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Cold-Adapted Organisms pp 385–407Cite as

Gene expression and cold hardiness in animals

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Abstract

The earth is a cold place. Many polar and alpine environments are perpetually cold and the deep ocean is consistently only 2–4°C. Huge parts of the planet are also seasonally cold and frequently present terrestrial organisms with the challenge of sustaining life at subzero temperatures that are well below the freezing point of body fluids. Nonetheless, life abounds in all of these environments, and organisms have evolved marvelous adaptations to allow them to deal with cold and/or freezing. For poikilothermic organisms seeking to survive when ambient air temperature drops below 0°C, the choices are basically three:

  1. 1.

    use behavioral means to leave the cold environment (e.g. migration) or position themselves in insulated microenvironments where temperature remains above 0°C (e.g. hibernation underwater or deep underground),

  2. 2.

    endure subzero exposures by invoking metabolic adaptations that maintain body fluids in a liquid state (called freeze avoidance), or

  3. 3.

    endure the freezing of extracellular body fluids (called freeze tolerance).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Biochemistry, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada

    K. B. Storey & J. M. Storey

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  1. Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria

    Rosa Margesin  & Franz Schinner  & 

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Storey, K.B., Storey, J.M. (1999). Gene expression and cold hardiness in animals. In: Margesin, R., Schinner, F. (eds) Cold-Adapted Organisms. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06285-2_21

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