Skip to main content

Electrostatic Potentials of Bilayer Lipid Membranes: Basic Principles and Analytical Applications

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Springer Series on Chemical Sensors and Biosensors ((SSSENSORS,volume 2))

Abstract

The potential distribution on planar lipid bilayers or modification of this distribution can be analyzed by electrical methods based on electrophoretic mobility, compensation of intramembrane field, transport of hydrophobic ions, and nonstationary potential or current measurements. These methods give information on changes of the electric potential averaged in planes that are located at different positions relative to the membrane/water interface. The numerous analytical applications of this approach include quantitative analysis of substance-membrane interactions and development of biosensors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Mueller P, Rudin DO, Tien HT, Wescott WC (1963) J Phys Chem 67: 534

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Chernomordik LV, Sukharev SI, Popov SV, Pastushenko VF, Sokirko AV, Abidor IG, Chizmadzhev Yu (1987) Biochim Biophys Acta 902: 360

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Chizmadzhev YA, Chernomordik LV, Pastushenko VF, Abidor IG (1982) Electrical breakdown of bilayer lipid membranes. In: Progress in science and technique. VINI-TI, Moscow, p 161

    Google Scholar 

  4. Chernomordik LV, Melikyan GB, Chizmadzhev YA (1987) Biochim Biophys Acta 906: 309

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Markin VS, Albanesi JP (2002) Biophys J 82: 693

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Stegmann T, Teissie J, Winterhalter M (2001) In: Katsaras J, Gutberlet T (eds) Lipid bilayers. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, p 265

    Google Scholar 

  7. Zimmerberg J, Chernomordik LV (1999) Adv Drug Deliv Rev 38: 197

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Zimmerberg J, Vogel SS, Chernomordik LV (1993) Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 22: 433

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Zimmermann U, Friedrich U, Mussauer H, Gessner P, Hamel K, Sukhorukov V (2000) IEEE Trans Plasma Sci 28: 72

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Neumann E, Kakorin S, Toensing K (2001) Methods Mol Med 37: 1

    Google Scholar 

  11. Zimmermann U, Vienken J, Halfmann J, Emeis CC (1985) Adv Biotechnol Processes 4: 79

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Mir LM (2001) Bioelectrochemistry 53: 1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Hofmann GA, Dev SB, Nanda GS, Rabussay D (1999) Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 16: 523

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Weaver JC (1993) J Cell Biochem 51: 426

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Miller C (ed) (1986) Ion channel reconstitution. Plenum, New York

    Google Scholar 

  16. Montai M (1987) J Membr Biol 98: 101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Darszon A (1983) J Bioenerg Biomembr 15: 321

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Schindler H (1989) Meth Enzymol 171: 225

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Latorre R, Alvarez O, Cecchi X, Vergara C (1985) Annu Rev Biophys Biophys Chem 14: 79

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Mirsky VM, Sokolov VS, Markin VS, Chekulaeva LN (1984) Biol Membr 1: 1143

    Google Scholar 

  21. Markin VS, Mirsky VM, Chismadzhev Y (1987) Photoelectrical activity of bacterirhodopsin in planar lipid bilayer. In: Ovchinnikov YA, Hucho F (eds) Receptors and ion channels. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  22. Mirsky VM, Sokolov VS, Dyukova TV, Mel’nik EI (1983) Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 11: 327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Portnoy VI, Mirsky VM, Markin VS (1990) Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 23: 45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Bamberg E, Butt HJ, Eisenrauch A, Fendler K (1993) Q Rev Biophys 26: 1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Christensen B, Gutweiler M, Grell E, Wagner N, Pabst R, Dose K, Bamberg E (1988) Jerus Symp Quantum Chem Biochem 21: 527

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Bamberg E, Dencher NA, Fahr A, Heyn MP (1981) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78: 7502

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Fendler K, Hartung K, Nagel G, Bamberg E (1998) Meth Enzymol 291: 289

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Borisova MP, Babakov AV, Kolomytkin OV (1984) Biol Membr 1: 187

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Drachev LA, Jasaitis AA, Kaulen AD, Kondrashin AA, Liberman EA, Nemecek IB, Ostroumov SA, Semenov AY, Skulachev VP (1974) Nature 249: 321

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Fahr A, Lauger P, Bamberg E (1981) J Membr Biol 60: 51

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Tien HT, Ottova-Leitmannova A (eds) (2003) Planar lipid bilayers (BLM) and their applications. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  32. Tien HT (1974) Bilayer lipid membranes (BLM): theory and practice. Marcel Dekker, New York

    Google Scholar 

  33. Antonov VF (1979) Biofizika membran (Membrane biophysics), vol 1. VINITI, Moscow

    Google Scholar 

  34. Antonenko Y,Yaguzhinskii LS (1986) Biochim Biophys Acta 861: 337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Antonenko YN,Yaguzhinskii LS (1984) Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 13: 85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Mirsky VM, Stozhkova IN, Szito TV (1991) J Photochem Photobiol B 8: 315

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Stozhkova IN, Mirsky VM, Sokolov VS (1993) Biol Membr 10: 44

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Stozhkova IN, Mirsky VM (1990) Bull Exp Biol Med 110: 45

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Cherny VV, Stozhkova IN, Mirsky VM, Yastrebova TN, Sokolov VS (1992) Biol Membr 9: 66

    Google Scholar 

  40. Cherny VV, Mirsky VM, Sokolov VS, Markin VS (1989) Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 21: 373

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Cherny VV, Sikharulidze MG, Mirsky VM, Sokolov VS (1993) Biol Membr 6: 971

    Google Scholar 

  42. Mirsky VM, Cherny VV, Sokolov VS, Markin VS (1990) J Biochem Biophys Meth 21: 277

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Tocanne JF, Teissie J (1990) Biochim Biophys Acta 1031: 111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Benz R, Frohlich O, Lauger P, Montai M (1975) Biochim Biophys Acta 394: 323

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Lauger P, Neumcke B (1973) In: Eisenman G (ed) Membranes, vol 2. Marcel Dekker, New York, p 1

    Google Scholar 

  46. Markin VS, Chizmadzhev YA (1974) Induced ion transport. Nauka, Moscow

    Google Scholar 

  47. Haydon DA, Hladky SB (1972) Q Rev Biophys 5: 187

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Benz R, Kolb HA, Lauger P, Stark G (1989) Meth Enzymol 171: 274

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. McLaughlin S (1977) Electrostatic potentials at membrane-solution interfaces. Curr Top Membr Trans 9: 71

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Guggenheim EA (1929) J Phys Chem 33: 842

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Guggenheim EA (1930) J Phys Chem 34: 1540

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Hunter RJ (1981) Zeta potentials in colloid science. Principles and applications. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  53. Alvarez O, Brodwick M, Latorre R, McLaughlin A, McLaughlin S, Szabo G (1983) Biophys J 44: 333

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Ermakov YA, Cherny VV, Sokolov VS (1992) Biol Membr 6: 254

    Google Scholar 

  55. Hong FT (1976) Photochem Photobiol 24: 155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Petrov AG (1998) The liotropic state of matter. Molecular physics and living matter physics. Overseas Publ Assoc, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  57. MacDonald RC, Bangham AD (1972) J Membr Biol 7: 29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Andersen OS, Finkelstein A, Katz I, Cass A (1976) J Gen Physiol 67: 749

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Cros D, Seta P, Gavach C, Benz R (1982) J Electroanal Chem Interfacial Electrochem 134: 147

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Nikolelis DP, Hianik T, Krull UJ (1999) Electroanalysis 11: 7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Hall JE, Mead CA, Szabo G (1973) J Membr Biol 11: 75

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Lesslauer W, Richter J, Lauger P (1967) Nature 213: 1224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. McLaughlin SG, Szabo G, Eisenman G, Ciani SM (1970) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 67: 1268

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Laprade R, Ciani S, Eisenman G, Szabo G (1975) Membranes 3: 127

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Hladky SB (1979) J Membr Biol 46: 213

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Lauger P, Benz R, Stark G, Bamberg E, Jordan PC, Fahr A, Brock W (1981) Q Rev Biophys 14: 513

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Benz R, Frohlich O, Lauger P (1977) Biochim Biophys Acta 464: 465

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Cseh R, Benz R (1998) Biophys J 74: 1399

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Melnik E, Latorre R, Hall JE, Tosteson DC (1977) J Gen Physiol 69: 243

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Sokolov VS, Cherny VV, Simonova MV, Markin VS (1990) Biol Membr 7: 872

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Smejtek P, Paulis-Illangasekare M (1979) Biophys J 26: 467

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Malkov DY, Sokolov VS (1996) Biochim Biophys Acta 1278: 197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Wang CC, Bruner LJ (1978) Nature 272: 268

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Szabo G (1974) Nature 252: 47

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Pickar AD, Benz R (1978) J Membr Biol 44: 353

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Muller RU, Finkelstein A (1972) J Gen Physiol 60: 285

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Hladky SB (1974) Biochim Biophys Acta 352: 71

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Latorre R, Hall JE (1976) Nature 264: 361

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Schoch P, Sargent DF, Schwyzer R (1979) J Membr Biol 46: 71

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Babakov AV, Ermishkin LN, Liberman EA (1966) Nature 210: 953

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Hianik T, Passechnik VI (1995) Bilayer lipid membranes: structure and mechanical properties. Ister, Bratislava

    Google Scholar 

  82. Requena J, Haydon DA, Hladky SB (1975) Biophys J 15: 77

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Leikin SL (1985) Biol Membr 2: 820

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Abidor IG, Glazunov IY, Leikin SL, Chizmadzhev YA (1986) Biol Membr 3: 627

    Google Scholar 

  85. Schoch P, Sargent DF (1976) Experimentia 32: 811

    Google Scholar 

  86. Alvarez O, Latorre R (1978) Biophys J 21: 1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Usai C, Robello M, Gambale F, Marchetti C (1984) J Membr Biol 82: 15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Abidor IG, Aityan SH, Cherny VV, Chernomordik LV, Chizmadzhev YA (1979) Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR 245: 977

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Sokolov VS, Kuz’min SG (1980) Biofizika 25: 174

    Google Scholar 

  90. Carius W (1976) J Colloid Interface Sci 57: 301

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Passechnik VI, Hianik T (1977) Kolloid Zh 38: 1180

    Google Scholar 

  92. Benz R, Janko K (1976) Biochim Biophys Acta 455: 721

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Cevc G (1990) Biochim Biophys Acta 1031: 311

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Adamson AW (1967) Physical chemistry of surfaces. Wiley-Interscience, New York

    Google Scholar 

  95. Davies JT, Rideal EK (1963) Interfacial phenomena. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  96. Cevc G, Marsh D (1987) Phospholipid bilayers. Physical principles and models. WileyInterscience, New York

    Google Scholar 

  97. Eisenberg M, Gresalfi T, Riccio T, McLaughlin S (1979) Biochemistry 18: 5213

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. McLaughlin S, Mulrine N, Gresalfi T, Vaio G, McLaughlin A (1981) J Gen Physiol 77: 445

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. McLaughlin S (1989) Annu Rev Biophys Biophys Chem 18: 113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Ohki S, Sauve R (1978) Biochim Biophys Acta 511: 377

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Ohki S, Kurland R (1981) Biochim Biophys Acta 645: 170

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Ermakov YA, Averbakh AZ, Yusipovich AI, Sukharev SI (2001) Biophys J 80: 1851

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Andersen OS, Feldberg S, Nakadomari H, Levy S, McLaughlin S (1978) Biophys J 21: 35

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Wang CC, Bruner LJ (1978) J Membr Biol 38: 311

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Cherny VV, Kozlov MM, Sokolov VS, Ermakov YA, Markin VS (1982) Biofizika 27: 812

    Google Scholar 

  106. Ermakov YA, Cherny VV, Tatulian SA, Sokolov VS (1983) Biofizika 28: 1010

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Simonova MV, Cherny VV, Donat E, Sokolov VS, Markin VS (1986) Biol Membr 3: 846

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Sokolov VS, Cherny VV, Simonova MV, Markin VS (1990) Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 23: 27

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Cherny AV, Sokolov VS, Cherny VV (1993) Russ J Electrochem 29: 321

    Google Scholar 

  110. Stozhkova IN, Cherny VV, Sokolov VS, Ermakov YA (1997) Membr Cell Biol 11: 381

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Kozlov MM, Chernyi VV, Sokolov VS, Ermakov YA, Markin VS (1983) Biofizika 28: 61

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Antonenko YN, Yaguzhinskii LS (1984) Biofizika 29: 232

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Markin VS, Portnoy VI, Simonova MV, Sokolov VS, Cherny VV (1987) Biol Membr 4: 502

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Cherny VV, Simonova MV, Sokolov VS, Markin VS (1990) Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 23: 17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Franklin JC, Cafiso DS (1993) Biophys J 65: 289

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Clarke RJ, Kane DJ (1997) Biochim Biophys Acta 1323: 223

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Clarke RJ (2001) Adv Colloid Interface Sci 89–90: 263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Franklin JC, Cafiso DS (1993) Biophys J 65: 289

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Verkman AS (1980) Biochim Biophys Acta 599: 370

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Sokolov VS, Cherny VV, Markin VS (1984) Biofizika 29. 424

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Pohl P, Rokitskaya TI, Pohl EE, Saparov SM (1997) Biochim Biophys Acta 1323: 163

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Cseh R, Benz R (1999) Biophys J 77: 1477

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Awiszus R, Stark G (1988) Eur Biophys J 15: 321

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Awiszus R, Stark G (1988) Eur Biophys J 15: 299

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Reyes J, Motais R, Latorre R (1983) J Membr Biol 72: 93

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Smejtek P, Paulis-Illangasekare M (1979) Biophys J 26: 441

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Barth C, Bihler H, Wilhelm M, Stark G (1995) Biophys Chem 54: 127

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. deLevie R, Rangarajan SK, Seelig PF, Andersen OS (1979) Biophys J 25: 295

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Passechnik VI, Sokolov VS (2003) Biol Membr 20: 343

    Google Scholar 

  130. Mirsky VM, Cherny VV, Sokolov VS, Markin VS (1990) J Biochem Biophys Methods 21: 277

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Mirsky VM, Cherny VV, Sokolov VS, Markin VS (1989) Elektrokhimiya 25: 1336

    Google Scholar 

  132. Cherny VV, Sikharulidze MG, Mirsky VM, Sokolov VS (1992) Biol Membr 9: 733

    Google Scholar 

  133. Mirsky VM (1995) Biol Membr 12: 165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  134. Mirsky VM (1994) Chem Phys Lipids 70: 75

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Gelb MH, Min JH, Jain MK (2000) Biochim Biophys Acta 1488: 20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Ksenzhek OS, Gevod VS, Aianyan AE, Miroshnikov AI (1981) Bioorg Khim 7: 1680

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Pickar AD, Benz R (1978) J Membr Biol 44: 353

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Cherny VV, Paulitschke M, Simonova MV, Hessel E, Ermakov YA, Sokolov VS, Lerche D, Markin VS (1989) Gen Physiol Biophys 8: 23

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Cherny VV, Stozhkova IN, Mirsky VM, Yastrebova TN, Sokolov VS (1992) Biol Membr 9: 66

    Google Scholar 

  140. Rokitskaya TI, Block M, Antonenko YN, Kotova EA, Pohl P (2000) Biophys J 78: 2572

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Sokolov VS, Block M, Stozhkova IN, Pohl P (2000) Biophys J 79: 2121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Pohl EE, Krylov AV, Block M, Pohl P (1998) Biochim Biophys Acta 1373: 170

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Tien HT, Barish RH, Gu LQ, Ottova AL (1998) Anal Sci 14: 3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Tien HT, Ottova AL (1998) Electrochim Acta 43: 3587

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Siontorou CG, Nikolelis DP, Krull UJ, Chiang KL (1997) Anal Chem 69: 3109

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Andreou VG, Nikolelis DP, Tarus B (1997) Anal Chim Acta 350: 121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Nikolelis DP, Pantoulias S, Krull UJ, Zeng J (2001) Electrochim Acta 46: 1025

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Nikolelis DP, Pantoulias S (2000) Electroanalysis 12: 786

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Montal M, Mueller P (1972) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 69: 3561

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Montal M, Darszon A, Schindler H (1981) Quart Revs Biophys 14: 1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Nikolelis DP, Siontorou CG (1995) Anal Chem 67: 936

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Nikolelis DP, Siontorou CG, Andreou VG, Viras KG, Krull U (1995) Electroanalysis 7: 1082

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Nikolelis DP, Petropoulou SS, Pergel E, Toth K (2002) Electroanalysis 14: 783

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Krull U, Nikolelis DP, Jantzi SC, Zeng J (2000) Electroanalysis 12: 921

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Nikolelis DP, Pantoulias S (2001) Anal Chem 73: 5945

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Nikolelis DP, Siontorou CG (1997) J Autom Chem 19: 1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Novotny I, Rehacek V, Tvarozek V, Nikolelis DP, Andreou VG, Siontorou CG, Ziegler W (1997) Mat Sci Eng C 5: 55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  158. Siontorou CG, Nikolelis DP, Piunno PAE, Krull UJ (1997) Electroanalysis 9: 1067

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sokolov, V., Mirsky, V. (2004). Electrostatic Potentials of Bilayer Lipid Membranes: Basic Principles and Analytical Applications. In: Mirsky, V.M. (eds) Ultrathin Electrochemical Chemo- and Biosensors. Springer Series on Chemical Sensors and Biosensors, vol 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05204-4_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05204-4_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-05961-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-05204-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics