Abstract
Reliability analysis during the design and development phase is important to detect and eliminate reliability weaknesses as early as possible and to perform comparative studies with respect to reliability. Such an analysis includes failure rate and failure mode investigations, verification that design guidelines for reliability have been considered, and cooperation in design reviews. This chapter presents methods and tools for the failure rate and failure mode analysis of complex electronic and electromechanical equipment and systems. Design guidelines for reliability, maintainability, and software quality are given in Chapter 5. Design reviews are discussed in Appendices A3 and A4. Reliability tests are considered in Chapters 3, 7, and 8. After a short introduction (Section 2.1), Section 2.2 deals with series/parallel structures. Complex structures, elements with more than one failure mode, and parallel models with load sharing (e. g. for standby redundancy) are considered in Section 2.3. Reliability allocation is introduced in Section 2.4. Stress/strength and drift analyses are discussed in Section 2.5. Section 2.6 deals with failure mode analyses and Section 2.7 gives a list of questions for reliability aspects in design reviews. Computer aided analysis is considered in Section 6.8.2. Theoretical foundations for this chapter are given in Appendix A6.
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References
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Reliability of Large/Complex Structures
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Rai S. and Agrawal D.P. (Ed.), Distributed Computing Network Reliability, 1990, IEEE Press, Piscataway NJ.
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Beichelt F., Franken P., Zuverlässigkeit und Instandhaltung — Math. Methoden, 1983, Technik, Berlin
Beichelt F., Zuverlässigkeits- und Instandhaltbarkeitstheorie, 1993, Teubner, Stuttgart.
Birolini A., “Comments on renewal theoretic aspects of two-unit redundant systems”, IEEE Trans. Rel., 21(1972)2, pp 122–123
Birolini A., “Generalization of the expressions for the rel. and availability of rep. items”, Proc. 2. Int. Conf. on Struct. Mech. in Reactor Techn, Berlin: 1973, Vol. VI, pp. 1–16
Birolini A., “Some appl. of regen. stoch. processes to reliability theory — part two: rel. and availability of 2-item redundant systems”, IEEE Trans. Rel., 24(1975)5, pp. 336–340
Birolini A., On the Use of Stochastic Proc. in Modeling Rel. Problems, 1985, Springer, Berlin (Lecture Notes in Ec. and Math. Systems Nr. 252)
Birolini A., Quality and Reliability of Technical Systems, 2nd Ed. 1997, Springer, Berlin
Birolini A., Zuverlässigkeit von Geräten und Systemen, 4th Ed. 1997, Springer, Berlin.
Bobbio A., Roberti L., “Distribution of the minimal completition time of parallel tasks in multi-reward semi-Markov models”, Performance Eval, 14(1992), pp. 239–256.
Brenner A., Performability and Dependability of Fault-Tolerant Systems, 1996, Ph. D. Thesis 11623, ETH Zurich.
Choi, C.Y. et al, “Safety issues in the comparative analysis of dependable architectures”, IEEE Trans. Rel., 46(1997)3, pp. 316–322.
Dhillon B.S., Rayapati S.N., “Common-cause failures in repairable systems”, Proc. Ann. Rel. & Maint. Symp., 1988, pp. 283–289.
Dyer D., “Unification of rel./availab. mod. for Markov syst.”, IEEE Trans. Rel, 38(1989)2, pp.246–52.
Gaede K.W., Zuverlässigkeit Mathematische Modelle, 1977, Hanser, Munich.
Gnedenko B.V., Beljajev J.K., Soloviev A.D., Mathematical Methods of Reliability Theory, 1969, Academic, New York (1968, Akademie, Berlin).
Kovalenko I., Birolini A., “Uniform exponential boundes for the availability of a repairable system”, in Exploring Stochastic laws, Homage to V.S. Korolyuk, 1995, VSP, Utrecht, pp.233–242.
Kullstam A., “Availability, MTBF and MTTR for repairable M-out-of-N Systems”, IEEE Trans. Rel., 30(1981)4, pp. 393–394.
Kumar A., Agarwal M., “A review of standby red. syst”, IEEE Trans. Rel, 29(1980)4, pp. 290–294.
Osaki S., Nakagawa T., “Bibliography for reliability and availability of stochastic systems”, IEEE Trans. Rel. 25(1976)4, pp. 284–287.
Rai S., Agrawal D.P. (Ed.), Advances in Distributed Systems Reliability and Distributed Computing Network Reliability, 1990, IEEE Press, Piscataway NJ.
Ravichandran N., Stochastic Methods in Reliability Theory, 1990, Wiley Eastern, New Dehli.
Schneeweiss W.G., “Mean time to first failure of repairable systems with one cold spare”, IEEE Trans. Rel., 44(1995)4, pp. 567–574.
Ushakov I.A., Harrison R., Handbook of Reliability Engineering, 1994, Wiley, New York.
Software Tools
Bernet R., “CARP - A program to calculate the predicted reliability”, 6th Int. Conf. on Rei. & Maint, Strasbourg 1988, pp. 306–310;
Bernet R., Modellierung reparierbarer Systeme durch Markoff- und Semiregenerative Prozesse, 1992, Ph.D.Thesis 9682, ETH Zurich; Birolini A. et al, CARAP ETH Technical Spec, 1995, Report S10, ETH Zürich, Rel. Lab.; Kovalenko I. and Kuznetov N., Basis of the RS-ProgramIGuidance to the RS-Program, 1997, Rep. S13/S14, ETH Zurich, ReL Lab.
Bowles J.B. and Klein L.A., “Comparison of commercial reliability-prediction programs”, Proc. Ann. Rei. & Maint. Symp., 1990, pp. 450–455.
Gymayr J. and Ebeken N., “Fault-tree analysis: a knowledge-engineering approach”, IEEE Trans. Rel. 44(1995)1, pp. 37–45.
Jaeger H., “Computerprogramm RAMTOOL”, Proc. ETH/IEEE Int. Symp. on Rei. Eng. 2V00, ETH Zurich, Rel Lab., Oct. 17, 1996 (20 pp); Zuverlässigheit und Materialerhaltbarkeit, Course at the Bundesakad. für Wehrverwaltung und Wehrtechnik, Mannheim, 1998.
Johnson A.M. and Malek M., “Survey of software tools for evaluating reliability, availability, and serviceability”, ACM Comp. Surveys, 20(1988)4, pp. 227–269.
Locks M.O., “Recent develop, in computing system rel.”, IEEE Trans. Rel. 34(1985)5, pp. 425–36.
RAC, RMST: Rei. & Maint. Software Tools, 1993; PRISM: Software Package for Assessing Components and Systems Reliability, announced.
Sahner R., Trivedi K.,“Rel. modeling using SHARPE”, IEEE Trans. Rei. 36(1987), pp. 186–193.
Mechanical Reliability
AFCIQ, Guide d’ Evaluation de la Fiabilité en Mécanique, 1981.
Barer R.D., Why Metals Fail, 3rd Ed. 1974, Gordon & Breach, New York.
Bertsche B., Lechner G., Zuverlässigkeit im Maschinenbau, 1990, Springer, Berlin.
Bogdanoff J.L., Kozin F., Probabilistic Models for Cumulative Damage, 1985, Wiley, New York.
Carter A.D.S., Mechanical Reliability, 2nd Ed. 1986, Macmillan, London.
Collins J.A., Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design, 1981, Wiley, New York.
Engelmaier W., Reliable Surface Mount Solder Attachements Through Design and Manuf Quality, 1993, Report L21, ETH Zurich, Rel. Lab.(also in Proc.ETH/IEEE Workshop on SMT, 1992).
Freddi S., Design of Experiment, Course at the 15th Symp. Danubia-Adria, Bertinoro, 1998.
Hutchings F., Unterweiser P. (Ed.), Failure Analysis, 1981, Am. Soc. Met., Metals Park OH.
Kececioglu D., Reliability Eng. Handbook (Vol. 1 & 2), 1991, Prentice, Englewood Cliffs NJ.
Kutz M. (Ed.), Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, 1986, Wiley, New York.
Manson S.S., Thermal Stress and Low-Cycle Fatigue, 1981, Krieger, Malabar FL.
Nelson J. et al, “Rel. models for mech. equip.”, Proc. Ann. Rel.&Maint. Symp., 1989, pp. 146–153.
RAC, Mechanical Applications in Reliability Engineering, 1993.
Failure (Fault) Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
Bednarz S. et al, “Efficient analysis for FMEA”, Proc. Ann. Rel. & Maint. Symp., 1988, pp. 416–21.
DIN 25419: Störfallablaufanalyse, 1977–79; 25424: Fehlerbaumanalyse, 1981; 25448: Ausfalleffektanalyse, 1980; 31000: Allg. Leit.ßrdas sicherheitsgerechte Gestalten tech. Erzeug., 1979.
Feo T., “PAFT F77: Program for the anal, of fault trees”, IEEE Trans. Rel., 35(1986)1, pp.48–50.
IEC 60812: Procedure for FMEA, 1985; 61025: Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), 1990.
Hall F.M., Paul R.A., and Snow W.E., “Hardware/Software FMECA”, Proc. Ann. Rel. & Maint. Symp., 1983, pp. 320–327.
Jackson T., “Integration of sneak circuit analysis with FMEA”, Proc. Ann. Rel. & Maint. Symp., 1986, pp. 408–414.
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Birolini, A. (1999). Reliability Analysis During the Design Phase. In: Reliability Engineering. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03792-8_2
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