Summary
The liquid interface of aqueous solutions is of central importance to numerous phenomena from cloud processing of combustion generated oxides to corrosion degradation of structural materials to transport across cell membranes. Recently, the nonlinear spectroscopic method, sum frequency generation (SFG), has been applied to investigate the structure of liquid interfaces and alteration of that structure by materials in solution. This chapter focuses on two categories of materials in solution: inorganic ionic materials that are nonvolatile — H2SO4, HNO3, alkali sulfates and bisulfates, NaCl, and NaNO3 — and soluble molecules that are volatile — HCl and NH3. Ionic materials influence the structure of water at the interface through an electric double layer that arises from the differential distribution of anions and cations near the interface. Two models for the effect of the double layer are discussed. Soluble molecular materials of lower surface tension partition to the interface and displace surface water molecules. Ammonia is a rather unique probe of water at the surface. At low concentrations, ammonia merely docks to the dangling-OH groups. At intermediate concentrations, the surface changes little as the bulk concentration increases and at higher concentrations, ammonia blankets the surface and displaces water at the surface.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
M. Wilson, A. Pohorille: J. Chem. Phys. 95, 6005–6013 (1991).
D. Michael, I. Benjamin: J. Chem. Phys. 107, 5684–5693 (1997).
I. Benjamin : Acc. Chem. Res. 28, 233 (1995).
D. J. Tobias, P. Jungwirth, M. Parrinello: J. Chem. Phys. 114, 7036–7044 (2001).
P. Jungwirth, D. J. Tobias: J. Phys. Chem. B, 10468–10472 (2001).
P. Jungwirth, D. J. Tobias: J. Phys. Chem. B 104, 7702–7706 (2000).
P. Jungwirth: J. Phys. Chem. A 104, 145–148 (2000).
X. D. Zhu, H. Suhr, Y. R. Shen: Phys. Rev. B 35, 3047 (1987).
J. H. Hunt, P. Guyot-Sionnest, Y. R. Shen: Chem. Phys. Lett. 133, 189–192 (1987).
Y. R. Shen: Nature. 337, 519 (1989).
Q. Du, R. Superfine, E. Freysz, Y. R. Shen: Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 2313–2316 (1993).
C. Radüge, V. Pflumio, Y. R. Shen,: Chem. Phys. Lett. 274, 140–144 (1997).
S. Baldelli, C. Schnitzer, M. J. Shultz, D. Campbell: J. Phys. Chem. B 101, 10435–10441 (1997).
S. Baldelli, C. Schnitzer, M. J. Shultz, D. Campbell: J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 287, 143–147 (1998).
S. Baldelli, C. Schnitzer, M. J. Shultz: Chem. Phys. Lett. 302, 157–163 (1999).
S. Baldelli, D. Campbell, C. Schnitzer, M. J. Shultz: J. Phys. Chem. B. 103, 2789–2795 (1999).
C. Schnitzer, S. Baldelli, D. J. Campbell, M. J. Shultz: J. Phys. Chem. A. 103, 6383–6386 (1999).
C. Schnitzer, S. Baldelli, M. J. Shultz: Chem. Phys. Lett. 313, 416–420 (2000).
C. Schnitzer, S. Baldelli, M. J. Shultz: J. Phys. Chem. B 104, 585–590 (2000).
M. J. Shultz, C. Schnitzer, D. Simonelli, S. Baldelli: Int. Rev. Phys. Chem. 19, 123–153 (2000).
M. J. Shultz, S. Baldelli, C. Schnitzer, D. Simonelli: J. Phys. Chem. B 106 (2002).
J. C. Conboy, M. C. Messmer, G. L. Richmond: J. Phys. Chem. 100, 7617 (1995).
D. E. Gragson, G. L. Richmond: J. Chem. Phys. 107. 9687–9690 (1997).
D. E. Gragson, G. L. Richmond: J. Phys. Chem. B 102, 569–576 (1998).
M. C. Messmer, J. C. Conboy, G. L. Richmond: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117, 8039 (1995).
B. Dick, A. Gierulski, G. Marowsky, G. A. Reider: Appl. Phys. B 38, 107–116 (1985).
B. Dick: Chem. Phys. 96, 199–215 (1985).
C. Hirose, N. Akamatsu, K. Domen: Appl. Spec. 46, 1051–1072 (1992).
C. Hirose, N. Akamatsu, K. Domen: J. Chem. Phys. 96, 997–1004 (1992).
R. E. Muenchausen, R. A. Keller, N. S. Nogar: J. Opt. Soc. Am. 4, 237–241 (1987).
N. Akamatsu, K. Domen, C. Hirose: Appl. Spec. 46, 1051–102 (1992).
N. Bloembergen, P. S. Pershan: Phys. Rev. 128, 606–622 (1962).
H. Chen, D. E. Irish: J. Phys. Chem. 75, 2672–2681 (1971).
D. E. Irish, H. Chen: J. Phys. Chem. 74, 3796–3802 (1970).
D. E. Irish, M. H. Brooker: Raman and Infrared Spectral Studies of Electrolytes, Clark, R. J. H. and Hester, R. E., Ed.; Heyden & Son: London, 1981, pp 212311.
C. I. Ratcliffe, D. E. Irish: J. Phys. Chem. 86, 4897–4905 (1982).
C. I. Ratcliffe, D. E. Irish Can: J. Chem. 63, 3521–3525 (1985).
J. R. Scherer: The Vibrational Spectroscopy of Water, Clark, R. J. H. and Hester, R. E., Ed.; Heyden: Philadelphia, 5, 149–216 (1978).
J. R. Scherer, M. K. Go, S. Kint: J. Phys. Chem. 78, 1304–1313 (1974).
V. Buch, J. P. Devlin: J. Chem. Phys. 110, 3437–3443 (1999).
J. P. Devlin, V. Buch: J. Phys. Chem. 99, 16534–16548 (1995).
J. P. Devlin, V. Buch: J. Phys. Chem. B. 101, 6095–6098 (1997).
J. P. Devlin, C. Joyce, V. Buch: J. Phys. Chem. A 104, 1974–1977 (2000).
B. Rowland, N. S. Kadagathur, J. P. Devlin, V. Buch, T. Feldman, M. J. Wojcik: J. Chem. Phys. 102, 8328–8341 (1995).
C. J. Tsai, K. D. Jordan: J. Phys. Chem. 97, 5208–5210 (1993).
S. Baldelli, C. Schnitzer, M. J. Shultz, D. J. Campbell: Sum Frequency Generation Study of Water at H2S04 and Cs 2 SO 4 Solutions : Las Vegas, NV, 1997.
S. Baldelli, C. S. Schnitzer, M. J. Shultz, D. J. Campbell: Probing H 2 O Molecules At the Interface of H 2 SO4/H2 O Solutions Using Sum Frequency Generation: Las Vegas, NV, 1997.
L. F. Phillips: Aust. J. Chem. 47, 91–100 (1994).
D. H. Fairbrother, H. Johnston, G. Somorjai: J. Phys. Chem. 100, 13696–13700 (1996).
S. Baldelli, C. Schnitzer, M. J. Shultz: J. Chem. Phys. 108, 9817–9820 (1998).
O. K. Rice: J. Phys. Chem. 32, 583–592 (1928).
N. G. McDeffie: Langmuir. 17, 5711–5713 (2001).
G. Nathanson, P. Davidovits, D. Worsnop, C. Kolb: J. Phys. Chem. 100, 13007 (1996).
Q. Shi, P. Davidovits, J. T. Jayne, D. R. Worsnop, C. E. Kolb: J. Phys. Chem. A 103, 8812–8823 (1999).
E. Swartz, Q. Shi, P. Davidovits, J. T. Jayne, D. R. Worsnop, C.E. Kolb: J. Phys. Chem. A 103, 8824–5533 (1999)
B. J. Finlayson-Pitts, J. N. Pitts Jr: Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere; Academic Press: San Diego, (1999).
C. E. Kolb, D. R. Worsnop, M. S. Zahniser, P. Davidovits, L. F. Keyser, M. T. Leu, M. J. Molina, D. R. Hanson, A. R. Ravishankara: Laboratory Studies of Atmospheric Heterogeneous Chemistry; Barker, J., Ed.; World Scientific: Singapore, 771–875 (1995).
T. S. Bates, B. J. Huebert, J. L. Gras, F. B. Griffiths, P. A. J. Durkee: Geophys. Res. 103, 16 (1998).
D. Simonelli, S. Baldelli, M. Shultz: J.Chem. Phys. Lett. 28, 400–404 (1998).
D. J. Donaldson: J. Phys. Chem. A 103, 62–70 (1999).
C. D. Bain, P. B. Davies, T. H. Ong, R. N. Ward: Langmuir. 7, 1563 (1991).
D. Simonelli, M. J. Shultz: J. Chem. Phys. 112, 6804–6816 (2000).
D. D. Nelson Jr, G. T. Fraser, W. Klemperper: Science. 238, 1670–1674 (1987).
O. S. Binbrek, A. Anderson: Chem. Phys. Lett. 15, 421 (1972).
J. J. Lagowski: The Chemistry of Non-Aqueous Solvents, II Acidic and Basic Solvents; Academic Press: New York, 1967; Vol. II.
W. B. Fischer, H. H. Eysel,: J. Mol. Struct. 415, 249 (1997).
C. A. Plint, R. M. B. Small, H. L. Welsh: Can. J. Chem. 32, 653 (1954).
L. B. Magnusson: J. Phys. Chem. 74, 4221–4228 (1970).
M. Falk, E. Whalley: J. Chem. Phys. 34, 1554 (1961).
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Shultz, M.J., Baldelli, S., Schnitzer, C., Simonelli, D. (2003). Water Confined at the Liquid-Air Interface. In: Buch, V., Devlin, J.P. (eds) Water in Confining Geometries. Springer Series in Cluster Physics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05231-0_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05231-0_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-05581-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-05231-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive