Abstract
The determination of chromosome number and sizes is called karyotyping. For a variety of organisms, karyotyping has been performed by cytological investigations. However, this technique is of very limited use for fungi due to the small size of fungal chromosomes.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Akamatsu H, Taga M, Kodama M, Johnson R, Otani H, Kohmoto K (1999) Molecular karyotypes for Alternaria plant pathogens known to produce host-specific toxins. Curr Genet 35: 647–656
Alves-Santos FM, Benito EP, Eslava AP, Díaz-Mínguez JM (1999) Genetic diversity of Fusarium oxysporum strains from common bean fields in Spain. Appl Environ Microbiol 65: 3335–3340
Allegrucci M, Lanfaloni L, Bietta C, Spaccapelo R, Fioretti MC, Bistoni F (1993) The electrophoretic karyotype of two strains of Candida albicans by transverse alternate field electrophoresis reveals higher number of chromosomes ranging from 1 to 3.5 Mb. Yeast 9: 1213–1218
Aragao PA, Oshiro IC, Manrique EI, Gomes CC, Matsuo LL, Leone C, Moretti-Branchini ML, Levin AS (2001) Pichia anomala outbreak in a nursery: exogeneous source? Pediatr Infect Dis J 20: 843–848
Arshad MF, Dunn FJ, Vega R, Valvano JW, Serwer P (1993) Progress in developing improved programs for pulsed field agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA. Electrophoresis 14: 344–348
Asakura K, lwaguchi SI, Homma M, Sukai T, Higashide K, Tanaka K (1991) Electrophoretic karyotypes of clinically isolated yeasts of Candida albicans and C. glabrata. J Gen Microbiol 137: 2531–2538
Bendich AJ, Smith SB (1990) Moving pictures and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis show linear DNA molecules from chloroplasts and mitochondria. Curr Genet 17: 421–425
Böckelmann B, Osiewacz HD, Schmidt FR, Schulte E (1986) Extrachromosomal DNA in fungi–organization and function. In: Buck KW (ed) Fungal virology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 237–283
Borbye L, Linde-Laursen I, Christiansen SK, Giese H (1992) The chromosome complement of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei analysed by light microscopy and field inversion gel electrophoresis. Mycol Res 96: 97102
Brody H, Carbon J (1989) Electrophoretic karyotyping of Aspergillus nidulans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 6260–6263
Brody H, Griffith J, Cuticchia AJ, Arnold J, Timberlake WE (1991) Chromosome-specific recombinant DNA libraries from the fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Nucleic Acids Res 19: 3105–3109
Burke DT, Carle GF, Olson MV (1987) Cloning of large segments of exogeneous DNA into yeast by means of artificial chromosome vectors. Science 236: 806–812
Bustamente C, Guerrieri S, Smith SB (1990) Observation of single DNA molecules during pulsed-field gel electrophoresis by fluorescence microscopy. Methods 1: 151–159
Bustamente C, Guerrieri S, Smith SB (1993) Towards a molecular description of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Trends Biotechnol 11: 23–30
Cano MIN, Cisalpino PS, Galindo I, Ramirez JL, Mortara RA, Da Silveira JF (1998) Electrophoretic karyotypes and genome sizing of the pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. J Clin Microbiol 36: 742–747
Carle GF, Olson MV (1984) Separation of chromosomal DNA molecules from yeast by orthogonal-fieldalternation gel electrophoresis. Nucleic Acids Res 12: 5647–5664
Carle GF, Olson MV (1985) An electrophoretic karyotype for yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 3756–3760
Carle GF, Frank M, Olson MV (1986) Electrophoretic separation of large DNA molecules by periodic inversion of the electric field. Science 232: 65–68
Casaregola S, Feynerol C, Diez M, Fournier P, Gaillardin C (1997) Genomic organization of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. Chromosoma 106: 380–390
Chavez R, Fierro F, Gordillo F, Francisco Martin J, Eyzaguirre J (2001) Electrophoretic karyotype of the filamentous fungus Penicillium purpurogenum and chromosomal location of several xylanolytic genes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 205: 379–383
Cifuentes V, Hermosilla G, Martinez C, Leon R, Pincheira G, Jimenez A (1997) Genetics and electrophoretic karyotyping of wild-type and astaxanthin mutant strains of Phaffia rhodozyma. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 72: 111–117
Chu G (1990) Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis: theory and practice. Methods 1: 129–142
Chu G, Vollrath D, Davies RW (1986) Separation of large DNA molecules by contour-clamped homogeneous electric fields. Science 234: 1582–1585
Cole RA, Williams KL (1988) Insertion of transformation vector DNA into different chromosomal sites of Dictyostelium discoideum as determined by pulsed field electrophoresis. Nucleic Acids Res 16: 4891–4902
Cooley RN, Caten CE (1991) Variation in electrophoretic karyotype between strains of Septoria nodorum. Mol Gen Genet 228: 17–23
Covert SJ (1998) Supernumerary chromosomes in filamentous fungi. Curr Genet 33: 311–319
Debets AJM, Holub EF, Swart K, van den Broek HWJ, Bos CJ (1990) An electrophoretic karyotype of Aspergillus niger. Mol Gen Genet 224: 264–268
Doggett NA, Smith CL, Cantor CR (1992) The effect of DNA concentration on mobility in pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Nucleic Acids Res 20: 859–864
Doi M, Homma M, Chindamporn A, Tanaka K (1992) Estimation of chromosome number and size by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) in medically important Candida species. J Gen Microbiol 138: 2243–2251
D’Souza TM, Dass SB, Rasooly A, Reddy A (1993) Electrophoretic karyotyping of the lignin-degrading basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Mol Microbiol 8: 803–807
Ellis THN, Cleary WC, Burcham KWC, Bowen BA (1987) Ramped field inversion gel electrophoresis: a cautionary note. Nucleic Acids Res 15: 5489
Fan JB, Chikashige Y, Smith CL, Niwa O, Yanagida M, Cantor CR (1989) Construction of a Notl restriction map of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe genome. Nucleic Acids Res 17: 2801–2818
Fan JB, Grothues D, Smith CL (1991) Alignment of SfiI sites with the Notl restriction map of Schizosaccharomyces pombe genome. Nucleic Acids Res 19: 6289–6294
Farber P, Geisen R (2000) Karyotype of Penicillium nalgiovense and assignment of the penicillin biosynthetic genes to chromosome IV Int J Food Microbiol 58: 59–63
Fierro F, Gutierrez S, Diez B, Martin JF (1993) Resolution of four large chromosomes in penicillin-producing filamentous fungi: the penicillin gene cluster is located on chromosome II (9.6Mb) in Penicillium notatum and chromosome I (10.4Mb) in Penicillium chrysogenum. Mol Gen Genet 241: 573–578
Filipp D, Filipp P, Nosek J, Hladka M (1995) Electrophoretic karyotype of Dipodascus (Endomyces) magnusii: two main intraspecific chromosomal polymophisms associated with the difference in total genome size. Curr Genet 29: 81–87
Fincham JRS (1989) Transformation in fungi. Microbiol Rev 53: 148–170
Fraissinet-Tachet L, Reymond-Cotton P, Fevre M (1996) Molecular karyotype of the phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Curr Genet 29: 496–501
Franzot SP, Hamdan JS, Currie BP, Casadevall A (1997) Molecular epidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans in Brazil and the United States: evidence for both local genetic differences and a global clonal population structure. J Clin Micobiol 35: 2243–2251
Gardiner K, Patterson D (1988) Transverse alternating electrophoresis. Nature 331: 371–372
Geiser DM, Arnold ML, Timberlake WE (1996) Wild chromosomal variants in Aspergillus nidulans. Curr Genet 29: 293–300
Gilly JA, Sands JA (1991) Electrophoretic karyotype of Trichoderma reesei. Biotechnol Lett 13: 447–482
Grimes E, Koob M, Szybalski W (1990) Achilles’ heel cleavage: creation of rare cutter restriction sites in A, phage genomes and evaluation of additional operators, repressors and restriction/modification systems. Gene 90: 1–7
Guidet F, Rogowsky P, Langridge P (1990) A rapid method of preparing megabase plant DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 18: 49–55
Gunderson K, Chu G (1991) Pulsed-field electrophoresis of megabase-sized DNA. Mol Cell Biol 11: 33483354
Gurrieri S, Bustamente C (1997) Purification and staining of intact yeast DNA chromosomes and real-time observation of their migration during gel electrophoresis. Biochem J 236: 131–138
Hewlett BJ (1989) An electrophoretic karyotype for Phy- tophthora megasperma. Exp Mycol 13: 199–202
Hightower RC, Metge DW, Santi DV (1987) Plasmid migration using orthogonal-field-alternation gel electrophoresis. Nucleic Acids Res 15: 8387–8398
Hightower RC, Callahan TM, Upchurch RG (1995) Electrophoretic karyotype of Cercospora kikuchii. Curr Genet 27: 290–292
Hirata R, Ohsumk Y, Nakano A, Kawasaki H, Suzuki K, Anraku Y (1990) Molecular structure of a gene, VMA1, encoding the catalytic subunit of H(+)translocating adenosine triphosphate from vacuolar membranes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 265: 6726–6733
Horton JS, Raper CA (1991) Pulsed-field gel electrophoretic analysis of Schizophyllum commune. Curr Genet 19: 77–80
Janbon G, Magnet R, Bigey F, Arnaud A, Galzy P (1995) Karyotype studies on different strains of Candida molischiana by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Curr Genet 28: 150–154
Javerzat JP, Jacquier C, Barreau C (1993) Assignment of linkage groups to the electrophoretically separated chromosomes of the fungus Podospora anserina. Curr Genet 24: 219–222
Jones RN, Rees H (1982) B Chromosomes. Academic Press, New York
Judelson HS, Coffey MD, Arredondo FR, Tyier BM (1993) Transformation of the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea occurs by DNA integration into a single or multiple chromosomes. Curr Genet 23: 211–218
Kantor RM, Guo XH, Huff EJ, Schwartz DC (1999) Dynamics of DNA molecules in gel studied by fluorescence microscopy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 258: 102–108
Kayser T, Schulz G (1991) Electrophoretic karyotype of cellulolytic Penicillium janthinellum strains. Curr Genet 20: 289–291
Kayser T, Wöstemeyer J (1991) Electrophoretic karyotype of the zygomycete Absidia glauca: evidence for differences between mating types. Curr Genet 19: 279–284
Kempken F, Walz M (1996) The use of rare-cutting endonucleases in electrophoretic karyotyping of fungal genomes. Fungal Genet Biol 20: 89–92
Kerrigan RW, Royer JC, Baller LM, Kohli Y, Horgen PA, Anderson JB (1993) Meiotic behavior and linkage relationships in the secondarily homothallic fungus Agaricus bisporus. Genetics 133: 225–236
Kinscherf TC, Leong SA (1988) Molecular analysis of the karyotype of Ustilago maydis. Chromosoma 96: 427–433
Kistler HC, Benny U (1992) Autonomously replicating plasmids and chromosome rearrangement during transformation of Nectria haematococca. Gene 117: 81–89
Kitamoto K, Kimura K, Gomi K, Kumagai C (1994) Electrophoretic karyotype and gene assignment to chromosomes of Aspergillus oryzae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 58: 1467–1470
Koob M, Grimes E, Szybalski W (1988) Conferring operator specificity on restriction endonucleases. Science 241: 1084–1086
Kozulic B (1995) Models of gel electrophoresis. Anal Biochem 231: 1–12
Kück U, Walz M, Mohr G, Mracek M (1989) The 5’-sequence of the isopenicillin N-synthetase gene (pcbC) from Cephalosporium acremonium directs the expression of the prokaryotic hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene (hph) in Aspergillus niger. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 31: 358–365
Kur J, Koob M, Burkiewicz A, Szybalski W (1992) A novel method for converting common restriction enzymes into rare cutters: integration host factor mediated Achilles’ cleavage ( IHF-AC ). Gene 110: 1–7
Kusters-van Someren MA, Samson RA, Visser J (1991) The use of RFLP analysis in classification of the black Aspergilli: reinterpretation of the Aspergillus niger aggregate. Curr Genet 19: 21–26
Larraya LM, Pérez G, Penas MM, Baars JJP, Mikosch TSP, Pisabarro AG, Ramírez L (1999) Molecular karyotype of the white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. Appl Environ Microbiol 65: 3413–3417
Lasker BA, Carle GF, Kobayashi GS, Medoff G (1989) Comparison of the separation of Candida albicans chromosome-sized DNA by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis techniques. Nucleic Acids Res 17: 3783–3793
Link AJ, Olson MV (1991) Physical map of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome at 110-kilobase resolution. Genetics 127: 681–698
Liu SL, Hessel A, Sanderson KE (1993) Genomic mapping with I-CeuI, an intron encoded endonuclease specific for genes for ribosomal RNA, in Salmonella ssp., Escherichia coli, and other bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 6874–6878
Lodder S, Gull K, Wood D (1993) An electrophoretic karyotype of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Curr Genet 24: 496–499
Lopes TS, Klootwijk J, Veenstra AE, van der Aar PC, van Heerikhuizen H, Raue HA, Planta R (1989) Highcopy-number integration into the ribosomal DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a new vector for high-level expression. Gene 79: 199–206
Lopez-Canovas L, Biscay R, Noa MD, PerezPerez G, Herrera JA, Orozco E, Riveron AM (1998) Comparison of DNA migrations in two clamped homogeneous electric field chambers of different sizes. Relation between sample thickness and electrophoresis time. J Chromatogr 806: 187–197
Lumpkin OJ, Dejardin P, Zimm BH (1985) Theory of gel electrophoresis of DNA. Biopolymers 24: 1573–1594
Mäntylä AL, Rossi KH, Vanhanen SA, Penttilä ME, Suominen PL, Nevalainen KMH (1992) Electrophoretic karyotyping of wild-type and mutant Trichoderma longibrachiatum (reesei) strains. Curr Genet 21: 471–477
Magee BB, Koltin Y, German JA, Magee PT (1988) Assignment of cloned genes to the seven electrophoretically separated Candida albicans chromosomes. Mol Cell Biol 8: 4721–4726
Masel A, Braithwaite K, Irwin J, Manners J (1990) Highly variable molecular karyotypes in the plant pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Curr Genet 18: 81–86
Mathew MK, Smith CL, Cantor CR (1988a) High-resolution separation and accurate size determination in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of DNA. 1. DNA size standards and the effect of agarose and temperature. Biochemistry 27: 9204–9210
Mathew MK, Smith CL, Cantor CR (1988b) High-resolution separation and accurate size determination in pulsed-68 M. Walz field gel electrophoresis of DNA. 2. Effect of pulse time and electric field strength and implications for models of the separation process. Biochemistry 27: 9210–9216
Maule JC (1998) Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Mol Biotechnol 9: 107–126
Maule JC, Porteous DJ, Brookes AJ (1994) An improved method for recovering intact pulsed field gel purified DNA, of at least 1.6 megabases. Nucleic Acids Res 22: 3245–3246
McCluskey K, Mills D (1990) Identification and characterization of chromosome length polymorphisms among strains representing fourteen races of Ustilago hordei. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 3: 366–373
McCluskey K, Russell BW, Mills D (1990) Electrophoretic karyotyping without the need for generating protoplasts. Curr Genet 18: 385–386
McCormick MK, Shero JH, Connelly CJ, Antonarakis SE, Hieter P (1990) Methods for cloning large DNA segments as artificial chromosomes in S. cerevisiae. Technique 2: 65–71
McDonald BA, Martinez JP (1990) Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in Septoria tritici occur at a high frequency. Curr Genet 17: 133–138
McDonald BA, Martinez JP (1991) Chromosome length polymorphisms in a Septoria tritici population. Curr Genet 19: 265–271
Mewes HW, Albermann K, Bahr M, Frishman D, Gleissner A et al. (1997) Overview of the yeast genome. Nature 387: 7–65
Miao VP, VanEtten HD (1990) Preparing chromosomes from protoplasts of a filamentous fungus for pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. BioTechniques 8: 393
Miao VP, Civert SF, VanEtten HD (1991) A fungal gene for antibiotic resistance on a dispensable (“B”) chromosome. Science 254: 1773–1776
Mills D, McCluskey K (1990) Electrophoretic karyotypes of fungi: the new cytology. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 3: 351–357
Montenegro E, Fierro F, Fernandez FJ, Gutierrez S, Martin JF (1992) Resolution of chromosomes III and VI of Aspergillus nidulans by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis shows that the penicillin biosynthetic pathway genes pcbAB, pcbC and penDE are clustered on chromosome VI (3.0 Megabases). J Bacteriol 174: 7063–7067
Montoya AE, Moreno MN, Restrepo A, McExen JG (1997) Electrophoretic karyotype of clinical isolates of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Fungal Genet Biol 21: 223–227
Muscarella DE, Vogt VM (1989) A mobile group I intron in the nuclear rDNA of Physarum polycephalum. Cell 56: 443–454
Nagy A, Palagyi Z, Vastag M, Ferenczy L, Vâgvölgyi Cs (2000a) Electrophoretic karyotypes of some related Mucor species. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 78: 33–37
Nagy A, Vâgvölgyi Cs, Balla É, Ferenczy L (2000b) Electrophoretic karyotype of Mucor circinelloides. Curr Genet 26: 45–48
Newton AC, Caten CE (1985) Heterokaryosis and heterokaryon incompatibility in Septoria nodorum. In: Scharen AL (ed) Septoria of cereals. US Dep Agric ARS 12: 13–15
Orbach MJ, Vollrath D, Davis RW, Yanofsky C (1988) An electrophoretic karyotype of Neurospora crassa. Mol Cell Biol 8: 1469–1473
Orbach MJ, Chumley FG, Valent B (1996) Electrophoretic karyotypes of Magnaporthe grisea pathogens of diverse grasses. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 9: 261–271
Osiewacz HD, Ridder R (1991) Genome analysis of imperfect fungi: electrophoretic karyotyping and characterization of the nuclear gene coding for glyceraldehyd-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd) of Curvularia lunata. Curr Genet 20: 151–155
Osiewacz HD, Clairmont A, Huth M (1990) Electrophoretic karyotype of the ascomycete Podospora anserina. Curr Genet 18: 481–483
Osiewacz HD, Skaletz A, Esser K (1991) Integrative transformation of the ascomycete Podospora anserina: identification of the mating-type locus on chromosome VII of electrophoretically separated chromosomes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 35: 38–45
Pan S, Cole GT (1992) Electrophoretic karyotypes of clinical isolates of Coccidiodes immitis. Infect Immun 60: 4872–4880
Perfect JR, Magee BB, Magee PT (1989) Separation of chromosomes of Cryptococcus neoformans by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Infect Immun 57: 2624–2627
Perkins DD, Kinsey JA,Asch D, Frederick GD (1993) Chromosome rearrangements recovered following transformation of Neurospora crassa. Genetics 134: 729–736
Perler FB, Comb DG, Jack WE, Morn LS, Qiang B, Kucera RB, Benner J, Slatko BE, Nwankwo DO, Hempstead SK, Carlow CKS, Jannasch H (1992) Intervening sequences in an archaean DNA polymerase gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 5577–5581
Pöggeler S, Masloff S, Jacobsen S, Kück U (2000) Karyotype polymorphism correlate with intraspecific infertility in the homothallic ascomycete Sordaria macrospora. J Evol Biol 13: 281–289
Pukkila PJ (1992) Methods of genetic manipulation in Coprinus cinereus. In: Chang ST, Miles PG (eds) Culture collection and breeding of edible fungi. Grodon and Breach, Philadelphia, pp 249–264
Queener SW, Ingolia TD, Skatrud PL, Chapman JL, Kaster KR (1985) A system for genetic transformation of Cephalosporium acremonium. In: Schlesinger D (ed) Microbiology. Am Soc Microbiol, Washington, DC
Rollo F, Ferracuti T, Pacilli A (1989) Separation of chromosomal DNA molecules from Phoma tracheiphila by orthogonal-field-alternation gel electrophoresis. Curr Genet 16: 477–479
Royer JC, Dewar K, Hubbes M, Horgen PA (1991) Analysis of a high frequency transformation system for Ophiostoma ulmi, the causal agent of Dutch elm disease. Mol Gen Genet 225: 168–176
Russell BW, Mills D (1993) Electrophoretic karyotypes of Tilletia caries, T. controversa, and their Fi progeny: further evidence for conspecific staus. Mo Plant Microbe Interact 6: 66–74
Rustchenko-Bulgac EP (1991) Variations of Candida albicans electrophoretic karyotypes. J Bacteriol 173: 6586–6596
Sakai A, Shimizu Y, Hishinuma F (1990) Integration of heterologous genes into the chromosome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a delta sequence of yeast retro-transposon Ty. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 33: 302–306
Sangeorzan JA, Zervos MJ, Donabedian S, Kauffman CA (1995) Validity of contour-clamped homogeneous electric field electrophoresis as a typing system for Candida albicans. Mycoses 38: 29–36
Schmitt EK, Eilinghoff B, 011iger R, Decker H, Kück U (2002) Development of molecular tools for the mulundocandin producer Aspergillus sydowii: DNA-mediated transformation and reporter gene expression. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 58: 625–631
Schwarz DC, Cantor CR (1984) Separation of yeast chromosome-sized DNAs by pulsed field gradient gel electrophoresis. Cell 37: 67–75
Skatrud PL, Queener SW (1984) Cloning of a DNA fragment from Cephalosporium acremonium which functions as an autonomous replication sequence in yeast. Curr Genet 8: 155–163
Skatrud PL, Queener SW (1989) An electrophoretic molecular karyotype for an industrial strain of Cephalosporium acremonium. Gene 78: 331–338
Skelly PJ, Maleszka R (1989) Isolation of mitochondrial DNA using pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Nucleic Acids Res 17: 7537
Skinner DZ, Budde AD, Farman ML, Smith JR, Leung H, Leong SA (1993) Genome organization of Magnaporthe grisea: genetic map, electrophoretic karyotype, and occurrence of repeated DNAs. Theor Appl Genet 87: 545–557
Slater GW, Viovy JL (1996) Theory of electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 17: A68 - A71
Slater GW, Rousseau J, Noolandi J (1987) On the stretching of DNA in the reptation theories of gel electrophoresis. Biopolymers 26: 863–872
Smith AW, Collins K, Ramsden M, Fox HM, Peberdy JF (1991) Chromosome rearrangements in improved cephalosporin C-producing strains of Acremonium chrysogenum. Curr Genet 19: 235–237
Southern EM, Anand R, Brown WRA, Fletcher DS (1987) A model for the separation of large DNA molecules by crossed field gel electrophoresis. Nucleic Acids Res 15: 5925–5943
Steele PE, Carle GF, Kobayashi GS, Medoff G (1989) Electrophoretic analysis of Histoplasma capsulatum chromosomal DNA. Mol Cell Biol 9: 983–987
Stimberg N, Walz M, Schörgendorfer K, Kück U (1992) Electrophoretic karyotyping from Tolypocladium inflatum and six related strains allows differentiation of morphologically similar species. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 37: 485–489
Suga H, Ikeda S, Taga M, Kageyama K, Hyakumachi M (2002) Electrophoretic karyotyping and gene mapping of seven formae speciales in Fusarium solani. Curr Genet 41: 254–260
Talbot NJ, Oliver RP, Coddington A (1991) Pulsed field gel electrophoresis reveals chromosome length differences between strains for Cladosporium fulvum (syn. Fulvia fulva). Mol Gen Genet 229: 267–272
Tateishi T, Murayama SY, Otsuka F, Yamaguchi H (1996) Karyotyping by PFGE of clinical isolates of Sporothrix schenkii. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 13: 147–154
Taylor JL, Borgmann I, Séguin-Swartz G (1991) Electrophoretic karyotyping of Leptosphaeria maculans differentiates highly virulent from weakly virulent isolates. Curr Genet 19: 273–277
Thierry A, Dujon B (1992) Nested chromosomal fragmentation in yeast using the meganuclease I-SceI: a new method for physical mapping of eukaryotic genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 20: 5625–5631
Thrash-Bingham C, Gorman JA (1992) DNA translocations contribute to chromosome length polymorphisms in Candida albicans. Curr Genet 22: 93–100
Tobin MB, Peery RB, Skatrud PL (1997) An electrophoretic molecular karyotype of a clinical isolate of Aspergillus fumigatus and localization of the MDR-like AfuMDR1 and AfuMDR2. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 29: 6771
Tzeng TH, Lyngholm LK, Ford CF, Bronson CR (1992) A restriction fragment length polymorphism map and electrophoretic karyotype of the fungal maize pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus. Genetics 130: 81–96
VanDevanter DR (1992) Resolution of DNA fragments from 23 kilobases to 6 megabases by biphasic linear pulse ramping. Nucleic Acids Res 20: 1148
Vazquez JA, Beckley A, Donabedian S, Sobel JD, Zervos MJ (1993) Comparison of restriction enzyme analysis versus pulsed-field gradient gel electrophoresis as a typing system for Torulopsis glabrata and Candida species other than C. albicans. J Clin Microbiol 31: 2021–2030
Verdoes JC, Calil MR, Punt PJ, Debets F, Swart K, Stouthamer AH, van den Hondel CA (1994) The complete karyotype of Aspergillus niger: the use of introduced electrophoretic mobility variation of chromomes for gene assignment studies. Mol Gen Genet 244: 75–80
Walz M (1992) Molekulare Analysen zur Expression von 13-Lactam-Genen bei Acremonium chrysogenum. Bibl Mycol 147: 28–47
Walz M (1995) Electrophoretic karyotyping. In: Kück U (ed) The mycota II. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 61–73
Walz M, Kück U (1991) Polymorphic karyotypes in related Acremonium strains. Curr Genet 19: 73–76
Walz M, Kück U (1993) Targeted integration into the Acremonium chrysogenum genome: disruption of the pcbC gene. Curr Genet 24: 421–427
Walz M, Kück U (1995) Transformation of Sordaria macrospora to hygromycin B resistance: characterization of transformants by electrophoretic karyotyping and tetrad analysis. Curr Genet 29: 88–95
Wang Y, Wu R (1993) A new method for specific cleavage of megabase-size chromosomal DNA by X-terminase. Nucleic Acids Res 21: 2143–2147
Williams JGK, Kubelik AR, Livak KJ, Rafalski JA, Tingey SV (1990) DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Res 18: 6531–6535
Wood V, Gwilliam R, Rajandream MA, Lyne M, Lyne R et al. (2002) The genome of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Nature 415: 871–880
Woznicki A, Greger J (1993) Reorientation time of DNA molecules in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Biochemistry 32: 7181–7185
Wrestler JC, Lipes BD, Birren BW, Lai E (1996) Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Method Enzymol 270: 255272
Wu S, Guo N, Yin Z, Chai J (1996) Characterization of pathogenic fungi genomes using pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Chin Med Sci J 11: 188–190
Xu MQ, Southworth MW, Mersha FB, Hornstra LJ, Perler FB (1993) In vitro protein splicing of purified precursor and the identification of a branched intermediate. Cell 75: 1371–1377
Xu JR, Yan K, Dickman MB, Leslie JF (1995) Electrophoretic karyotypes distinguish the biological species of Giberella fujikuroi (Fusarium section Liseola). Mol Plant Microbe Interact 8: 74–84
Yamzaki T, Oshima Y (1996) Saccharomycodes ludwigii has seven chromosomes. Yeast 12: 237–240
Yoder OC, Turgeon BG (2001) Fungal genomics and pathogenicity. Curr Opin Plant Biol 4: 315–321
Zolan ME, Crittenden JR, Heyler NK, Seitz LC (1992) Efficient isolation and mapping of rad genes of the fungus Coprinus cinereus using chromosome-specific libraries. Nucleic Acids Res 20: 3993–3999
Zolan ME, Heyler NK, Stassen NY (1994) Inheritance of chromosome length polymorphism in Coprinus cinereus. Genetics 137: 87–94
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Walz, M. (2004). Electrophoretic Karyotyping. In: Kück, U. (eds) Genetics and Biotechnology. The Mycota, vol 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07426-8_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07426-8_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-07667-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-07426-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive