Abstract
This chapter provides a brief overview of Raman scattering in semiconductors. The large amount of experimental information on these materials is reviewed from the perspective of the latest theoretical advances, and detailed expressions are given that should allow the reader to compute Raman spectra and to compare theoretical cross sections with experimental photon counts. Applications of Raman spectroscopy to measurements of crystal orientation, temperature, stress, impurities and alloying are succinctly reviewed, with emphasis on the principles underlying these applications and on the scope and limitations of the information that can be obtained with Raman spectroscopy.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
K.W. Böer: Survey of Semiconductor Physics: electrons and other particles in bulk semiconductors ( Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 1990 )
P.Y. Yu, M. Cardona: Fundamentals of Semiconductors: Physics and Materials Properties ( Springer, Berlin 1996 )
M.V. Klein: in Light Scattering in Solids, ed. by M. Cardona ( Springer, Berlin 1975 ) Vol. 8, p. 147
G. Abstreiter, M. Cardona, A. Pinczuk: in Light Scattering in Solids IV,ed. by M. Cardona, G. Güntherodt (Springer, New York 1984) p. 5
A. Pinczuk, E. Burstein: in Light Scattering in Solids, ed. by M. Cardona ( Springer, Berlin 1975 ) Vol. 8, p. 79
R.M. Martin, L.M. Falicov: in Light Scattering in Solids, ed. by M. Cardona ( Springer, Berlin 1975 ) Vol. 8, p. 79
M. Cardona: in Light Scattering in Solids II, ed. by M. Cardona, G. Güntherodt ( Springer, Berlin 1982 ) Vol. 50, p. 19
W. Richter: Resonant Raman Scattering (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1976 )
J. Menéndez, A. Pinczuk: IEEE J. Quantum Electron QE-24, 1698 (1988)
O. Madelung: Semiconductors: Physics of Group IV Elements and III-V compounds (Springer, Berlin 1985) Vol. 17a
O. Madelung: Semiconductors: Intrinsic Properties of Group IV Elements and III-V, II-VI, and I-VII compounds (Springer, Berlin 1985) Vol. 22a
M.L. Cohen, J.R. Chelikowsky: Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of Semiconductors (Springer, Heidelberg, Berlin, New York 1989 )
W.A. Harrison: Electronic Structure and the Properties of Solids ( Dover, Toronto 1989 )
P. Brüesch: Phonons: Theory and Experiments II ( Springer, Berlin 1986 )
R.F. Wallis, M. Balkanski: Many Body Aspects of Solid State Spectroscopy ( North-Holland, Amsterdam 1986 )
F.H. Pollak: in Analytical Raman Spectroscopy, ed. by J.G. Grasselli, B.J. Bulkin ( Wiley, New York 1991 ) p. 137
G. Turrel, J. Corsent: Raman Microscopy. Developments and Applications ( Academic Press, London 1996 )
M. Born, K. Huang: Dynamical Theory of Crystal Lattices (Clarendon Press, Oxford, England 1954 )
D. Strauch, B. Dorner: J. Phys: Condens. Matter 2, 1457 (1990)
P.A. Temple, C.E. Hathaway: Phys. Rev. B 7, 3685 (1973)
G.S. Spencer, J. Grant, R. Gray, J. Zolman, J. Menéndez, R. Droopad, G.N. Maracas: Phys. Rev. B 49, 5761 (1994)
W. Windl, P. Pavone, K. Karch, O. Schutt, D. Strauch, P. Giannozzi, S. Baroni: Phys. Rev. B 48, 3164 (1993)
W. Windl, P. Pavone, D. Strauch: Phys. Rev. B 54, 8580 (1996)
F. Herman: J. Phys. Chem. Solids 8, 405 (1959)
P. Brüesch: Phonons: Theory and Experiments I ( Springer, Berlin 1986 )
W. Weber: Phys. Rev. B 15, 4789 (1977)
K.C. Rustagi, W. Weber: Solid State Commun. 18, 673 (1976)
B.D. Rajput, D.A. Browne: Phys. Rev. B 53, 9052 (1996)
L.J. Sham: in Dynamical Properties of Solids, ed. by G.K. Horton, A.A. Maradudin ( North-Holland, Amsterdam 1974 ) p. 303.
P. Giannozzi, S. d. Gironcoli, P. Pavone, S. Baroni: Phys. Rev. B 43, 7231 (1991)
T. Pletl, P. Pavone, U. Engel, D. Strauch: Physica B 263–264, 392 (1999)
J. Kulda, D. Strauch, P. Pavone, Y. Ishii: Phys. Rev. B 50, 13347 (1994)
L. Colombo, P. Giannozzi: Solid State Commun. 96, 49 (1995)
J. Menéndez, J.B. Page: in Light Scattering in Solids VIII: Fullerenes, Semiconductor Surfaces, Coherent Phonons, ed. by M. Cardona, G. Güntherodt ( Springer, Heidelberg 2000 ) p. 27
J. Kash, J. Tsang: in Light Scattering in Solids VI, ed. by M. Cardona, G. Güntherodt ( Springer, Berlin 1995 ) Vol. 68, p. 423
O.H. Nielsen, R.M. Martin: Phys. Rev. B 32, 3792 (1985)
B.A. Weinstein, G.J. Piermarini: Phys. Rev. B 12, 1172 (1975)
A. Debernardi, S. Baroni, E. Molinari: in 22nd International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors, ed. by D.J. Lockwood ( World Scientific, Vancouver 1994 ) Vol. 1, p. 373
A. Debernardi, S. Baroni, E. Molinari: Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 1819 (1995)
A. Debernardi: Phys. Rev. B 57, 12847 (1998)
G. Placzek: in Handbook der Radiologie ( Akademische Verlaggesellschaft, Leipzig 1934 ) p. 209.
H. Callen: Am. J. Phys. 36, 735 (1968)
N.W. Ashcroft, N.D. Merrain: Solid State Physics (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York 1976 )
W.L. Faust, C.H. Henry: Phys. Rev. Lett. 17, 1265 (1966)
E. Anastassakis, E. Burstein: J. Phys. Chem. Solids 32, 313 (1971)
E. Anastassakis, E. Burstein: J. Phys. Chem. Solids 32, 563 (1971)
R. Zeyher, C.-S. Ting, J.L. Birman: Phys. Rev. B 10, 1725 (1974)
K.T. Schomacker, J.K. Delaney, P.M. Champion: J. Appl. Phys. 85, 4241 (1986)
M. Wolkenstein: Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 32, 185 (1941)
A.A. Maradudin, E. Burstein: Phys. Rev. 164, 1081 (1967)
S. Go, H. Bilz, M. Cardona: Phys. Rev. Lett. 34, 580 (1975)
D. Bermejo, S. Montero, M. Cardona, A. Muramatsu: Solid State Commun. 42, 153 (1982)
L.L. Swanson, A.A. Maradudin: Solid State Commun. 8, 859 (1970)
L. Brey, C. Tejedor: Solid State Commun. 48, 403 (1983)
S. Baroni, R. Resta: Phys. Rev. B 33, 5969 (1986)
W. Windl: Ab-initio-Berechnung von Raman-Spektren in Halbleitern ( CH-Verlag, Regensburg 1995 )
A. Pinczuk, E. Burstein: in Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors, ed. by S.P. Keller, J.C. Hensel, F. Stern ( United States Atomic Energy Commission, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1970 ) p. 727.
K. Mizoguchi, S. Nakashima: J. Appl. Phys. 65, 2583 (1989)
J.B. Hopkins, L.A. Farrow: J. Appl. Phys. 59, 1103 (1986)
G. Kolb, T. Salbert, G. Abstreiter: J. Appl. Phys. 69, 3387 (1991)
F.U. Herman, S. Beeck, G. Abstreiter, C. Hanke, C. Hoyler, L. Korte: Appl. Phys. Lett. 58, 1007 (1991)
A. Compaan, H.J. Trodahl: Phys. Rev. B 29, 793 (1984)
R. Loudon: J. Raman Spectrosc. 7, 10 (1978)
R. Ostermeir, K. Brunner, G. Abstreiter, W. Weber: IEEE Trans. Elect. Devices 39, 858 (1992)
J. Menéndez, M. Cardona: Phys. Rev. B 29, 2051 (1984)
F. Widulle, T. Ruf, A. Göbel, I. Silier, E. Schönherr, M. Cardona, J. Camacho, A. Cantarero, W. Kriegseis, V.I. Ozhogin: Physica B 263–264, 381 (1999)
H.D. Fuchs, C.H. Grein, R.I. Devlen, J. Kuhl, M. Cardona: Phys. Rev. B 44, 8633 (1991)
H.D. Fuchs, C.H. Grein, C. Thomsen, M. Cardona, W.L. Hansen, E.E. Haller, K. Itoh: Phys. Rev. B 43, 4835 (1991)
S. Ganesan, A.A. Maradudin, J. Oitmaa: Annals of Physics 56, 556 (1970)
C. Kittel: Introduction to Solid State Physics ( Wiley, New York 1996 )
E. Anastassakis, M. Cardona: in High Pressure in Semiconductor Physics II,ed. by T. Suski, W. Paul (Academic Press, New York 1998) Vol. 55.
H. Brugger: in NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Light Scattering in Semiconductor Structures and Superlattices, ed. by D.J. Lockwood, J.F. Young ( Plenum Press, Mont-Tremblant, Quebec, Canada 1991 ) Vol. B273, p. 259.
I.D. Wolf, J. Vanhellemont, A. Romano-Rodriguez, H. Norström, H.E. Maes: J. Appl. Phys. 71, 898 (1992)
S. Narayanan, S.R. Kalidindi, L.S. Schadler: J. Appl. Phys. 82, 2595 (1997)
I.I. Vlasov, V.G. Ralchenko, E.D. Obraztsova, A.A. Smolin, V.I. Konov: Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 1789 (1997)
M.C. Rossi: Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 1203 (1998)
G.H. Loechelt, N.G. Cave, J. Menéndez: Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 3639 (1995)
G.H. Loechelt, N.G. Cave, J. Menéndez: J. Appl. Phys., (in print ) (1999)
A.S. Barker, Jr., A.J. Sievers: Rev. Mod. Phys. 47, Suppl. No. 2, S1 (1975)
W. Nazarewicz, M. Balkanski, J.F. Morhange, C. Sébenne: Solid State Commun. 9, 1719 (1971)
J.C. Tsang, K. Eberl, S. Zollner, S.S. Iyer: Appl. Phys. Lett. 61, 961 (1992)
M. Meléndez-Lira, J. Menéndez, K.M. Kramer, M.O. Thompson, N. Cave, R. Liu, J.W. Christiansen, N.D. Theodore, J.J. Candelaria: J. Appl. Phys. 82, 4246 (1997)
F. Cerdeira, M. Cardona: Phys. Rev. B 5, 1440 (1972)
M. Meléndez-Lira, J. Menéndez, W. Windl, O.F. Sankey, G.S. Spencer, S. Sego, R.B. Culbertson, A.E. Bair, T.L. Alford: Phys. Rev. B 54, 12866 (1997)
J. Menéndez, M. Cardona: Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 1297 (1983)
J. Menéndez, M. Cardona: Phys. Rev. B 31, 3696 (1985)
C. Trallero-Giner, A. Cantarero, M. Cardona, M. Mora: Phys. Rev. B 45, 6601 (1992)
R. Merlin, C. Colvard, M.V. Klein, H. Morkoç, A.Y. Cho, A.C. Gossard: Appl. Phys. Lett. 36, 43 (1980)
A.K. Sood, J. Menéndez, M. Cardona, K. Ploog: Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 2115 (1985)
A. Mooradian, A.L. McWhorter: in Light Scattering Spectra of Solids, ed. by G.B. Wright ( Springer, New York, Heidelberg, Berlin. 1968 ) p. 273
P.A. Schumann, Jr.: Solid State Technology January 1970, 50 (1970)
M.H. Brodsky: in Light Scattering in Solids, ed. by M. Cardona ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1975 ) Vol. 8, p. 208
M.I. Alonso, K. Winer: Phys. Rev. B 39, 10056 (1989)
M. Renucci, J. Renucci, M. Cardona: in Light Scattering in Solids, ed. by M. Balkanski ( Flammarion, Paris 1971 ) p. 326
N. Saint-Cricq, G. Landa, J.B. Renucci, I. Hardy, A. Munoz-Yague: J. Appl. Phys. 61, 1206 (1987)
A. Zunger, S. Mahajan: in Handbook of Semiconductors, ed. by S. Mahajan ( North Holland, Amsterdam 1994 ) Vol. 3B, p. 1399
J.C. Tsang, V.P. Kesan, J.L. Freeouf, F.K. LeGoues, S.S. Iyer: Phys. Rev. B 46, 6907 (1992)
A. Hassine, J. Sapriel, P.L. Berre, M.A.D. Forte-Poisson, F. Alexandre, M. Quillec: Phys. Rev. B 54, 2728 (1996)
S. Baroni, S. d. Gironcoli, P. Giannozzi: Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 84 (1990)
G. Kanellis: Phys. Rev. B 35, 746 (1987)
S. d. Gironcoli: Phys. Rev. B 46, 2412 (1992)
H. Riicker, M. Methessel: Phys. Rev. B 52, 11059 (1995)
J. Groenen, R. Caries, G. Landa, C. Guerret-Piécourt, C. Fontaine, M. Gendry: Phys. Rev. B 58, 10452 (1998)
M.V. Klein: IEEE J. Quantum Electron QE-22, 1760 (1986)
J. Menéndez, A. Pinczuk, J. Bevk, J.P. Mannaerts: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 6, 1306 (1988)
A.K. Sood, J. Menéndez, M. Cardona, K. Ploog: Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 2111 (1985)
R. Caries, G. Landa, J.B. Renucci: Solid State Commun. 53, 179 (1985)
J.L. Martins, A. Zunger: Phys. Rev. B 30, 6217 (1984)
N. Mousseau, M.F. Thorpe: Phys. Rev. B 46, 15887 (1992)
G.S. Spencer, J. Menéndez, L.N. Pfeiffer, K.W. West: Phys. Rev. B 52, 8205 (1995)
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Menéndez, J. (2000). Characterization of Bulk Semiconductors Using Raman Spectroscopy. In: Weber, W.H., Merlin, R. (eds) Raman Scattering in Materials Science. Springer Series in Materials Science, vol 42. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04221-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04221-2_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-08656-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-04221-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive