Abstract
As was discussed in Chap. 4, it is possible to study the fine details of the nuclear many-body system using electromagnetic probes. One can go beyond this and even observe the mesonic degrees of freedom explicitly, or even deeper to study quark degrees of freedom in some detail. These observations, however, are restricted to very local regions inside the atomic nucleus.
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Further Reading
Studies of the equation of state (EOS) using heavy-ion collisions are reported in a large body of references. Here we refer to a book devoting extensive discussion to the equation of state. Greiner, W., Stöcker, H. (eds.) (1989) The Nuclear Equation of State, Part A: Discovery of Nuclear Shock Waves and the EOS (Plenum, New York)
An instructive popular article introducing this topic is: Gutbrod, H., Stöcker, H. (1991) Scientific American, November, p. 32
Technical papers that give a good overview are: Ainsworth, T.L., Baron, E., Brown, G.E., Cooperstein, J., Prakash, M. (1987) Nucl. Phys. A464, 740
Stöcker, H., Greiner, W. (1986) Phys. Rep. 137, 277 The study of fragmentation and multifragmentation with a view to understanding the liquid-to-gaseous phase transition in the nucleus has been pursued intensively and much experimental effort has been made to identify this phase transition. We mention two popular accounts and a technical report.
Ngô, C. (1988) Clefs CEA 11, Hiver (in French)
GSI Nachrichten (1996) ed. by Braun-Munzinger, P., Emling, H., Gross, K.-D., Kluge, H.-J., Lantzch, J. Vol. 5, 13 (in English)
Ogilvie, C.A. et al. (1991) Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 1214
Heavy ion collisions have been performed with the major aim of discovering the interaction processes and how incoming energy and momentum are dissipated, giving rise to the flow patterns characteristic of these HI collisions. First we give two popular accounts: McHarris, W., Rasmussen, J.O. (1984) Scientific American, January, p. 44
Greiner, W., Stöcker, H. (1985) Scientific American, January, p. 58
A review paper by Nix, a number of the original papers, some more recent reports on Au+Au collisions are: Nix, J.R. (1979) Progr. Part. Nucl. Phys. 2, 237
Scheid, W., Müller, H., Greiner, W. (1974) Phys. Rev. Lett. 32, 741
Chaplin, G.F., Johnson, M.H., Teller, E., Weiss, M.S. (1973) Phys. Rev. D8, 4302
Cugnon, J. (1980) Phys. Rev. C22, 1885
Yariv, Y., Fraenkel, Z. (1979) Phys. Rev. C20 2227 and (1981) Phys. Rev. C22, 488
Molitoris, J.J., Stöcker, H. (1985) Phys. Rev. C32, 346
Baym, G., Monien, H., Pethick, C.J., Ravenhall, D.G. (1990) Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 1867
Bondorf, J.P., Botvina, A.S., Mishustin, I.N., Souza, S.R. (1994) Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 628
Gaimard, J.J., Schmidt, K.-H. (1991) Nucl. Phvs. A531, 709
Hsi, W.C. et al. (1994) Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 3367
Schnedermann, E., Heinz, U. (1992) Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 2908
One of the major issues in developing still higher heavy ion accelerators is finding unambiguous signals for the creation of a new state of matter: a quark-gluon plasma phase. This topic, together with many details of HI processes and the behavior of matter under extreme conditions of pressure, temperature and density, has also been discussed in a large number of popular accounts: First we give a couple of books containing many further references to the literature: Creutz, M. (1983) Quarks, Gluons and Lattices, Cambridge Monographs on Mathematical Physics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge)
Greiner, W., Stöcker, H. (eds.) (1989) The Nuclear Equation of State, Part B: QCD and the Formation of the Quark- Gluon Plasma (Plenum, New York) There is a fairly extensive set of conference proceedings going by the name Quark Matter. We refer to some of the earlier ones.
Quark-Matter-89 (1990) Nucl. Phys. A498
Quark-Matter-90 (1991) Nucl. Phys. A525
Quark-Matter-91 (1992) Nucl. Phys. A544
Quark-Matter-93 (1994) Nucl. Phys. A566
Quark-Matter-95 (1995) Nucl. Phys. A590
Quark-Matter-96 (1996) Nucl. Phys. A610 There are also many popular accounts, including
Baym, G. (1985) Physics Today, March, p. 40
Crawford, H.J., Greiner, C.H. (1994) Scientific American, January, p. 58
Goldhaber, J. (1992) LBL Research Review 17, No. 2, 10
Physics News Update (1996) No. 289
Satz, H. (1986) Nature, Vol. 324, November, p. 116
Some interesting review articles and a number of more specialized articles concentrating on important issues in detecting a quark-gluon plasma are Gross, D.J., Pisarski, R.D., Yaffe, L.G. (1981) Rev. Mod. Phys. 53, 43
Kajantie, K., Mc.Lerran, L. (1987) Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 37, 293
Mott, N.F. (1968) Rev. Mod. Phys. 40, 677
Satz, H. (1985) Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 35, 245
Shuryak, E. (1980) Phys. Rep. 61, 72
Bertsch, G., Brown, G.E. (1989) Phys. Rev. C40, 1830
Blaizot, J.P., OIlitrault, J.-Y. (1996) Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1703
Brown, G.E., Bethe, H.A., Pizzochero, P.M. (1991) Phys. Lett. B263, 337
Gavin, S., Satz, H., Thews, R.L., Vogt, R. (1994) Z.Phys. C61, 351
Heiselberg, H., Pethick, C.J., Staubo, E.F. (1993) Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1355
Jacob, M. (1995) Nucl. Phys. A583, 13
NA 50 coll., Bordalo, P. et al. (1996) in: Proc. of Rencontres de Moriond, ed. by Tranh Tan Van, J. (Edition Frontières, Gif-sur-Yvette)
Seibert, D. (1989) Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 136
To close this chapter, we give some references pertaining to the RHIC, its construction, and its physics: Brown, G.E., Oset, E., Vicente Vacas, M., Weise, W. (1989) Nucl. Phys. A505, 823
RHIC Report (1989) Conceptual Design of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider BNL-Report 52195 (Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, N.Y.)
Schwarzschild, B. (1991) Physics Today, August, p. 17 The latest update information about the progress of the RHIC can be obtained from the RHIC Bulletin, BNL, Upton, New York 11973–5000.
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Heyde, K. (1998). Exploring Nuclear Matter at High Densities. In: From Nucleons to the Atomic Nucleus. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03633-4_5
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