Google Scholar 

  187. Couder, A., 1931, Bulletin Astron., 2me Série, Tome VII, Fasc. VI, 243–245

    Google Scholar 

  188. Maksutov, D.D., 1954, “Technologie der astronomischen Optik”, VEB Verlag Technik, Berlin, 74

    Google Scholar 

  189. Schwesinger, G., 1969, Astronomical J., 74(10), 1243

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  190. Franza, F., Le Luyer, M., Wilson, R.N., 1977, ESO Technical Report No. 8: “The 3.6m Telescope: The Adjustment and Test on the Sky of the PF Optics with the Gascoigne Plate Correctors”

    Google Scholar 

  191. Wilson, R.N., 1977, Proc. ESO Conf. “Optical Telescopes of the Future”, ESO, Geneva, 99

    Google Scholar 

  192. Creedon, J.F., Lindgren, A.G., 1970, Automatica, 6(5), 643

    Article  Google Scholar 

  193. Howell, W.E., Creedon, J.F., 1973, NASA Technical Note NASA TN D-7090, Jan. 1973

    Google Scholar 

  194. Noethe, L., 1991, J. Mod. Optics, 38(6), 1043

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  195. Robertson, H.J., 1972, NASA Contractor Report NASA CR-2073, June 1972

    Google Scholar 

  196. Meinel, A.B., 1978, Proc. ESO Conf. “Optical Telescopes of the Future”, ESO, Geneva, 23

    Google Scholar 

  197. Nelson, J., Mast, T., Chanan, G., 1989, xoa di nhe SPIE Conf. “Active Telescope Systems”, ed. Roddier, Orlando, SPIE Vol. 1114, 241

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  198. Muller, R.A., Buffington, A., 1974, JOSA, 54, 1200

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  199. Chevillard, J.-P., et al., 1977, Appl. Opt., 16(7), 1817

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  200. Connes, P., 1989, SPIE Conf. “Active Telescope Systems”, ed. Roddier, Orlando, SPIE Vol. 1114, 238

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  201. Wilson, R.N., 1982, Optica Acta, 29, 985

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  202. Wilson, R.N., Noethe, L., 1989, SPIE Conf. “Active Telescope Systems”, ed. Roddier, Orlando, SPIE Vol. 1114, 290

    Google Scholar 

  203. Braat, J., 1987, JOSA A, 4(4), 643

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  204. Noethe, L., 1991, J. Mod. Optics, 38(6), 1043

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  205. Noethe, L., et al., 1988, J. Mod. Optics, 35(9), 1427

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  206. Wilson, R.N., Franza, F., Noethe, L., 1984, Proc. IAU Colloq. No. 79, ESO Conf. “Very Large Telescopes, their Instrumentation and Programs”, ESO, Garching, 23

    Google Scholar 

  207. West, R., 1989, “The Messenger”, ESO, Garching, No. 56, June 1989, 3

    Google Scholar 

  208. Merkle, F., 1986, VLT Report No.47

    Google Scholar 

  209. Baldwin, J., et al., 1992, Proc. ESO Conf. “Progress in Telescope and Instrumentation Technologies”, ESO, Garching, 247

    Google Scholar 

  210. Schneermann, M., Cui, X., 1988, Proc. ESO Conf. “Very Large Telescopes and their Instrumentation”, ESO, Garching, 389

    Google Scholar 

  211. Noethe, L., 1991, ESO Internal VLT Report VLT-TRE-ESO-11120–0–4 (03.06.91)

    Google Scholar 

  212. Schneermann, M., 1987, in “Proposal for the construction of a 16m VLT”, ESO, Garching

    Google Scholar 

  213. Schneermann, M., et al., 1990, Proc. SPIE Conference, Tucson, Vol. 1236, 920

    Google Scholar 

  214. Noethe, L., et al., 1992, Proc. ESO Conf. “Progress in Telescope and Instrumentation Technologies”, ESO, Garching, 195

    Google Scholar 

  215. Wilson, R.N., et al., 1993, PASP, 105, 1175

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  216. Tull, R.G., 1984, “Report of the Optical Conference on the 7.6m Telescope”, Smith DUNG and Barnes DUNG, eds., Univ. of Texas, Publ. in Astronomy No. 22, 307

    Google Scholar 

  217. Noethe, L., 1992, Proc. EOS/SPIE Conf. in Berlin, “Lens and Optical Systems Design”, SPIE Vol. 1780, 844

    Google Scholar 

  218. Korhonen, T., Lappalainen, T., 1991, NOT News No. 4, July 1991, 3

    Google Scholar 

  219. Ardeberg, A., Andersen, T., 1991, NOT News No. 4, July 1991, 21

    Google Scholar 

  220. Andersen, T., 1992, private communication

    Google Scholar 

  221. Lemaître, G.R., et al., 1997, Workshop “Science with Liquid Mirror Telescopes”, Marseille Observatory, Univ. Aix-Marseille I, April 1997

    Google Scholar 

  222. Lemaître, G.R., 1997, Meccanica, 32, 1

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  223. Iye, M., et al., 1989, Publ. Nat. Astron. Obs. Japan, Vol. 1, 49, 57, 63

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  224. Iye, M., 1991, JNLT Technical Report No.2

    Google Scholar 

  225. Barr, L., 1991, JNLT Technical Report No. 2, in the discussion, 157

    Google Scholar 

  226. Wampler, J., 1992, private communication

    Google Scholar 

  227. Angel DUNG, 1983, Technical Bulletin of the McDonald Observatory, Jan./ Feb. 1983, 6

    Google Scholar 

  228. Meng, J.D., Minor, R., Merrick, T., 1989, SPIE Conf. “Active Telescope Systems”, ed. Roddier, Orlando, SPIE Vol. 1114, 258

    Google Scholar 

  229. Cuneo, W.J., ed., 1980, “Active Optical Devices and Applications”, SPIE Vol. 228

    Google Scholar 

  230. MATRA Espace, 1991, “Lightweight Deformable Mirror”, Extension Phase, Phase 1 Report for ESA/ESTEC, Sept. 1991

    Google Scholar 

  231. Gallieni, W., 1992, ADS Report “Active Control of Radio Telescopes: Main Reflectors”, ADS Italia, Lecco

    Google Scholar 

  232. Tarchi, D., Comoretto, G., 1990, “Holographic measurement of the Medicina VLBI radio telescope”, Arcetri Technical Report No. 16, Firenze, 13.11.90

    Google Scholar 

  233. Ray, F.B., 1991, Proc. SPIE Conf. “Analysis of Optical Structures”, SPIE Vol. 1532, 188

    Book  Google Scholar 

  234. Lowne, C.M., 1979, MNRAS, 188, 249

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  235. Stevenson, W.H., 1955, Vistas in Astron., 1, 473

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  236. Murdin, P., Bingham, R.G., 1975, The Observatory, 95, 180

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  237. Gillingham, P., 1978, AAT Progress Report “AAT Dome Seeing”, AAT, Epping NSW Australia

    Google Scholar 

  238. Nelson, J.E., 1982, Proc. SPIE Conf. “Advanced Technology Optical Telescopes”, SPIE Vol. 332, 109

    Book  Google Scholar 

  239. Racine, R., 1991, PASP, 103, 1020

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  240. Bely, P.-Y., 1987, PASP, 99, 560

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  241. Beckers, J.M., Williams, J.T., 1982, Proc. SPIE Conf. “Advanced Technology Optical Telescopes”, SPIE Vol. 332, 16

    Book  Google Scholar 

  242. Meinel, A.B., 1960, “Telescopes”, Kuiper and Middlehurst, eds., Univ. Chicago Press, 161

    Google Scholar 

  243. Beckers, J.M., 1992, ESO Memorandum, August 1992

    Google Scholar 

  244. Forbes, F., 1982, Proc. SPIE Conf. “Advanced Technology Optical Telescopes”, SPIE Vol.332, 185

    Book  Google Scholar 

  245. Young, A.T., 1974, Ap. J., 189, 587

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  246. Woolf, N.J., 1982, Proc. SPIE Conf. “Advanced Technology Optical Telescopes”, SPIE Vol.332, 193

    Book  Google Scholar 

  247. Cheng, A.Y.S., Angel, J.R.P., 1986, Proc. SPIE Conf. “Advanced Technology Optical Telescopes III”, SPIE Vol. 628, 536

    Book  Google Scholar 

  248. Barr, L.D., et al., 1988, Proc. ESO Conf. “Very Large Telescopes and their Instrumentation”, ESO, Garching, 595

    Google Scholar 

  249. Barr, L.D., et al., 1990, Proc. SPIE Conf. “Advanced Technology Optical Telescopes IV”, SPIE Vol. 1236, 492

    Book  Google Scholar 

  250. Iye, M., et al., 1991, PASP, 103, 712

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  251. Rayboult, K., 1989, UK Large Telescope Project, Technical Report No.4, UK Oxford Project Team

    Google Scholar 

  252. Cullum, M.C., 1992, ESO VLT Internal Memoranda, Feb. 1992 and Nov. 1992

    Google Scholar 

  253. Cullum, M.C., 1997, private communication, Oct. 1997

    Google Scholar 

  254. Zago, L., 1992, ESO VLT Technical Report VLT-TRE-ESO-12300–297, August 1992

    Google Scholar 

  255. Zago, L., 1995, Doctoral Thesis “The Effects of the Local Atmospheric Environment on Astronomical Observations”, LASEN, Ecole Polytechnique de Lausanne, CH-Lausanne

    Google Scholar 

  256. Ardeberg, A., Erm, T., 1992, NOT News No. 6, Aug. 1992, 23

    Google Scholar 

  257. Iye, M., et al., 1992, PASP, 104, 760

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  258. Forbes, F., Gabor, G., 1982, Proc. SPIE Conf. “Advanced Technology Optical Telescopes”, Tucson, SPIE Vol. 332, 198

    Book  Google Scholar 

  259. Goble, LW., et al., 1992, Proc. ESO Conf. “Progress in Telescope and Instrumentation Technologies”, ESO, Garching, 173

    Google Scholar 

  260. NOAO, 1994, Brochure “WIYN Observatory”, NOAO, Tucson, AZ

    Google Scholar 

  261. Moore, P., 1997, “Eyes on the Universe”, Springer, London

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wilson, R.N. (1999). Modern telescope developments: pupil segmentation and techniques to reduce mass. In: Reflecting Telescope Optics II. Astronomy and Astrophysics Library. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08488-5_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08488-5_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-08223-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-08488-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics