Abstract
Demographic studies show an increasing proportion of older people in developed countries. For example, during the last 100 years in Germany the mean life expectancy has approximately doubled (Fig. 21.1). This development is largely due to improved hygiene, reduction of newborn mortality and more effective therapy and prevention of acute diseases in age. With larger numbers of people reaching advanced age, health problems as well as social and psychological problems of older men play an increasingly important role in clinical medicine and in research.
Keywords
- Prostate Cancer
- Growth Hormone
- Erectile Dysfunction
- Prostate Volume
- Growth Hormone Level
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abalovich M, Levalle O, Hermes R, Scaglia H, Aranda C, Zylbersztein C, Oneto A, Aquilano D, Gutierrez S (1999) Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis and seminal parameters in hyperthyroid males. Thyroid 9:857–863
Ali ST, Shaik RN, Siddiqi NA, Siddiqi PQ (1993) Semen analysis in insulin-dependent / non-insulin-dependent diabetic men with/without neuropathy. Arch Androl 30:47–54
Bagatell CJ, Heiman JR, Matsumoto AM, Rivier JE, Bremner WJ (1994) Metabolic and behavioral effects of high-dose, exogenous testosterone in healthy men. J Clin Endocrin Metab 79:561–567
Behre HM, Bohmeyer J, Nieschlag E (1994) Prostate volume in testosterone-treated and untreated hypogonadal men in comparison to age-matched normal controls. Clin Endocrinol 40:341–349
Belanger A, Candas B, Dupont A, Cusan L, Diamont P, Gomez L, Labrie F (1994) Changes in serum concentrations of conjugated and unconjugated steroids in 40- to 80-year-old men. J Clin Endocrin Metab 79:1086–1090
Bordson BL, Leonardo VS (1991) The appropriate upper age limit for semen donors: a review of the genetic effects of paternal age. Fertil Steril 56:397–401
Bundesärztekammer (1998) Richtlinien zur pränatalen Diagnostik von Krankheiten und Krankheitsdispositionen (http://www.bundesärztekammer.de) Dtsch Ärztebl 95: A3236–3242
Cooper DS (1990) Thyroid disorders In: Cassel CK, Riesenberg DE, Sorensen LB, Walsh JR (eds) Geriatric medicine, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 256–270
Colao A, Marzullo P, Ferone D, Spiezia S, Cerbone G, Marino V, Di Sarno A, Merola B, Lombardi G (1998) Prostatic hyperplasia: an unknown feature of acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:775–779
Crow JF (1997) The high spontaneous mutation rate: is it a health risk? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:8380–8386
DeNicola P (1989) Geriatrics: a textbook. Schwer Verlag, Stuttgart
Dennison E, Hindmarsh P, Fall C, Kellingray S, Barker D, Phillips D, Cooper C (1999) Profiles of endogenous circulating Cortisol and bone mineral density in healthy elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:3058–3063
Elliot ML (1990) Psychological aspects of sexual dysfunction in the elderly. In: Armbrecht HJ, Coe RM, Wongsurawat N (eds) Endocrine function and age. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 136–146
Finkei E (1998) Telomeres: keys to senescence and cancer. Lancet 351:1186
Flynn MA, Weaver-Osterholtz D, Sharpe-Timms KL, Allen S, Krause G (1999) Dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in aging humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:1527–1533
Ford HC, Cooke RR, Keightley EA, Feek CM (1992) Serum levels of free and bound testosterone in hyperthyroidism. Clin Endocrinol 36:187–192
Francis RM (1999) The effects of testosterone on osteoporosis in men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 50:411–414
Gallardo E, Simon C, Levy M, Guanes PP, Remohi J, Pellicer A (1996) Effect of age on sperm fertility potential: oocyte donation as a model. Fertil Steril 66:260–264
Gann PH, Hennekens CH, Longcope C, Verhoek-Oftedahl W, Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ (1995) A prospective study of plasma hormone levels, nonhormonal factors, and development of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate 26:40–49
Garfinkel D, Laudon M, Nof D, Zisapel N (1995) Improvement of sleep quality in elderly people by controlled-release melatonin. Lancet 346:541–544
Garfinkel D, Berner YN (1998) Antioxidants and aging: is melatonin a possible, practical new hope? Nutrition 14:712–713
Giovannucci E, Platz EA, Stampfer MJ, Chan A, Krithivas K, Kawachi I, Willett WC, Kantoff PW (1999) The CAG repeat within the androgen receptor gene and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 53:121–125
Gray A, Feldman HA, McKinlay JB, Longcope C (1991) Age, and changing sex hormone levels in middle-aged men: results of the Massachusetts male aging study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73:1016–1025
Greendale GA, Unger JB, Rowe JW, Seeman TE (1999) The relation between Cortisol excretion and fractures in healthy older people: results from the MacArthur studies-Mac. J Am Geriat Soc 47:799–803
Haffner SM, Shaten J, Stern MP, Smith GD, Kuller L (1996) Low levels of sex hormone-binding globulin and testosterone predict the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in men. MRFIT Research Group. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Am J Epidemiol 143:889–897
Hajjar RR, Kaiser FE, Morley JE (1997) Outcomes of longterm testosterone replacement in older hypogonadal males: a retrospective analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:3793–3796
Handelsman D J, Staraj S (1985) Testicular size: the effects of aging, malnutritrion, and illness. J Androl 6:144–151
Harzmann R, Weckermann D, Wawroschek F (1998) Behandlung der benignen Prostatahyperplasie. Z Ärztl Fortbild Qualitätssich 92:319–324
Herbert J (1995) The age of dehydroepiandrosterone. Lancet 345:1193–1194
Hertle L, Pohl J (1993) Urologische Therapie. Urban and Schwarzenberg, Munich
Homonnai ZT, Fainman N, David MP, Paz GF (1981) Semen quality and sex hormone pattern of 39 middle aged men. Andrologia 14:164–170
Holstein AF (1989) Morphological evidence for the involution of spermatogenesis during senescence. In: Holstein AF, Voigt KD, Grässlin D (eds) Reproductive biology and medicine. Diesbach, Berlin, pp 66–77
Hook EB (1986) Paternal age and effects on chromosomal and specific locus mutations and on other genetic outcomes in offspring. In: Mastroianni L, Paulsen CA (eds) Aging, reproduction, and the climacteric. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, pp 117–146
Jacobsen SJ, Girman CJ, Guess HA, Oesterling JE, Lieber MM (1995) New diagnostic and treatment guidelines for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Potential impact in the United States. Arch Intern Med 155:477–481
Jaya Kumar B, Khurana ML, Ammini AC, Karmarkar MG, Ahuja MM (1990) Reproductive endocrine functions in men with primary hypothyroidism: effect of thyroxine replacement. Horm Res 34:215–218
Johnson L, Grumbles JS, Bagheri A, Petty CS (1990) Increased germ cell degeneration during postprophase of meiosis is related to increased serum follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations and reduced daily sperm production in aged men. Biol Reprod 42:281–287
Kaufman JM, Vermeulen A (1998) Androgens in male senescence. In: Nieschlag E, Behre HM (eds) Testosterone: action, deficiency, substitution, second edition. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 437–471
Krithivas K, Yurgalevitch SM, Mohr BA, Wilcox CJ, Batter SJ, Brown M, Longcope C, McKinlay JB, Kantoff PW (1999) Evidence that the CAG repeat in the androgen receptor gene is associated with the age-related decline in serum androgen levels in men. J Endocrinol 162:137–142
Labrie F, Candas B, Dupont A, Cusan L, Gomez JL, Suburu RE, Diamond P, Levesque J, Belanger A (1999) Screening decreases prostate cancer death: first analysis of the 1988 Quebec prospective randomized controlled trial. Prostate 38:83–91
Liu PY, Handelsman DJ (1998) Androgen therapy in non-go-nadal men. In: Nieschlag E, Behre HM (eds) Testosterone:, action, deficiency, substitution, second edition. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 473–512
Michikawa Y, Mazzucchelli F, Bresolin N, Scarlato G, Attardi G (1999) Agingdependent large accumulation of point mutations in the human mtDNA control region for replication. Science 286:774–779
Morley JE, Kaiser FE, Johnson LE (1990) Male sexual function. In: Cassel CK, Riesenberg DE, Sorensen LB, Walsh JR (eds) Geriatric medicine, second edition. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 256–270
Nieschlag E, Michel E (1986) Reproductive functions in grandfathers. In: Mastroianni L, Paulsen CA (eds) Aging, reproduction, and the climacteric. Plenum, New York, pp 59–71
Nieschlag E, Lammers U, Freischem CW, Langer K, Wickings EJ (1982) Reproductive functions in young fathers and grandfathers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 55:676–681
Nieschlag E, Brinkworth M, Rolf C, Lerchl A (2000) Fertility and fertility related problems in the aging male. Proceedings of the 9th International Menopause Society, World Congress of the Menopause, Parthenon, London
Pike MC, Ursin G (1994) Etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia. In: Petrovich Z, Baert L (eds) Benign prostatic hyperplasia innovations in management. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 1–16
Post PN, Stockton D, Davies TW, Coebergh JW (1999) Striking increase in incidence of prostate cancer in men aged < 60 years without improvement in prognosis. Br J Cancer 79:13–17
Reich OM, Faul P (1998) Aktuelle Therapie des Prostatakarzinoms. Z Arztl Fortbild Qualitatssich 92:311–318
Reid IR, Wattie DJ, Evans MC, Stapleton JP (1996) Testosterone therapy in glucocorticoid-treated men. Arch Intern Med 156:1173–1177
Rolf C, Nieschlag E (1998) Potential adverse effects of longterm testosterone therapy. Baillières Clin Endocrinol Metab 12:521–534
Rolf C, Behre HM, Nieschlag E (1996) Reproductive parameters of older compared to younger men of infertile couples. Int J Androl 19:135–142
Schlüter D (1978) Die endokrinen Organe der Über-Neunzigjährigen. Dissertation, University of Hamburg
Schwartz D, Mayaux Mj, Spira A, Moscato ML, Jouannet P, Czyglik F, David G (1983) Semen characteristics as a function of age in 833 fertile men. Fertil Steril 39:530–535
Sih R, Morley JE, Kaiser FE, Perry HM III, Patrick P, Ross C (1997) Testosterone replacement in older hypogonadal men: a 12-month randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:1661–1667
Simon D, Preziosi P, Barrett-Connor E, Roger M, Saint-Paul M, Nahoul K, Papoz L (1992) The influence of aging on plasma sex hormones in men: the Telecom study. Am J Epidem 135:783–791
Snyder PJ, Peachey H, Hannoush P, Berlin JA, Loh L, Holmes JH, Dlewati A, Staley J, Santanna J, Kapoor SC, Attie MF, Haddad JG Jr, Strom BL (1999) Effect of testosterone treatment on bone mineral density in men over 65 years of age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:1966–1972
Snyder PJ, Peachey H, Hannoush P, Berlin JA, Loh L, Lenrow DA, Holmes JH, Dlewati A, Santanna J, Rosen CJ, Strom BL (1999b) Effect of testosterone treatment on body composition and muscle strength in men over 65 years of age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:2647–2653
Statistische Jahrbücher 1980–1998 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Statistisches Bundesamt Wiesbaden (ed) Metzler Poeschel, Stuttgart
Suzuki K, Ito K, Ichinose Y, Kurokawa K, Suzuki T, Imai K, Yamanaka H, Honma S (1995) Endocrine environment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: prostate size and volume are correlated with serum estrogen concentration. Scand J Urol Nephrol 29:65–68
Swerdloff RS, Wang C (1993) Androgen deficiency and aging in men. West J Med 159:579–585
Tarin JJ, Brines J, Cano A (1998) Long-term effects of delayed parenthood. Hum Reprod 13:2371–2376
Tenover JS (1994) Androgen administration to aging men. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 23:878–892
Umbreit K (1993) Ist eine Substitution mit Estradiol auch bei Männern angezeigt? Gyne 14:56–60
Vance ML, Mauras N (1999) Growth hormone therapy in adults and children. N Engl J Med 341:1206–16
Vermeulen A (1993) Environment, human reproduction, menopause, and andropause. Environ Health Perspect 101 [Suppl 2]:91–100
Vermeulen A, Kaufman JM (1995) Aging of the hypothalamopituitary-testicular axis in men. Horm Res 43:2528
von Werder K (1999) The somatopause is no indication for growth hormone therapy. J Endocrinol Invest 22 [Suppl 5]:137–141
Wirth MP, Spiegel T, Froschermaier SE, Mansek A (1998) Screening beim Prostatakarzinom. Z Ärztl Fortbild Qualitätssich 92:304–309
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rolf, C., Nieschlag, E. (2001). The Aging Male. In: Nieschlag, E., Behre, H.M. (eds) Andrology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04491-9_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04491-9_21
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-04493-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-04491-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive