Abstract
Absorption across the skin has long been recognised as an important primary route of entry of toxic agents into the body. However, percutaneous absorption is complex, variable and affected by a variety of factors and still defies simple measurement. The rates of skin penetration are unknown for most liquids, solids and gaseous substances.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abbott IM, Bonsall JL, Chester G, et al. (1987) Worker exposure to herbicide applied with ground sprayers in the United Kingdom. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 48:167–175
Andersen KE, Benezra C, Burrows D, et al. (1987) Contact dermatitis: a review. Contact Dermatitis 16:55–78
Angelini G, Vena GA (1992) Airborne contact dermatitis. Clin Dermatol 10:123–131
Bartek MJ, Labudde JA (1975) Percutaneous absorption in vitro. In: Maibach HI (ed) Animal models in dermatology. Churchill Livingstone, New York, p 103
Baselt RC (1988) Biological monitoring methods for industrial chemicals. PSG Publishing Company Inc., Littleton
Bronaugh RL, Maibach HI (1985) In vitro models for human percutaneous absorption. In: Maibach HI, Lowe NJ (eds) Models in dermatology, vol 2. Karger, Basel, pp 178–188
Bronaugh RL, Maibach HI (1983) In vitro percutaneous absorption. In: Marzulli FN, Maibach HI (eds) Dermatotoxicology. Hemisphere, Washington, pp 117–129
Brouwer DH, Van Hemmen JJ (1992) Elements of a sampling strategy for dermal exposure assessment. International Occupational Hygiene Association, First International Scientific Conference, 7–10 December, Brussels
Davis JE, Stevens ER, Staff DC (1983) Potential exposure of apple thinners to azinphosmethyl and comparison of two methods for assessment of hand exposure. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 31:631–638
Dooms-Goossens AE, Debusschere KM, Gevers DM, Dupre KM, Degreef HJ, Loncke JP, Snauwaert JE (1986) Contact dermatitis caused by airborne agents. A review and case reports. J Am Acad Dermatol 15:1–10
Dooms-Goossens A, Deleu H (1991) Airborne contact dermatitis: an update. Contact Dermatitis 25:211–217
Feldmann RJ, Maibach HI (1970) Absorption of some organic compounds through the skin in man. J Invest Dermatol 54:339–404
Fenske RA (1990) Non-uniform dermal deposition patterns during occupational exposure to pesticides. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 19:332–337
Fenske RA (1993) Dermal exposure assessment techniques. Ann Occup Hyg 37:687–706
Fenske RA, Lu C (1994) Determination of handwash removal efficiency: incomplete removal of the pesticide chlorpyrifof from skin by standard handwash techniques. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 55:425–432
Franz TJ (1975) Percutaneous absorption. On the relevance of in vitro data. J Invest Dermatol 64:190–195
Guy RH, Tur E, Maibach HI (1985) Optical techniques for monitoring cutaneous microcirculation. Int J Dermatol 24:88–94
Health and Safety Executive (1981–94, in series) Methods for the determination of hazardous substances. HSE Occupational Medicine and Hygiene Laboratory, Sheffield
Health and Safety Executive (1999) Occupational exposure limits 1999. Guidance note EH40/99, Health and Safety Executive. HMSO, London
Health and Safety Executive (1989) Monitoring strategies for toxic substances. Guidance note EH42, Health and Safety Executive. HMSO, London
Jongeneelen FJ, Scheepers PTJ, Groenendijk A, et al. (1988) Airborne concentrations, skin contamination, and urinary metabolic excretion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons among paving workers exposed to coal tar derived road tars. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 49:600–607
Lachapelle JM (1986) Industrial airborne irritant or allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 14:137–145
Michaels AS, Chandrasekaran SK, Shaw JE (1975) Drug permeation through human skin: theory and in vitro experimental measurement. Am Inst Chem Eng J 21:985–996
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (1994) NIOSH manual of analytical methods, 4th edn. DHEW (NIOSH) Pub No. 94–113
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (1985). OSHA analytical methods manual. OSHA Analytical Laboratories, Salt Lake City
Roff MW (1994) A novel lighting system for the measurement of dermal exposure using a fluorescent dye and an image processor. Ann Occup Hyg 38:903–919
Roff MW (1997) Dermal exposure of amateur or non-occupational users to wood-preservative fluids applied by brushing outdoors. Ann Occup Hyg 41:297–311
Rougier A, Lotte C, Maibach HI (1989) In vivo percutaneous penetration of some organic compounds related to anatomic site in man: predictive assessment by the stripping method. J Pharm Sci 76:451–454
Sadhra S, Gardiner K (1999) Requirements of monitoring exposure to workplace contaminants. In: Sadhra S, Rampai KG (eds) Occupational Health-Risk assessment and management. Blackwell Science, Oxford
Scott RC, Dugard PH (1986) A model for quantifying absorption through abnormal skin. J Invest Dermatol 86:208–213
Wester RC, Maibach HI (1989) Skin contamination and absorption of chemicals from drinking water while bathing or swimming. In: Bronaugh RL, Maibach HI (eds) Percutaneous absorption: mechanisms, methodology, drug delivery, 2nd edn. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 191–196
World Health Organization (1982) Field surveys of exposure to pesticides. Standard protocol: VBC/82.1. World Health Organization, Geneva
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sadhra, S., Foulds, I.S. (2000). Measurement of Dermal Exposure. In: Kanerva, L., Wahlberg, J.E., Elsner, P., Maibach, H.I. (eds) Handbook of Occupational Dermatology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07677-4_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07677-4_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-07679-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-07677-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive