Abstract
Polymers are macromolecules, built up of a large number of repeating molecular units, which are linked together by covalent bonds. The different molecules, and separate segments of the same molecule are attracted to each other by intermolecular van der Waals forces. The covalent bonds involved are characterized by high energies (146 to 628 kJ mole−1), short interatomic distances (0.11 to 0.16 nm) and relatively constant angles between successive bonds. Covalent bonds govern the thermal and photochemical stability of the polymers. Polymers have a high strength-to-weight ratio, ease of molding and lightness, and are very cheap to produce.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Lotz B, The structure and morphology of crystalline polymers. Nucl Instrum Methods B131, 13–21 (1997)
Dissado LA, Fothergill JC, Electrical Degradation and Breakdown in Polymers. Peter Peregrinus Ltd., London (1992)
Tobolsky AA, Mark, HF (editors). Polymer Science and Materials. John Wiley & Sons, New York (1971)
Gowariker VR, Viswanathan NV, Jayadev S, Polymer Science. New Age International Ltd. Publ. 9th ed., p. 150–173 (1996)
Faupel F, Willecke R, Thran A, Diffusion of metals in polymers. Mater Sci Eng R22, 1–55 (1998)
Brandruß J, Immergut EH, Polymer Handbuch. 3r. edn. John Wiley & Sons, p. VI /209 (1989) (in German)
Lee LH, Fundamentals of Adhesion. Plenum Press, New York and London (1991)
Shen M, Bever MB, Gradients in polymeric materials. J Mater Sci 7, 41–746 (1972)
Guermazi H, Smaoui H, Agnel S, Mlik Y, Toureille A, Schué F, Influence of heat treatment on the space charge within an epoxy resin polymer materials. Poly Int 50 743–747 (2001), and references therein
Rück DM, Schulz J, Polymers with high temperature stability structured by ion ir-radiation: irradiation parameters and optical characterisation of resulting waveguides. Proc. SPIE — Intl Soc For Opt Eng 2851, 18–128 (1996)
Gangal SV, Encyclopedia of Polymer Science & Engineering, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York p. 557–580 (1989)
Kim EJ, Ohki J Hirata T, Uchida K, Ionic DC transport in polyetherketone. Proc. Of the 4th Intl. Conf. on “Properties and applications of dielectric materials”, July 3–8, 1994, Brisbane, (94CH3311–8) Vol. 1, p. 67–70 (1994)
Hoechst AG, Data sheet “Hostaphan” (in German), Wiesbaden 4 /1992 (1992)
Ghosh S, Raju J, Dwivedi KK, Track length of energetic 132Xe ions in CR-39 detec-tors. Rad Eff Def Sol 129, 155–159 (1994)
Torrisi L, Luminescence Degrading in polyvinyl toluene by ion beam irradiation. Radiat Eff Defects Solids 154, 89–98 (2001)
Srivastava AK, Virk HS, Study of electrical and optical frequency response of neutron irradiated polyvinyl acetate thick films Radiat Phys Chem 59, 31–37 (2000)
Ohigashi H, Kagami N, Li GR, Formation of ferroelectric domains in a copolymer P(VDF-TrFE). J Appl Phys 71, 506–508 (1992)
Lovinger AL, Furukawa T, Davis GT, Broadhurst MG, Crystallographic changes characterizing the Curie transition in three ferroelectric copolymers of vinylidene fluoride and trifluoroethylene: 1. As-crystallized samples. Polymer 24, 1225–1232 (1983)
Schlößer D, Le Moel A, Dooryhée E, Carbon ion induced modifications of the Curie transition in ferroelectric polymers. Nucl Instr Meth B105, 278–281 (1995)
Torrisi L, Percolla R, Ion beam processing of polyvinylidene fluoride. Nucl Instr Meth B117, 387–391 (1996)
Escoubes M, Dolveck JY, Davenas J, Xu XL, Boiteux G, Ion Beam Modification of polyimide membranes for gas permeation. Nucl Instr Meth B105, 130–133 (1995)
Du Pont de Namours, Namours, “Kapton Information” (1995)
Xu XL, Yuehui Yu, Zixin L, Lizhi C, Fang F, Zuyao Z, Shichang Z, Gendi D, Guanqun X, Shrinkage effects of polyimide film under ion beam irradiation. Nucl Instr Meth B 59/60, 1267–1270 (1991)
LaFemina JR, Arjavalingam G, Hougham G, Electronic structure and ultraviolet absorption spectrum of polyimide. J Chem Phys 90, 5154–5160 (1989)
Seki S, Shibata H, Ban H, Ishigure K, Tagawa S, Radiation effects of ion and electron beams on poly (methylphenylsilane). Radiat Phys Chem 48, 539–544 (1996)
Seki S, Tagawa S, Ishigure K, Cromack KR, Trifunac AD, Observation of silyl radical in gamma-radiolysis of solid poly(dimethylsilane). Radiat Phys Chem 47, 217–219 (1996)
Seki S, Kanzaki K, Kunimi Y, Tagawa S, Yoshida Y, Kudoh H, Sugimoto M, Sasuga T, Seguchi T, Shibata H, LET Effects of Ion Beam Irradiation on Poly (di-n-hexylsilane). Radiat Phys Chem 50, 423–427 (1997)
Miller RD, Radiation Sensitivity of Soluble Polysilane Derivatives, in: Advances in Chemistry, Series 224, American Chemical Society, Washington D.C., p. 413 (1990)
Herden V, Klaumünzer S, Schnabel W, Crosslinking of polysilanes by ion beam irradiation. Nucl Instr Meth B146, 491–495 (1998)
Herden V, Das Verhalten von lichtinduzierten Ladungsträgern in Polysilanen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Dotierungen und strahlenchemischer Vernetzung. PhD. Thesis, Technical University Berlin, No. D83 (2001) (in German)
Seki S, Kanzaki K, Yoshida Y, Tagawa S, Shibata H, Asai K, Ishigure K, Positive-negative inversion of silicon based resist materials: Poly (di-nhexylsilane) for ion beam irradiation. Jpn J Appl Phys 36, 5361–5364 (1997)
Koo YL, Kim IT, Park WK, An experimental investigation on the degradation characteristic of the outdoor silicone rubber insulator due to sulfate and nitrate ions. IEEE Annual Report. Conf. on Electr. Insulat. and Dielectric Phenom, Minneapolis, Oct. 19–22, 1997, pp. 370–373 (1997)
Imakoma T, Suzuki Y, Fuji O, Nakajima I (1994) Degradation of silicone rubber housing by ultraviolet radiation. Proc. Of the 4th Intl. Conf. on “Properties and Applications of Dielectric materials”, July 3–8, 1994, Brisbane, Australia, IEEE Publication, New York, 1, 304–308
Suzuki Y, Kusakabe M, Iwaki M, Suzuki M, Surface modification of silicone rubber by ion implantation. Nucl Instr Meth B32, 120–124 (1988)
Kumagai S, Wang X, Yoshimura N, Solid residue formation of RTV silicone rubber due to dry-band arcing and thermal decomposition. IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electric Insul. 5, 281–289 (1998)
Schlegel L, Schnabel W, Polymers in X-Ray, electron beam and ion beam lithography, Radiat. Curing Polym Sci Technol, 1 119–192 (1993), and many references therein
Lai JH, Polymers for Electronic Applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida (1989)
Fink D, Klett R, Behar M, Sanchez G, Kaschny JR, Hertlein WG, Changes in the photoresist inhibitor distribution after ion irradiation and thermal treatment. Nucl Instr Meth B132, 660–670 (1997)
Jordhamo G, Moreau W, Deep UV hardening of deep UV resists. Proc. SPIE–Intl. Soc. For Opt. Eng. 2724, 588–600 (1996)
Morales J, Olayo MG, Cruz GJ, Castillo-Ortega MM, Olayo R, Electronic conductivity of pyrrole and aniline thin films polymerized by plasma. J Polym Sci B. Polymer Physics 38, 3247–3255 (2000)
Srinivasan D, Natarajan TS, Rangarajan G, Bhat SV, Wessling B, Electron spin resonance absorption in organic metal polyaniline and its blends with PMMA. Commun. 110, 503–538 (1999)
