Abstract
As we have already discussed in Chaps. 2 and 3, a great deal of information about how protons and neutrons move inside the nucleus can be understood simply in terms of protons and neutrons interacting via an effective force inside the nuclear medium. Because of the presence of many other nucleons, this effective force deviates strongly from the corresponding force acting between free nucleons. However, a more fundamental theory would treat all medium effects explicitly, implying that, besides the pure nucleonic degrees of freedom, the mesonic degrees of freedom also start playing an important role. One should even take into account the various excited modes of the nucleons themselves. Eventually, the underlying building blocks of all matter involving the quark and gluon degrees of freedom will emerge in a description of how nucleons are built and, in a later step maybe, of how those composite particles (protons, neutrons) interact in an A-body nucleonic system. For most purposes though, as is clearly seen in the first three chapters, only effective forces and effective nucleons enter the description of the atomic nucleus. If one now wishes to find out at which energy (or length scale) particular new characteristics signaling the presence of mesons, excited nucleonic states and, even deeper, quark and gluon degrees of freedom actually emerge, one will need the appropriate microscope and a high enough energy to do so.
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Further Reading
Electromagnetic interactions with real photons or using virtual photon exchange between scattering charged particles (particularly electrons scattering off nuclei) are described in a number of general texts and review papers: Arenhövel, H., Drechsel, D. (eds.) (1979) Nuclear Physics with Electromagnetic Interactions (Springer, New York)
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Over the years electron scattering off nuclei on the scale of the entire nucleus and concentrating on nucleon motion, has given rise to a large body of information on nuclear structure properties. We list a number of review papers in this domain: Benhar, O., Pandharipande, V.R. (1993) Rev. Mod. Phys. 65, 817
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Recently, CEBAF, a 4-GeV accelerator in Newport-News (Virginia, USA) has become operational and will push the limit of energy and length scale using CW facilities even further: CEBAF (1986) Briefing for the Georgia lnstitute of Technology, April
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Electromagnetic interactions with nucleon (or multi-nucleon) knock-out have provided a unique way of testing nucleon motion inside the nuclear average field. Tests of the independent-particle model (IPM), of correlations beyond this and experiments to detect nucleonic excitations and mesonic components in the exchange currents have been carried out. As references we give a recent textbook and some of the major research papers. Boffi, S., Giusti, C., Pacati, F.D., Radici, M. (1996) Electromagnetic Response of Atomic Nuclei, Oxford Studies in Nuclear Physics, Vol.20 (Clarendon Press, Oxford)
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A popular account is given in the NIKHEF documentation map (1996) to be obtained at NIKHEF, Postbus 41882, 1009 DB Amsterdam or at World Wide Web http://www.nikhef.nl
Electron scattering at high energies and in the deep inelastic regime with the aim not only of studying the nucleus but also of accessing interior properties of the nucleon itself has given rise to both some Nobel prizes in Physics and to a wealth of most exciting phenomena. First the Nobel prizes. Descriptions of the work involved can be found in: Hofstadter, R., Fechter, H.R., McIntyre, J.A. (1953) Phys. Rev. 91, 422
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Heyde, K. (1998). Nuclear Physics with Electromagnetic Interactions. In: From Nucleons to the Atomic Nucleus. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03633-4_4
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