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Integrated Pest Management in Vegetables and Ornamentals in the Western United States

  • Chapter
Insect Pest Management

Abstract

Insect pest management is dynamic. Tactics used to manage insect pests may change depending upon the pest species, commodity, season, region, field, or the philosophy of the grower or pest control advisor. Control methods commonly lose effectiveness for one reason or another and new ones are constantly being introduced into agricultural systems. There are various reasons for introducing new methods for controlling pests, to name a few: (1) desire to reduce reliance on insecticides, (2) loss of effective controls (e.g., chemical, biological, cultural) due to selection, (3) desire to minimize hazards to crops, human health, and the environment, and (4) need to maintain flexible and effective control programs that do not rely upon a single management tactic (Johnson 2004). Single tactic (e.g., chemical, biological, cultural, behavioral) control programs always run the risk of eventual failure because of the high potential that insects possess to evolve mechanisms to overcome our control efforts (Johnson 2004) or our inability to predict outcomes in all real life situations. Examples of chemical control failures are quite common (Croft 1990), but failures also occur with other management tactics. The loss of effective biological control due to the application of broad spectrum chemicals is quite common (Johnson and Tabashnik 1999). Less common is the loss of a cultural control, but it does happen as illustrated by the evolution of the corn root-worm, Diabrotica barberi Smith and Lawrence, to overcome annual corn/soybean rotations (Levine and Oloumi-Sadeghi 1991; Levine et al. 1992). Another example is the adaptation of the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), to infest resistant wheat varieties (Kogan 1975). Even behavioral controls may fail given the right circumstances. Attempts to control infestations of peach twig borer, Anarsia lineatella Zeller, on cling peaches when using pheromone mating-disruption techniques may be ineffective if peach orchards are adjacent to large, untreated acreages of infested almonds (Pickel et al. 2002).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, USA

    M. W. Johnson, N. C. Toscano & H. Costa

  2. Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA

    J. Palumbo

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  1. M. W. Johnson
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  2. N. C. Toscano
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  3. J. Palumbo
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  4. H. Costa
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  1. Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization Gilat Research Center, 85280, M. P. Negev, Israel

    A. Rami Horowitz

  2. Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel

    Isaac Ishaaya

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Johnson, M.W., Toscano, N.C., Palumbo, J., Costa, H. (2004). Integrated Pest Management in Vegetables and Ornamentals in the Western United States. In: Horowitz, A.R., Ishaaya, I. (eds) Insect Pest Management. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07913-3_11

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