Burford RP, Tongtam T, Conducting polymer with controlled fibrillar morphology. J Mater Sci 26 3264–3270 (1991), and references therein
Bel Hadj Mohamed A, Miane JL, Zangar H, Radiofrequency and microwave (10 kHz-8 GHz) electrical properties of polypyrrole and polypyrrole poly(methyl methacrylate) composites. Polym Int 50, 773–777 (2001)
Fichou D, Handbook of Oligo-and Polythiophenes. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (1999)
Menn R, Yoon CO, Moses D, Heeger AJ, Cao Y, Transport in polyaniline near the critical regime of the metal-insulator transition. Phys Rev B48, 1768517694 (1993)
Subramaniam CK, Kaiser AB, Gillberd PW, Liu CJ, Wessling B, Conductivity and thermopower of blends of polyaniline with insulating polymers. Solid State Commun 97, 235–238 (1996)
Dai L, Advanced syntheses and microfabrications of conjugated polymers, C60-containing polymers and carbon nanotubes for optoelectronic applications. Polym Adv Technol 10 357–420 (1999), and references therein
Holliday L, Ionic Polymers, Applied Science Publ., London (1973)
Kaetsu I, Biocompatible and biofunctional membranes by means of radiation tech-niques. Nucl Instr Meth B105, 294–301 (1995)
Angelova N, Hunkeler D, Rationalizing the design of polymeric biomaterials. TIBTECH 17, 409–421, Elsevier Science Ltd. (1999)
Wheeler BC, Brewer GJ, Chang JC, Nam Y, Designing in vitro patterned neuronal networks. Proc. MRS Boston 27.11.-1.12. 2001, Presentation Y5. 6
Caumes J, Simoen JP, A TE-calorimeter as a primary standard for neutron absorbed dose calibrations. J Europ Radiother 5, 235–239 (1984)
Stone FGA, Graham WAG, Inorganic Polymers. Academic Press, New York and London (1992)
Itahashi S, Mitsui H, Sone M, Variation of state of water in dielectric liquids by temperature. Proc. Of the 4th Intl. Conf. on “Properties and applications of dielectric materials”, July 3–8, 1994, Brisbane, (94CH3311–8), Vol.1, p. 219222 (1994)
Muramoto Y, Mizuno Y, Nagao M, Kosaki M, The short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage of moisture absorbed polyimide thin films with different electrode materials. Proc. Of the 4th Intl. Conf. on “Properties and applications of dielectric materials”, July 3–8, 1994, Brisbane, (94CH3311–8), Vol. 1, pp. 219–222 (1994)
Mantese JV, Micheli AL, Hamdi AH, Vest RW, Metalorganic deposition (MOD): a nonvacuum, spin-on, liquid-based, thin film method. MRS Bull, Oct. 1989, pp. 48–53, and references therein
Berry AD, Gaskill DK, Holm RT, Cukauskas EJ, Kaplan R, Henry RL, Formation of high Tc superconducting films by organometallic chemical vapor deposition, Appl Phys Lett 52, 1743–1745 (1988)
Nakao Y, Noble metal solid sols in poly(methyl methacrylate). J Colloid Interface Sci 171, 386–391 (1995)
Nakao Y, Preparation and characterization of noble metal solid sols in poly(methyl methacrylate). J Chem Soc Chem Commun 10, 826–828 (1993)
Michell AL, Chang SC, Hicks DB, Tin oxide gas sensing microsensors from metallo-organic deposited (MOD) thin films Ceram Eng Sci Proc 8, 10951105 (1987)
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fink, D. (2004). The Polymers. In: Fink, D. (eds) Fundamentals of Ion-Irradiated Polymers. Springer Series in Materials Science, vol 63. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07326-1_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07326-1_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-05709-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-07326-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive